温州主要入海河流6种重金属的空间分布及风险评估

了解浙江温州地区主要入海河流重金属空间分布特征,合理评价研究区域水体重金属的潜在生态风险。在温州地区3条主要入海河流瓯江、飞云江和鳌江分析6种重金属的含量和空间分布,采用重金属污染指数法(HPI)和物种敏感性分布法(SSD)进行生态风险分析。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As的浓度分别为12.46~1 830.01、2.94~372.79、19.58~435.04、0.06~0.79、14.11~192.98和1.59~63.95μg/L,平均值分别为801.68、73.80、168.61、0.26、81.06和23.53μg/L。HPI评估结果表明,O4、F2、A1和A2 4个站位重金属污染程度高,F1站位污染程度中等,O1、O2、O3和A3污染程度低;其中对水体重金属污染贡献程度较高的4种重金属分别为Cu、Pb、Cd和Cr。SSD风险评价结果表明,Cu、Zn、Cr和As在所有站位的表现均为高生态风险,Pb在O4和A2站位表现为高生态风险,说明这5种重金属对所在区域水生生物具有较高的潜在危害。2种方法从不同角度对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价,能有效规避单一评价方法的不足,互为补充。     

南四湖表层沉积物重金属的空间分布、来源及污染评价

为研究南四湖表层沉积物中重金属含量、分布与污染特征，采集了29个表层沉积物站点并测定了8种重金属含量。采用主成分、相关分析、聚类分析法分析了重金属来源，同时运用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法综合评价了南四湖沉积物中重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险。结果表明，（1）南四湖表层沉积物中，As、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为14.41、0.048、25.69、71.10、0.22、30.14、87.55、35.33mg/kg，其中As、Hg、Pb、Cd均超过环境背景值，在空间上表现出上级湖高，下级湖低的分布特征；（2）相关性分析、主成分以及聚类分析显示，Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni具有同源性，为自然源元素；As和Cr具有同源性，为人为源元素；Hg元素主要来源与其他几种重金属不同，受自然地质背景与人类活动的双重影响。③地累积指数法评价结果表明,南四湖沉积物重金属元素的污染程度：Hg＞Cd＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn＞Ni＞Cu，Hg、Cd、As、Pb已处于无污染-中度污染程度，而其它元素无污染。④潜在生态指数法研究结果表明，南四湖表层沉积物单项重金属生态风险程度顺序为：Hg＞Cd＞As＞Pb＞Ni＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr，Hg、Cd具有较高的生态风险等级，为主要的生态风险贡献因子，其它7种重金属元素均为低生态风险等级。综合分析可见，Hg、Cd、As、Pb为南四湖表层沉积物主要重金属污染元素,各湖区沉积物污染程度由高至低依次为：南阳湖＞独山湖＞微山湖＞昭阳湖。     

通州区河流沉积物重金属污染评价

为了解通州区河流沉积物重金属污染现状,保障区域水生态安全,采集了11条主要河流25个沉积物样品,测定了重金属Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cd和Cu的含量,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:(1)全区沉积物重金属Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu平均含量为0.673、6.27、24.40、78.60、0.25、45.80 mg/kg,总体高于中国水系沉积物平均值;(2)全区重金属平均地累积指数为Hg(1.53)Cr(0.75)Cu(0.38)Cd(0.11)Pb(-0.77)As(-0.90),沉积物主要受Hg、Cr、Cu、Cd污染;北运河污染最为严重,主要来源于工业废水及城市污水的排放;(3)全区重金属平均潜在生态风险系数为Hg(336)Cd(63)Cu(12)As(9)Cr(5)≈Pb(5),Hg具有极强生态危害;通州全区潜在生态风险指数RI=430,其中北京城市副中心RI=633,重金属生态危害更为严重。研究结果能够为通州区的河流底泥治理及生态修复提供科学依据。     

天津渤海湾4种重金属的分布及生态风险评价

为了探究渤海湾近岸海域水体中重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险,以天津渤海湾近岸海域为研究区域,共设置34个采样点,于2013年9月17-23日采集水样,分析表层水体中铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)4种常见重金属的空间分布特征及其潜在生态风险。结果表明,Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的浓度分别为2.47~8.27μg/L、0.06~0.26μg/L、2.21~8.26μg/L和5.26~70.32μg/L,平均值分别为4.56μg/L、0.12μg/L、4.72μg/L和36.65μg/L。根据我国《海水水质标准》(GB3097-1997),4种重金属基本满足Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类海水水质标准;基于4种重金属的物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)曲线,分别获得相应的5%物种危害浓度(HC5),并采用风险熵(RQ)对4种金属的生态风险进行评价,发现研究区域表层水中存在生态风险的重金属为Cu和Zn,与之相比Cd和Pb的生态风险可以忽略不计。研究认为我国目前的《海水水质标准》低估了Cu和Zn对水生生物的影响,不能够满足对水生生物的保护需求,应引起足够的重视。     

唐山附近海域春季表层沉积物重金属含量年际变化及污染评价

根据2006-2015年4个航次对唐山附近海域共70个采样站位的表层沉积物调查资料,分析了沉积物中Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn和As 7种重金属的含量和年际变化特征,并利用超标率统计法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其污染状况进行了评价.结果显示,调查海域表层沉积物中重金属含量总体水平较低,除个别站位的Cu和As超过第Ⅰ类标准值外,其他调查站位的重金属含量均符合第Ⅰ类标准.2006-2015年调查海域表层沉积物中7种重金属含量的年际变化略有不同,其中,Cu、Pb、Cd和Zn4种重金属含量相对比较稳定,Hg和Cr的含量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,而As的变化趋势不明显.地累积指数法评价结果显示,7种重金属的地累积指数(Igeo)多年平均值为Hg＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cr＞Zn;而潜在生态风险评价结果显示,7种重金属的潜在生态风险系数(Eri)多年平均值为Hg＞Cd＞As＞Pb＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn;两种污染评价结果一致,均显示Hg是唐山附近海域表层沉积物的主要污染因子,潜在生态风险最大.综合潜在风险指数(RJ)年际变化范围为44.26-153.18,平均值为89.92,属于低生态风险水平;RI年际变化基本表现为先升高后降低的趋势,表明近年来调查海域表层沉积物重金属的污染状况有所改善.     

重庆市梁滩河流域重金属健康风险评价及来源解析

分析重庆主城区内梁滩河重金属污染状况，为当地水资源保护和治理提供科学依据。于2019年12月在流域内选取29个样点进行表层河水取样，测试河水中铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）6种重金属含量，并采用健康风险评价、远距离权重法、相关性和主成分分析方法对梁滩河流域河水重金属健康风险、空间分布和污染来源进行了研究。结果显示：（1）各重金属元素的平均含量为Fe（367.20 μg/L）Mn（160.79 μg/L）Zn（36.63 μg/L）Cr（8.14 μg/L）Cu（6.10 μg/L）Pb（0.66 μg/L），其中Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn均符合《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）Ⅲ类水质标准，Fe和Mn出现严重超标。（2）各重金属元素直接摄入或裸露皮肤吸收的危险商（HQing和HQder）和危险指数（HI）均1，说明梁滩河河水中的重金属元素未对人体健康产生危害。同时，各重金属元素HI值呈现出下游>上游的分布特征，即人类活动频繁的下游受重金属污染程度高，健康风险大。（3）相关性与主成分分析表明，Cu与Zn、Fe与Pb之间存在显著相关关系，Cr、Mn与其他重金属元素无相关。究其来源，第一主成分Cu与Zn同城镇工业生产和交通污染的输入有关；第二主成分Fe与Pb同天然地球化学过程、采矿和运输有关；第三主成分Mn来源于农业活动（包括耕植施肥、畜牧养殖）的输入。研究结果可为重庆主城区的水资源保护和治理提供科学依据。     

海州湾海洋牧场重金属的空间分布及来源分析

为了解海州湾海洋牧场的环境状况，本研究采集了该区域20个站位的表层水体和沉积物样品，对海水和沉积物中的8种重金属元素（Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg）进行测定，并通过物种敏感性分布法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估海州湾海洋牧场的重金属污染及生态风险程度，最后结合PCA/APCS模型对沉积物重金属的可能来源进行定量分析讨论。旨在海洋污染防控和海水养殖绿色高质量发展提供科学依据。结果表明:（1）物种敏感度分布法评估结果显示，海水中的As具有高生态风险，Cd、Cu和Zn处于中度生态风险；（2）综合生态风险指数结果显示,海州湾海洋牧场沉积物中重金属处于中生态风险状态，主要受到Cd与Hg的影响；（3）由受体模型定量分析可知，海洋牧场重金属污染的潜在来源主要包括养殖中产生的污染、陆源排污及2009年以前的临河口排污，其中养殖中产生的污染对Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cr的贡献率大于50%，陆源排污对As和Cd的贡献率分别为40%和82.85%,而Hg主要受2009年以前临河口排污的影响。     

长江口南支表层沉积物重金属含量、空间分布与生态风险评价

为探究长江口南支水域表层沉积物重金属元素含量和空间分布变化，分析测定了研究区域2018—2022年表层沉积物中铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)及砷(As)的含量，并借助地统计学空间分析方法，对研究区域的重金属元素含量进行变异分析和空间分布模拟。结果显示：Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Cd、Hg的含量变化范围分别是23.539～101.955 mg/kg、14.390～88.672 mg/kg、3.325～40.441 mg/kg、7.788～26.145 mg/kg、5.035～12.610 mg/kg、0.072～0.436 mg/kg、0.004～0.171 mg/kg, 2021年重金属元素含量明显高于其他年度，元素空间相关性年际变化较大。Cu、Zn、As高值区主要分布在研究区域的下游，Cd高值区主要分布在中游，Cr高值区主要分布由下游变为中游，Pb高值区主要分布由下游变为中、下游。重金属生态风险表现为Hg生态风险等级上升，Cu中等生态风险持续存在且范围扩大，Cr中等生态风险间歇性出现。     

夏季渤海中部表层沉积物重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解渤海中部海域沉积物中重金属的污染状况,于2013年8月采集了渤海中部海域34个站点的表层沉积物,检测了Pb、Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn和As 6种重金属的含量,分析了Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn 4种重金属的空间分布特征,采用污染指数法和潜在生态风险评价法对其表层沉积物重金属污染状况进行评价。结果显示,渤海中部海域表层沉积物重金属含量较低,符合海洋沉积物质量(GB 18668-2002)Ⅰ类标准的要求。表层沉积物重金属的空间分布总体呈现由近岸向中心海域降低的趋势。Cu、Zn和Pb含量空间变化趋势比较明显,靠近渤海湾海域重金属含量高,离岸距离越远,重金属含量逐渐降低。Cd含量在靠近黄河入海海域最高,呈现自高值区向东西两边海域减小的趋势。各个站位的重金属单因子污染程度较轻,单因子污染系数均值大小顺序为PbCuZnAsCdHg;重金属综合污染指数都小于5,表现为低污染水平。除1号站位的Hg单因子潜在生态风险系数为54.44之外,其他站位表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的单因子潜在生态风险系数Eir小于40,范围为0.39～38.80,风险程度由高到低依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu和Zn;其综合潜在生态风险系数小于150,范围为16.39～79.57。其中,1号站位综合潜在生态风险系数最高达到79.57。研究表明,此海域属于低潜在生态风险水平,风险指数高值区出现在唐山大清河口海域。     

湖州市养殖池塘表层沉积物重金属风险评价及其来源分析

于2013-2014年间对湖州市5个县(区)98个养殖池塘及其周边外河采集表层沉积物,原子吸收法测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr干重,原子荧光法测定Hg、As干重。结果表明:养殖池塘表层沉积物中相对土壤背景值Cd、Zn污染程度较高,绝对浓度分别为0.24 mg/kg和105.82 mg/kg,As较为清洁;县(区)间养殖池塘表层沉积物Hakanson潜在生态风险均为中等污染水平,远低于周边外河,但高于本地区耕地等土壤的污染水平,说明渔业生产过程中存在输入性污染;单个重金属生态风险系数中Cd为强、Hg为中等,依次为Cu、Pb、As、Cr、Zn,均为轻微生态风险水平。此外,池塘表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cr两两之间显著相关,符合这三种重金属在水产饲料中同时添加的特性;而Cd与Cu、Zn显著相关,一定程度上印证了Cd在水产饲料中可能超标的事实,但其生态风险系数远低于周边外河表层沉积物,所以周边流域外源性Cd输入风险也需要关注。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).