虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(MDNV) TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

基于虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(movement disorder nodavirus, MDNV)的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)基因设计寡核苷酸引物和探针,以含有MDNV靶基因的pMD18-MDNV质粒和RNA标准品为模板,通过优化反应体系和反应程序,建立了MDNV的TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法。优化后的反应组分：20.0 μL TaqMan RT-PCR反应液预混液中包含11.0 μL一步法RT-PCR缓冲液、0.8 μL酶混合物、0.3 μmol/L正向引物、0.3 μmol/L反向引物、0.4 μmol/L探针、1.0 μL模板和5.2 μL RNA-free H2O;优化后的反应程序：54.5℃ 15 min,95℃ 1 min;45个热循环扩增(95℃ 10 s,60.3℃ 30 s)。本研究所建立的方法能实现对MDNV的特异性检测,在1.4×1010~1.4×101 copies/μL标准质粒浓度范围内,起始模板浓度对数值与反应循环数间呈良好的线性关系;该方法最低可检测5.5×101拷贝的RNA标准品或1.4×101拷贝的pMD18-MDNV标准质粒。分析结果还显示,该检测方法批内Ct值和批间Ct值的变异系数(CV)分别小于1.27%和1.83%,具有良好的重复性和稳定性。利用该方法对2019年采自我国部分省市的样品进行检测发现,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)中MDNV的阳性检出率为23.5% (16/68)。本研究建立的MDNV TaqMan RT-PCR方法具有特异性、快速和灵敏等特点,可为对虾养殖实践中MDNV的定性、定量检测与监测以及有效防控提供技术支持。     

“大菱鲆红体病虹彩病毒环介导等温扩增检测方法”等3项国家发明专利获得授权

日前,由中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所疾病控制与分子病理学实验室( 简称病研室) 发明的大菱鲆红体病虹彩病毒环介导等温扩增检测方法、斑节对虾杆状病毒现场快速高灵敏检测试剂盒及检测方法和对虾桃拉病毒现场快速高灵敏检测试剂盒     

虾苗场3种重要病原同步定量PCR检测技术的建立

白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)、虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)和虾虹彩病毒(decapod iridescent virus 1, DIV1)为近年来凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)育苗场内的主要生物性危害因素,其中2种或3种病原共感染的现象也较为常见,快速、准确地检测和鉴别这3种病原是大型苗场生物安保体系构建和无特定病原虾苗生产的迫切需求。基于SYBR Green I染料法,建立了同步扩增3种病原的定量PCR检测技术。结果显示,该同步方法对3种病原的标准曲线相关系数(R~2)均大于0.99,且检测限可低至10 copy·μL~(-1),尤其是WSSV,在低至1 copy·μL~(-1)时仍能保持较好的组内和组间重复性。熔解曲线分析显示,该同步定量PCR技术对对虾样品的扩增产物只在78.4℃、79.7℃、83.5℃处出现3个尖锐峰,分别与3种病原(DIV1、EHP和WSSV)扩增产物的T_m值相对应。以上结果表明,建立的同步定量PCR检测技术具有较高的检测灵敏度和良好的病原特异性,可以在50 min内同步完成对3种病原的快速鉴定和组织内病原含量的确定,既可用于对虾育苗场内对这3种病原的监测,也适用于对养殖对虾病原感染与病害发生的风险预测。     

虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(MDNV)TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

基于虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(movement disorder nodavirus,MDNV)的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)基因设计寡核苷酸引物和探针,以含有MDNV靶基因的pMD18-MDNV质粒和RNA标准品为模板,通过优化反应体系和反应程序,建立了 MDNV的TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法。优化后的反应组分:20.0 TaqMan RT-PCR反应液预混液中包含11.0μL一步法RT-PCR缓冲液、0.8μL酶混合物、0.3 μmol/L正向引物、0.3 μmol/L反向引物、0.4 μmol/L探针、1.0 μL模板和5.2 μL RNA-free H_2O;优化后的反应程序:54.5℃ 15 min,95℃ 1 min;45 个热循环扩增(95℃ 10 s,60.3℃ 30 s)。本研究所建立的方法能实现对MDNV的特异性检测,在1.4×10~(10)～1.4×10~1 copies/μL标准质粒浓度范围内,起始模板浓度对数值与反应循环数间呈良好的线性关系;该方法最低可检测5.5×10~1拷贝的RNA标准品或1.4×10~1拷贝的pMD18-MDNV标准质粒。分析结果还显示,该检测方法批内C_t值和批间C_t值的变异系数(CV)分别小于1.27%和1.83%,具有良好的重复性和稳定性。利用该方法对2019年采自我国部分省市的样品进行检测发现,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)中MDNV的阳性检出率为23.5% (16/68)。本研究建立的MDNVTaqMan RT-PCR方法具有特异性、快速和灵敏等特点,可为对虾养殖实践中MDNV的定性、定量检测与监测以及有效防控提供技术支持。     

上海主养区凡纳滨对虾8种流行病病原监测及分析

为进一步掌握上海地区养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)病原的流行趋势及特点,定期对上海主养区的凡纳滨对虾开展了8种流行病病原监测及分析工作。51份样品的分子检测和细菌分离鉴定结果显示,有4种病原检测出阳性,其中虹彩病毒1(DIV1)阳性检出率为29.41%,传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)为3.92%,致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VpAHPND)为1.96%,副溶血弧菌(Vp)为19.61%;而白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、桃拉综合征病毒(TSV)、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)、虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)等4种病原未检出。408项病原检测结果中,4种病原的阳性总样本数量为28份,总体阳性率为6.86%。结果表明,上海地区养殖凡纳滨对虾的病原携带率处于较低水平,DIV1、副溶血弧菌(Vp)是携带的主要病原。在实际生产中应根据病原流行特点,从苗种选购、养殖过程管理、药物选用等方面进行综合防控,减少病害发生。     

重组酶快速检测十足目虹彩病毒1方法的建立

为建立十足目虹彩病毒1的快速检测方法,根据十足目虹彩病毒1的ATP酶基因(ORF114R)保守序列设计特异性引物,通过条件优化,建立基于重组酶聚合酶扩增技术的十足目虹彩病毒1检测方法。重组酶聚合酶扩增技术的最优扩增温度为30 ℃,恒温反应20 min内即可完成。特异性试验结果显示,该方法与其他常见虾类感染病毒无交叉反应。敏感性试验结果显示,该方法对十足目虹彩病毒1的最低检出限为7 拷贝/μL,低于传统的巢式PCR方法。利用已建立的重组酶聚合酶扩增技术方法和PCR方法对采集的509批临床样品进行检测,试验结果表明,重组酶聚合酶扩增技术能够有效检出PCR方法的弱阳性样品,表明重组酶聚合酶扩增技术可以用于临床检测。笔者建立的检测十足目虹彩病毒1的重组酶聚合酶扩增技术具有快速、简便、特异性强、灵敏度高的特点,适合基层实验室及现场检测。     

对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV) PCR检测方法的建立

对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)病是国际兽疫局(OIE)划定的甲壳类其他重要疾病之一,它分布较广,危害严重,对世界对虾养殖业发展影响重大.本文根据Genbank登录的IHHNV基因序列(AF218266),设计了1对特异性引物,从纯化的IHHNV DNA和感染IHHNV凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)组织DNA中成功地扩增出产物大小为703bp的DNA片段,该对引物对IHHNV DNA的检测灵敏度为19.85fg(8.83×103病毒拷贝),与健康对虾组织DNA、对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV) DNA及对虾肝胰腺细小病毒(HPV) DNA无交叉反应.本方法可快速、灵敏、特异地检测出对虾感染和携带IHHNV状况,为对虾健康养殖、无特定病原(SPF)种群选育及流行病调查提供了有效的检测手段.     

鲤浮肿病病毒环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法的建立

本研究针对鲤浮肿病病毒(carp edema virus, CEV)基因组核蛋白编码基因P4a的序列,设计2对特异性引物,以克隆构建的重组质粒为标准模板,通过优化反应体系中引物浓度组合、Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTPs浓度、反应温度和扩增时间等参数,建立了CEV环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)检测方法。结果表明,CEV-LAMP方法的最佳反应温度为62℃,引物浓度组合为引物F3/B3 0.2μmol/L,引物FIP/BIP 1.2μmol/L, Betaine0.7 mol/L, Mg~(2+) 8.0 mmol/L, dNTPs 1.2 mmol/L,反应时间60 min。反应产物经凝胶电泳呈现梯型条带,添加SYBR Green I荧光染料后,呈现明显的绿色阳性反应。CEV-LAMP法灵敏度高,最低检测限为10 copies/μL,较常规PCR法灵敏度高100倍; CEV-LAMP法特异性强,与锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(CyHV-2)、鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)及鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)无交叉反应。CEV-LAMP应用于患病鲤样本检测结果准确,简便快速,可为鲤浮肿病的现场诊断与防控提供技术支撑。     

凡纳滨对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)可视化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术方法的优化与应用

传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, IHHNV)作为对虾疾病的主要病原之一,能够感染多种对虾,对幼虾危害尤其明显,虽然死亡率不高,但可以引起对虾生长缓慢,造成巨大的经济损失,严重影响对虾养殖业持续健康发展。本文根据IHHNV病毒基因的保守序列,采用Primer Explorer V4软件设计6条LAMP特异性引物组合,建立了一种以环介导等温核酸扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)为基础的快速检测IHHNV的方法。对本研究的LAMP检测方法的敏感性和特异性进行分析,并将其灵敏度与实时荧光定量PCR、普通PCR检测方法进行比较。结果显示:LAMP检测方法在63℃恒温条件60 min内完成反应,阳性结果出现可视化的绿色,阴性结果颜色不发生变化;LAMP方法的最低检出限为10.3 copies/μL,灵敏度与荧光实时定量PCR相当,较常规PCR高。结果表明建立的LAMP方法适用于对虾IHHNV的现场快速检测。     

同步检测7种鱼类病毒的扩增子拯救多重PCR(Arm-PCR)方法的建立和应用

淋巴囊肿病毒(LCDV)、肿大细胞病毒属虹彩病毒(Mega)、赤点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒(RGNNV)、传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)、传染性胰脏坏死病毒(IPNV)、病毒性出血败血症病毒(VHSV)和传染性鲑鱼贫血症病毒(ISAV)是养殖鱼类主要的病毒性病原,危害巨大。为实现这7种病原的高通量、同步检测,本研究在分析这7种病毒基因序列的基础上,设计了9组扩增子拯救多重PCR(Arm-PCR)引物,并对扩增体系中的Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTP、Primer Mix浓度及退火温度等参数进行调整和优化,结合基因芯片检测技术,建立了同步检测7种鱼类病毒的Arm-PCR方法。优化后的Arm-PCR方法第一步PCR体系为：Taq酶(2.5 U/μl)1.0μl,10×PCR Buffer(含20 mmol/L的Mg2+)5μl,dNTP(各2.5 mmol/L)5μl,10×Primer Mix(各2μmol/L)9μl,模板1μl,ddH2O补足至50μl,退火温度为56℃。研究结果显示,该方法可以在1支反应管内对上述7种病毒的9个致病基因同步进行扩增和检测,检测灵敏度分别为101 copies/μl (RGNNV、VHSV、ISAV-NS、ISAV-MA)、102 copies/μl (LCDV、Mega、IHNV、IPNV)和103 copies/μl (大菱鲆红体病虹彩病毒,TRBIV)。该方法特异性强,与半滑舌鳎、石斑鱼、大菱鲆和牙鲆基因组DNA不产生交叉反应。本研究建立的可同步检测7种鱼类病毒的Arm-PCR方法具有高通量、高灵敏度、高准确性的优势,能有效提高工作效率,在鱼类病毒的筛查和流行病学调查领域有广泛的应用前景。     

Development of new real-time PCR methods for detection of Decapod iridescent virus 1 in shrimp

Novel Decapod Iridescent virus (DIV1) infections emerged in mainland China around 2014 and have devastated shrimp aquaculture operations in Chinese coastal provinces. In 2020, DIV1 has spread to Taiwan with devastating results to shrimp and crayfish farms, in addition to being found in wild caught Penaeus monodon from the Indian Ocean. This trend is a major cause for concern and an urgent reminder to expand the tools needed to monitor the spread of DIV1 globally. Here, we describe a set of four different real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays positioned across the genome of DIV1 to detect the virus in shrimp tissues. All four assays show a wide dynamic range and high analytical sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the newly developed assays show excellent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in clinical Litopenaeus vannamei samples of North Asian origin. The new molecular toolset will enhance global capabilities to monitor the spread of DIV1 and ultimately be used as an early warning system for farmers and authorities to engage in appropriate risk mitigation strategies.     

基于线粒体 Cyt b 和 ITS1 部分序列分析鲭科鱼类分子系统进化关系

鲭科(Scombridae)由15属51种表层洄游性海洋鱼类组成,广泛分布于热带和亚热带海域,是重要的经济鱼类。目前关于鲭科鱼类系统发生学的研究主要基于形态学特征。为了从分子水平上阐明鲭科鱼类的分类与系统进化关系,本研究扩增了鲭科7种鱼类的线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因1个含311个碱基的序列区和转录间隔区1(ITS1)的1个含644～692个碱基的序列区。采用多个生物软件对序列碱基组成进行分析,计算了Kimura-2parameter遗传距离、转换/颠换比等遗传信息指数。Cyt b和ITS1序列4种碱基平均含量分别是:A为22.8%、G为16.4%、C为31.2%、T为29.5%和A为13.5%、G为31.3%、C为38.7%、T为16.5%。基于Cyt b计算的鲭科鱼类种间遗传距离为0.0065～0.3335,平均遗传距离为0.1689;基于ITS1计算的金枪鱼族鱼类种间遗传距离为0.0032～0.2668,平均遗传距离为0.2025。Cyt b和ITS1序列的转换/颠换比分别为1.8和0.9。以竹荚鱼(Trachurus trachurus)和花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)为外群,并结合GenBank上鲭科24种鱼类的同源序列,构建NJ、ML和ME系统树。研究结果确认了金枪鱼属处于系统进化树的顶端,代表着最新演化的种类,是鲭科中最繁盛的一属,也是目前系统发育的高峰。所有分子系统树都表明鲣属、鲔属和舵鲣属显示与金枪鱼属很近的亲缘关系,它们均归入金枪鱼族。然而,研究结果与形态学上将金枪鱼属分为2个亚属的分类结果存在分歧。同时,本研究关于狐鲣属、平鲣属、刺鲅属和双线鲅属进化地位上的结果也不同于形态学的结果。故鲭科鱼类客观、科学的分类地位还需通过形态学、生态学和分子生物学的深入研究加以确认。     

金鱼核糖体转录间隔区(ITS-1)的克隆和序列分析

对金鱼(Carassius auratus)核糖体转录间隔区(ITS-1)进行了克隆测序,并对ITS-1序列进行了分析。结果显示,克隆的金鱼ITS-1区序列长度为294bp,其中A、T、G、C 4种碱基的含量分别为17.0%、14.6%、33.0%、35.4%;与从GenBank中检索到的12种鱼的核糖体DNA序列比较显示,其与12种鱼的ITS-1序列同源性较低,在26.0%~61.6%之间;根据金鱼与其他12种鱼的ITS-1序列的同源性构建进化树,所得的分类结果与传统的分类结果基本一致。     

脊尾白虾抗细胞凋亡因子DAD1基因的克隆及其组织表达分析

取健康脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)成体, 体长(5.81±0.32) cm, 体质量(1.18±0.35) g。根据本实验室已构建的脊尾白虾血细胞全长cDNA文库进行EST测序分析, 获得脊尾白虾抗细胞凋亡因子DAD1基因的cDNA全长并命名为EcDAD1基因。该序列全长645 bp, 包括5′非编码区184 bp, 开放阅读框345 bp和3′非编码区116 bp, 共编码114个氨基酸, 预测分子量为12.85 kD, 理论等电点为8.75。同源性分析表明, 脊尾白虾抗细胞凋亡因子EcDAD1氨基酸序列与其他物种DAD1有高度同源性, 与斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)的相似性最高, 为92%; 与其他无脊椎动物的相似性为73%~80%。系统进化分析表明, 脊尾白虾EcDAD1与斑节对虾的DAD1紧密聚为一支。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明, EcDAD1基因在脊尾白虾血细胞、鳃、肝胰腺、肌肉、卵巢、肠、胃和眼柄中均有表达, 其中卵巢中的相对表达量最高。感染鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)和WSSV后6 h和12 h, 脊尾白虾血细胞和肝胰腺中EcDAD1的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P<0.01), 且不同时间点间差异显著, 表明EcDAD1基因可能在脊尾白虾抵抗病原体入侵机体的过程中具有重要作用。

     

In vitro assembly of Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmDNV)‐like particles produced in a prokaryote expression system

Viral diseases are a significant problem in the shrimp aquaculture industry as outbreaks can cause significant mortality and economic loss. While it has been shown that triggering the shrimp RNA interference pathway through dsRNA is a potentially viable treatment pathway, this approach is hampered by the lack of a suitable delivery mechanism. Virus‐like particles (VLPs), which are structurally similar to native viruses but lack the genetic material, could possibly be developed as a delivery vehicle. To generate a candidate VLP, the Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmDNV) capsid protein was cloned with an added histidine tag and expressed in an E. coli expression system. While the protein was expressed in inclusion bodies, the recombinant PmDNV capsid protein could be dissolved and subsequently purified by nickel affinity column chromatography. The formation of VLP from this purified rPmDNV capsid protein was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, and PmDNV‐VLPs were observed that looked similar to the native PmDNV virion. Our results suggest that the PmDNV‐like particle could be promisingly applied towards vaccination and that this PmDNV‐like particle can potentially serve as a system for delivery of nucleic acids to trigger innate immunity in shrimp.     

Gill-associated virus and its association with decreased production of Penaeus monodon in Australian prawn farms

Gill‐associated virus (GAV) was found to be associated with decreased prawn, Penaeus monodon, production when prawns from three farms (n = 45 ponds, 1800 prawns) were monitored for GAV over the production season using a graded RT‐nPCR. The grading system used was a visualization of either the outer or inner nested PCR products. Prevalence and loading of GAV were associated with disease severity. Ponds with a higher initial prevalence and a larger increase in GAV load over the production period suffered disease outbreaks. Ponds with low initial prevalence of GAV but a larger increase in prevalence and large increase in load over the production period suffered chronic disease with no disease outbreak identified, yet low production. However, the ponds with moderate to low initial prevalence of GAV with a low increase in prevalence and load of GAV over the production period incurred no disease outbreak and comparatively high production. Ponds with GAV prevalence greater than 75% at 1 month post‐stocking should be considered for termination as they have a high probability (95%) of having a disease outbreak. Emergency harvest when a disease outbreak occurs will significantly limit mortality losses.     

病毒铺膜印迹技术分离牙鲆鳃细胞上的淋巴囊肿病毒结合蛋白

利用非变性电泳与病毒铺膜印迹技术(VOPBA)分离了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)鳃细胞(FG)上淋巴囊肿病毒结合蛋白,结果显示在FG细胞膜上有分子量为135 kD的蛋白与淋巴囊肿病毒特异结合;对该蛋白切胶回收后进行SDS-PAGE与双向电泳,发现135 kD蛋白由3个蛋白组成,分子量分别为58.3 kD、44.6 kD及37.6 kD;135 kD蛋白SDS-PAGE的VOPBA显示,仅出现37.6 kD的蛋白带,而58.3 kD、44.6 kD蛋白皆不与淋巴囊肿病毒结合。结果表明牙鲆FG细胞上135 kD蛋白是淋巴囊肿病毒的结合蛋白,其37.6 kD蛋白具有病毒结合活性。     

Comparison of defence ability against the white spot syndrome virus between Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Marsupenaeus japonicus

The defence ability of Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Marsupenaeus japonicus against the intrusion of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was compared after injecting WSSV intramuscularly by recording cumulative mortality, diagnosing the virus and examining variations in immunological parameters including the total haemocyte counts (THCs), phagocytic percentage (PP), plasma protein concentration (PPC), phenoloxidase (PO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The results showed that the variations in the immunological parameters of F. chinensis and M. japonicus showed similar trends. The THCs of the two species decreased significantly postchallenge of WSSV. The virus was detected at 78 h in M. japonicus and at 42 h in F. chinensis after infection, which was in correlation with the accumulative mortality, and the variations in PO, PP, NOS and PPC in the two species. All shrimps of F. chinensis in the mortality experiment died within 66 h, much more quickly than M. japonicus, whose cumulative mortality reached 100% after 198 h. In conclusion, the immune system of M. japonicus has a stronger resistant ability to antagonize and endure the invasion of WSSV than that of F. chinensis.     

Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)‐GN438A expresses VP2 gene‐encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are important pathogens in rainbow trout farming worldwide. Their co‐infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Development of a universal virus vaccine providing broadly cross‐protective immunity will be of great importance. In this study, we generated two recombinant (r) virus (rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐EGFP and rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐VP2) replacing the NV gene of the backbone of rIHNV at the single point mutation at residue 438 with an efficient green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and antigenic VP2 gene of IPNV. Meanwhile, we tested their efficacy against the wild‐type (wt) IHNV HLJ‐09 virus and IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge. The relative per cent survival rates of two recombinant viruses against (wt) IHNV HLJ‐09 virus challenge were 84.6% and 81.5%, respectively. Simultaneously, the relative per cent survival rate of rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐VP2 against IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge was 88.9%. It showed the two recombinant viruses had high protection rates and induced a high level of antibodies against IHNV or IPNV. Taken together, these results suggest the VP2 gene of IPNV can act as candidate gene for vaccine and attenuated multivalent live vaccines and molecular marker vaccines have potential application for viral vaccine.