凤凰山天池断线麦穗鱼的摄食生态研究

为了解断线麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora interrupta)在凤凰山天池的种群生物学特征,对其基础生物学特征进行了系统研究。2016年4月-2017年3月,于凤凰山天池共采集断线麦穗鱼281尾,利用胃(肠)含物分析法,分析其摄食强度、食物组成和摄食生态位。结果表明:断线麦穗鱼的摄食强度春季最低,夏、秋季较高,春秋季节差异明显。其饵料生物包括18个类群,以硅藻门占绝对优势(IRI=79.25%),其余依据IRI大小依次为绿藻门、水生昆虫、枝角类、甲藻门等。断线麦穗鱼的食物组成呈现季节变化,除全年均占绝对优势的硅藻外,次优势类群的四季差异明显。其中春季以水生昆虫和花粉较为常见;夏季以绿藻门和甲藻门较为常见;秋季以枝角类最多;冬季则为绿藻门占优。以特定饵料丰度和出现频率作图对摄食策略分析结果表明:断线麦穗鱼属于广食性鱼类,具有较为宽广的营养生态位。     

9种诱食剂对水产动物诱食效果对比试验

<正>诱食剂是一类改善动物适口性的非营养性添加剂，诱食剂的作用原理是通过刺激视觉、嗅觉和味觉等生理基础反应，引起水产动物摄食行为。目前水产动物饲料诱食剂主要有甜菜碱、含硫化合物、动物产品及其提取物、植物及其提取物、中草药诱食剂、核苷酸诱食剂(贾晶莹，2020)。基于不同水产动物采食嗜好，在饲料中添加诱食剂，不但能诱导水产动物摄食、改善饲料适口性、增加饲料原料使用种类范围、利于饵料资源开发利用，还能减少饲料浪费、促进水产动物消化吸收、降低饵料系数、减少水质污染。     

大产动物诱食剂的研究与应用

综述了诱食剂及作用机理，诱食剂的种类、主要包括甜菜碱、动植物提取液、含S有机物、氨基酸、脂肪和糖类等，主要作用即促进摄食、营养和抗病、改进饵料品位，诱捕剂、提供新饵料源、和源食剂的应用前景。     

田螺人工养殖诱食剂的筛选试验

该文测试了丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、天门冬氨酸、异亮氨酸、甜菜碱、大蒜素、酒糟干粉这7种诱食剂对于田螺摄食行为的诱导作用,以期为探索田螺人工养殖的科学方法提供一些依据。试验结果显示在饲料中添加诱食剂对田螺的趋食性有明显的诱导作用,七种诱食剂中甜菜碱和大蒜素的效果最好,但大蒜素的添加量为0.2%,低于甜菜碱的0.4%。     

玉米花粉作麦穗鱼饵料添加剂的研究

在饵料中添加０．５￣９％８个梯度的玉米花粉，在室内玻璃方缸中进行４０ｄ饲养麦穗鱼幼鱼试验。结果表明：在饵料中添加０．５％以上的玉米花粉，能提高鱼类对饵料的与分解能力，能显著促进鱼类生长。从生产角度，饵料中玉米花粉添加量为０．５％和１％，比较适宜。     

麦穗鱼鱼苗培育技术

麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）是淡水中广泛分布的小型鱼类。因其个体偏小,过去都被当作野杂鱼处理。近几年来,人们消费多样化,麦穗鱼也走向餐桌,市场价在15元／kg左右。此外,麦穗鱼还可作为鳜养殖的饵料鱼。2010—2013年,笔者开展了麦穗鱼繁养技术研究。现将苗种培育技术总结如下。     

低温条件下诱食剂对泥鳅诱食作用的研究

研究了在水温15℃左右条件下，4种氨基酸、甜菜碱、四角蛤蜊和田螺提取物对泥鳅的诱食作用。结果显示，在低温条件下，四角蛤蜊提取物和甜菜碱对泥鳅表现出了较高的诱食促生长作用，所有的氨基酸组合都表现出具有诱食作用，但单一的甘氨酸和谷氨酸没有诱食作用，甘氨酸还表现出一定的摄食抑制作用。     

麦穗鱼养殖试验

开展了麦穗鱼养殖试验，从4月20日亲鱼产卵开始到9月20日捕捞，历经183d饲养，产鱼1100kg，667m^2产量450kg，饵料系数为2.0，苗种培育成活率达85％。雌鱼均重7.6g，雄鱼均重11.7g。     

麦穗鱼的生物学特性及室内繁殖技术

<正>麦穗鱼(Pseudorashora parva)在分类学上隶属于鲤科,鮈亚科,是一种广泛分布于淡水各水体的小型鱼类,因其粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量较高,与龙鱼的组成最为接近,是理想的龙鱼饵料生物,所以我们将其作为银龙鱼的配套饵料鱼,开展了麦穗鱼室内繁殖技术研究。     

不同诱食剂对暗纹东方鲀鱼种诱食效果的比较

以体长20～25 cm暗纹东方鲀为试验对象,通过不同配比诱食剂在基础饲料中1.0％的添加量进行诱食效果比较.结果表明:在饲料中添加氧化三甲胺(TMAO),甜菜碱+丙氨酸+甘氨酸对暗纹东方鲀鱼种摄食率分别为(89.2±6.9)％和(87.2±2.4)％,均具有极显著的诱食作用(P＜0.01).     

松花江哈尔滨段三种鮈亚科鱼类的食性与营养级分析

分析了松花江哈尔滨段宾县石场和鸟河乡两个采样点水域野生花（Hemibarbus maculatus）、麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）、条纹似白鮈（Paraleucogobio strigatus）等三种鮈亚科鱼类消化道食物的组成,研究了这三种鱼类在河流生境下食性类型、营养级,探讨其在特定生态系统中饵料基础及鱼类间食物关系。结果表明,花属杂食性,主要摄食水生昆虫、底栖生物、浮游植物,营养级为3.86;麦穗鱼为杂食性,其食物组成为小鱼、水生昆虫、浮游动物、浮游植物,营养级为3.07级。条纹似白鮈属底栖动物食性,主要摄食水生昆虫,营养级为2.53。     

Effect of dietary taurine levels on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary taurine levels on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder. Three different taurine level diets were prepared by supplementation of taurine (T-0%, 0.5% and 1.5%) to the basal diet. Fish meal washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Feeding experiments were carried out twice at 20 °C by using different size of fish (average body weight: 0.3 g in Experiment I and 3.7 g in Experiment II). The feeding behavior of fish was observed throughout the experimental period. At the end of experiments, fish were killed for amino acids analysis.

The final average body weight and feed efficiency of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the T-1.5% diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the T-0% diet in Experiments I and II. Abnormal feeding behavior such as multiple feeding while swimming in the water column was observed in the T-0% group in Experiment I. These findings indicate that taurine is essential for normal growth and development of normal feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder.     

元江越鳠的食性研究

研究了越鳠的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学。样本251尾，2008年6月~2009年5月采自云南元江。结果表明：越鳠的食物由水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类等15类组成，水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类的出现率分别为73.8%和64.2%，所占比重分别为40.0%和46.9%，小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫为越鳠的主要食物。随着体长增加，食物类别减少，摄食强度降低；水生昆虫幼虫的出现率降低，成虫出现率增加；体长160 mm以上个体胃中出现陆生昆虫且其出现率持续上升。食物组成的季节变化明显，摄食强度的季节变化不明显。越鳠是一种偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类，主要摄食底层小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫。     

Do cannibalistic fish possess an intrinsic higher growth capacity than others? A case study in the Asian redtail catfish Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840)

This study relied on the day‐by‐day analysis of bioenergetics and prey size preference in larvae and juveniles of Hemibagrus nemurus selected at random, held in isolation (28.5°C, 12L:12D) and feeding ad libitum on conspecifics [21 fish, 12–46 mm total length (TL), dry mass (DM) of 1–145 mg]. Several traits concur to make young H. nemurus highly cannibalistic: (1) high predation capacities (largest prey = 88% and 70% TL in fish of 8 and >40 mm TL, respectively), (2) opportunistic feeding behaviours with no marked size preference and (3) an unusual combination of high food intake (>100% DM at 1 mg DM) and very high gross conversion efficiency (>0.70). A growth model was constructed from the top performances of fish feeding maximally (16 of 21 fish) and indicated that the risk of cannibalism would be high and permanent except for meal frequencies over five daily meals. Cannibals emerging spontaneously under communal rearing (6 fish L^?1, three daily meals) grew more slowly or just at the same rate as predicted by the growth model constructed from siblings selected at random. This indicates that the individuals that become cannibals do not possess higher intrinsic capacities for growth than others.     

饲料中添加甜菜碱对军曹鱼生长、体营养成分和血清生化指标的影响

通过8周的养殖试验,评估了饲料中添加甜菜碱对军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）生长、体营养成分、血清生化指标和肝脏中酶活性的影响。共设计6种饲料,甜菜碱添加水平分别为0、0．05％、0．10％、0．20％、0．30％和0．40％。结果显示,添加水平为0．05％时增重率（WG）和特定生长率（SGR）最高,肝脏组织状况最好,全鱼和肌肉中蛋白质质量分数最高;添加水平超过0．20％时肥满度（cF）随甜菜碱添加量的上升而下降。各添加组的肝体比（HSI）均显著低于对照组且全鱼和肝脏中（0．10％添加组除外）的脂肪质量分数均低于对照组;血清指标中各添加组的血清甘油三酯（TG）浓度均高于对照组,但随着添加量的提高有先升后降的趋势;肝脏中谷丙转氨酶（GPT）的活性显著低于对照组。由此可见,饲料中添加适量的甜菜碱可以促进军曹鱼的生长,具有一定的降脂作用,利于脂肪代谢。     

Influence of hunger level and food availability on the spatial distribution of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in sea cages

Abstract. The spatial distribution of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in sea cages was observed by echo integration, which measured fish density at seven in depth intervals. At start of feeding the fish swam towards the surface and into the centre of the cage with a subsequent movement downwards and towards the periphery as hunger was reduced. These changes were more rapid at high than at low feeding intensities. The downward migration during feeding was primarily observed as a reduction in fish density in the 0–1 m depth layer and an increase in the 2–3 m depth layer. For a given feeding intensity, the change in fish density in these depth layers was largely explained by time from the start of feeding and initial hunger level, measured as food intake to satiation. The feeding regime also influenced vertical distribution outside feeding periods. Fish that were fed at low intensity swam generally closer to the surface, and this tendency was even stronger when a restricted food ration kept hunger level constantly high. While fish density peaked at a single depth interval at full ration, a bimodal vertical distribution was observed at restricted ration, suggesting that different subgroups of fish had different feeding motivations. The results suggest that the vertical distribution of salmon in sea cages is based on a trade-off between attraction to food and avoidance of the surface. This tendency has been exploited in a new method of demand feeding in commercial farming of Atlantic salmon.     

Effect of feeding stimulants on growth performance,feed intake and appetite regulation of mandarin fish,Siniperca chuatsi

Mandarin fish is a typical carnivorous fish, it can accept artificial diet after domestication, which is significantly essential to optimize its artificial diet. Nevertheless, only few studies were conducted on artificial diet of mandarin fish. Therefore, an 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of feeding stimulants on growth performance, feed intake and appetite regulation of mandarin fish. In this trial, six diets were formulated, a basal diet contained 80% of Fish Meal without feeding stimulants, named as Control, 0.4% inosinic acid meal, 0.4% L‐Alanine meal, 3% Yeast meal, 3% a commercial squid extract meal and 0.4% betaine meal were added into the basal diet to make five experimental diets, which were named as IM, AM, YM, SVO and BM respectively. At the end of feeding trial, SVO group showed higher feed intake, up‐regulated mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and down‐regulated mRNA expression of pro‐opiomelanocorticoid (POMC) significantly as compared to control group, which suggested that squid extract improved feed acceptability and promoted appetite in mandarin fish. Similarly, compared to control group, SVO group showed low food conversion ratio, high weight gain and SGR, indicated that squid extract enhanced the growth performance. Our results suggested that the appropriate level of squid extract addition could contribute to optimize artificial diet in mandarin fish.     

Effect of partial replacement of dietary fish meal by soybean meal with betaine attractant supplementation on growth performance and fatty acid profiles of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary incorporation of soybean meal for fish meal replacement and supplementation of betaine as an attractant on growth performance and fatty acid profiles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile trout were fed practical diets, with increasing soybean levels and betaine supplementations. The experimental diets consisted of a control diet with fish meal as the sole protein source (control) and no attractant, 25% soybean‐1% betaine diet (SBM25‐B1), 50% soybean‐2% betaine diet (SBM50‐B2), and 50% soybean‐0% betaine diet (SBM50‐B0). Average body weight was 12.69 ± 0.16 g at the beginning of experiments. Following 54 days feeding programme with experimental diets, average body weights reached 47.45 ± 1.22 g, 58.11 ± 1.77 g, 56.34 ± 1.87 g and 53.76 ± 1.74 g in the control, SBM25‐B1, SBM50‐B2 and SBM50‐B0 groups respectively. As compared with control treatment, significant differences were observed in weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake of 1% betaine treatment at 25% soybean‐meal‐incorporated diet (p < .05), but no differences were observed in feed conversation ratio and survival rates (p > .05). Compared with the control treatment, betaine‐supplemented groups had significantly higher total saturated fatty acid contents (p < .05). On the other hand, the control treatment showed a significantly higher level of monounsaturated fatty acid than the betaine‐supplemented groups (p < .05). Significant differences were observed in fatty acid profile of 1% betaine‐supplemented group (p < .05) compared with the control. Present findings revealed that 1% betaine supplementation with dietary incorporation of soybean meal at 25% level positively influenced growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acid profiles of rainbow trout juveniles.     

Effects of dietary betaine in allogynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio): Enhanced growth,reduced lipid deposition and depressed lipogenic gene expression

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental betaine on growth performance, body composition and lipid deposition in allogynogenetic gibel carp. Four isoproteic (37% crude protein) and isolipidic (5% crude lipid) artificial diets with 0%, 0.08%, 0.4% and 2% betaine supplementation were formulated, and named VB₀, VB_0.08, VB_0.4 and VB₂, respectively. Each diet was fed in triplicate to fish about 10 g in weight. The results showed that 0.4% betaine supplementation significantly improved growth performance and reduced lipid content in the hepatopancreas, muscle and the whole body compared with the control group. Moreover, both fatty acid synthase and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, two important lipogenic genes, showed significantly lower expression in the VB_0.4 group than in the control group, and a strong correlation was detected between lipid content and mRNA expression levels for FAS and ACC in the hepatopancreas. Taken together, appropriate (0.4%) betaine supplementation in the diet not only improved growth, but also reduced lipid deposition in allogynogenetic gibel carp, probably by diminishing lipogenic gene expression.     

Modification of the feeding behaviour of sole (Solea solea) through the addition of a commercial flavour as an alternative to betaine

In aquaculture, a diet both nutritionally sound and organoleptically pleasing is essential to guarantee satisfactory intake. This has not been fully achieved with soleids (Solea solea and Solea senegalensis) because of their special palatability requirements, which are difficult to satisfy with conventional diets. Nevertheless, soleids have long been considered interesting species for aquaculture. To improve the palatability of diets for this family, various substances have been tried. Betaine has been the most effective substance by far, for all the species studied and especially for sole, reporting good results but at too high a cost. In other areas of animal production, the problems of palatability are solved with commercial flavours, which offer scope for specialisation to satisfy the most demanding organoleptic requirements. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the use of a bivalve commercial flavour as an alternative to betaine in sole diets. An ethological methodology, adapted to the feeding behaviour of sole, is developed to qualify and quantify behavioural changes when faced with experimental diets containing either this commercial flavour or betaine. Results show that the commercial flavour externally applied to feed particles performs efficiently as an attractant and as an arrestant, being able to attract the animal to the food source from some distance, provoke the ceasing of locomotion close to the food particle and promote initiation of feeding. In this step of the feeding sequence, it may be considered a viable alternative to betaine from the organoleptic point of view and economic cost. When the commercial flavour is applied internally to the feed, its performance as a stimulant, to encourage the continuation of feeding, is not distinguishable from betaine. Other factors such as time of feeding and size of fish, also assessed in the experiment, strongly influenced the level of acceptation of diets, even more than the composition of the diet itself. The distribution of feed at a time out of the endogenous rhythm of the species provoked a lower feed acceptation. Slight differences in the size of fish also affected the degree of acceptation, this being lower in the smaller fish.