Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对厚颌鲂幼鱼的联合致毒效应研究

采用单因子静态急性毒性试验方法与加和等毒性溶液法,分别研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+对厚颌鲂(M ega-lobrama pellegrini)幼鱼的急性毒性和联合毒性效应。结果显示:3种重金属离子对厚颌鲂幼鱼的毒性由强到弱依次为Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+,其中Cu2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为0.54 mg/L、0.38 mg/L、0.27 mg/L、0.23 mg/L;Cd2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为14.32 mg/L、8.34 mg/L、6.36 mg/L、4.44 mg/L;Zn2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为21.95 mg/L、17.56 mg/L、15.33 mg/L、14.62 mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼的安全质量浓度分别为0.056 mg/L、0.849 mg/L、3.372 mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+两两共存时对厚颌鲂幼鱼96 h的联合毒性效应均表现为毒性增强的协同作用。     

3种重金属离子和2种杀虫剂对梭鲈胚胎发育的影响

在常温静水条件下,研究了铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)3种重金属离子和甲醛、晶体敌百虫2种杀虫剂对梭鲈(Stizostedion lucioperca)胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,3种重金属离子对梭鲈胚胎的毒性大小依次为:Cd2+＞Cu2+＞Zn2+;当甲醛浓度为1000 mg/L时,对梭鲈胚胎的毒性影响较强,而高浓度的晶体敌百虫对梭鲈胚胎有明显的毒性作用.在梭鲈繁殖用水中使用杀虫剂时,甲醛和晶体敌百虫的安全浓度分别为200 mg/L和0.4 mg/L.     

Cu2+和Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾的毒性效应研究

采用静水法生物测试,研究了Cu2+和Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾(体重0 0142～0 0308 g)的急性毒性作用.试验结果表明,克氏原螯虾对Cu2+、Cd2+均会产生较强的毒性效应,其对Cu2+、Cd2+的耐受性随接触时间延长而明显降低.Cu2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24 h、48 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为30.854 mg/L、10.595 mg/L;Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24 h、48 h、72 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为5.315 mg/L、1.371 mg/L和0.414 mg/L.Cu2+、Cd2+对其的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.375 mg/L、0.027 mg/L,为相应渔业水质标准的3.8倍和 5.5倍,表明克氏原螯虾具有较强耐受Cu2+和Cd2+污染的能力.     

重金属对丰产鲫的毒性研究

在调查连云港市市售经济水产品中重金属含量的基础上,以丰产鲫[Carassius auratus of Penze(♀)×Cypri-nus acutidorsalis(♂)]为实验动物,应用高氯酸-硝酸消化法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法,研究了重金属Cu2+、cd2+、Zn2+对丰产鲫的急性毒性和亚急性毒性及其安全浓度.结果表明,Cu2+、Cd2+对丰产鲫的24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h LC50及安全浓度分别为0.1597、0.0774、0.0515、0.0393 mg/L和9.704、7.781、6.648、5.756 mg/L及0.004和0.58 mg/L.Zn2+对丰产鲫的24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h LC50分别为32.793、26.596、21.254、17.234 mg/L,安全浓度为1.72 mg/L.对丰产鲫的毒性大小顺序为:Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+.Cu2+对鲫为剧毒,Cd2+为中毒,Zn2+为低毒.cu2+对丰产鲫的致死毒件最大,其对Cu2+的耐受性较低,而对Cs2+和Zn2+的耐受性相对较高.     

Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对克氏原螯虾幼虾的毒性效应研究

采用静水法生物测试,研究了Cu2+和Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾(体重0.0142～0.0308g)的急性毒性作用。试验结果表明,克氏原螯虾对Cu2+、Cd2+均会产生较强的毒性效应,其对Cu2+、Cd2+的耐受性随接触时间延长而明显降低。Cu2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24h、48h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为30.854mg/L、10.595mg/L;Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24h、48h、72h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为5.315mg/L、1.371mg/L和0.414mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+对其的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.375mg/L、0.027mg/L,为相应渔业水质标准的3.8倍和5.5倍,表明克氏原螯虾具有较强耐受Cu2+和Cd2+污染的能力。     

铜、锌离子对尾草履虫的急性毒性试验

试验结果表明,随着离子浓度增高,Cu2 、Zn2 对尾草履虫的毒性增大,且呈现出明显的剂量效应关系。回归分析表明,两种离子的概率单位与浓度对数之间存在着极显著的正相关。Cu2 、Zn2 的1 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.32 mg/L、11.48 mg/L,95%置信区间分别为0.29~0.36 mg/L,8.98~14.88 mg/L。Cu2 对尾草履虫的毒性大于Zn2 的毒性;尾草履虫对Cu2 浓度变化比Zn2 更为敏感。     

重金属Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对青蛤幼贝的致毒效应

采用静态急性毒性试验的方法,研究了96h内海水中重金属离子Zn2+、Cd2+的不同浓度及其交互作用对青蛤幼贝存活的影响。结果表明:Zn2+和Cd2+对青蛤幼贝的96h LC50和安全浓度分别为160mg/L、14mg/L和1.60mg/L、0.14mg/L;而二种离子的交互作用表现为二者间存在拮抗作用,其中,Zn2+的毒性略大于Cd2+。     

三种重金属离子对文昌鱼幼体的急性毒性

研究了Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对广东茂名海域文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)的急性毒性。结果表明,文昌鱼在3种重金属离子水体中96h LC50分别为0.65、3.54和3.19mg/L,96h全部出砂浓度分别为0.65、2.75和2.52mg/L;结合文昌鱼出砂和96h LC50,得出3种重金属离子对文昌鱼的毒性强弱为Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+,且随浓度升高和受试时间延长,出砂文昌鱼的活力降低,体色加深,死亡率增加。     

Cu2+、Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对淡水石斑鱼仔鱼的急性毒性研究

试验探讨了Cu2 、Hg2 、Cd2 、Pb2 4种重金属离子对淡水石斑鱼仔鱼的急性毒性作用。试验表明:Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 和 Pb2 对淡水石斑鱼仔鱼的96hLC50分别为0．069 mg/L、0．48 mg/L、0．928 mg/L和3．421 mg/L,安全浓度分别为0．00069 mg/L、 0．00481 mg/L、0．00978 mg/L和0．0321 mg/L。急性毒性由强至弱依次为:Hg2 >Cd2 >Cu2 >pb2 。     

铜和镉对方格星虫的急性毒性研究

在水温26.5~29.5℃下,采用毒理学试验方法,比较研究了Cu2+和Cd2+对平均体质量(10.17±1.15)g的方格星虫急性毒性效应的差异,为进一步评价重金属离子对方格星虫的毒性效应等提供参考。方格星虫于实验室暂养3~4d后,选用健康和规格一致个体进行试验。Cu2+暴露质量浓度设置为0.120、0.125、0.130、0.135、0.140mg/L,Cd2+暴露质量浓度为30、31.180、32.406、33.680、35.004mg/L。由死亡率和试验质量浓度回归分析可见,Cu2+对方格星虫在24、48、72、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.180、0.136、0.122、0.118 mg/L,Cd2+对方格星虫在24、48、72、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为45.754、34.471、29.628、24.328mg/L;Cu2+和Cd2+对方格星虫的安全质量浓度分别为0.00118mg/L和0.24328mg/L。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin in goldfish and masu salmon

Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified.