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1.
莱州湾作为黄渤海众多渔业生物关键栖息地,其鱼类早期发生量和补充量直接影响渤海乃至黄海渔业资源动态及其可持续性。实验基于历史调查资料并结合补充调查,构建莱州湾鱼卵、仔鱼调查数据集,通过数理统计和时间序列分析阐述近40年来莱州湾鱼类早期资源(浮性鱼卵、仔稚鱼)群聚特性和演替过程。结果显示,莱州湾鱼类早期资源结构处在持续更替过程中,不同时期早期资源的种类组成、资源丰度、优势种类和物种多样性水平等呈明显季节更替。鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类数和资源丰度均在2010s (2010—2019,以下同此表示)初期跌至历史低值,近年来均又呈现一定程度回升。鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类数由1980s的44种,1990s前期的34种、后期的40种,2000s的35种,逐次下降至2010s前期的24种,2010s中后期开始逐步回升至38种。当前鱼卵种数仅为1980s的60%左右,资源丰度不足彼时三分之一;仔稚鱼种数为1980s的四分之三左右,资源丰度约为彼时的90%。生命周期短、性成熟早、处于食物链低端的中上层和底层小型鱼类为莱州湾鱼类早期资源的主体成分。长期变化,相同季节优势种种类更替现象明显,且近年来呈明显加快趋势;鱼卵仔稚鱼...  相似文献   

2.
渤海莱州湾春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼生物多样性的年代际变化   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
通过对1982、1993、2003和2008年渤海莱州湾海域位置相同的12个站位的鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查资料分析,研究了该海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成及生物多样性的年代际变化。结果表明,莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类大幅减少,由1982年的27种减少到2003年的12种和2008年的14种。鱼卵、仔稚鱼个体资源数量下降趋势明显,2008年个体数量分别为1982、1993和2003年的31.58%、0.61%和5.77%。种类组成相似性分析表明,莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成年代际间存在显著差异(P0.05),且有变动加快的趋势。生物多样性指数1993年最低,之后呈上升趋势。  相似文献   

3.
根据2017年7月在长江口L1和L4两个24 h连续站的观测数据,分析鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成、丰度与潮汐之间的关系。在近岸站L1站共采得鱼卵19枚,仔稚鱼201尾;远岸站L4站鱼卵17枚,仔稚鱼92尾。获得鱼卵、仔稚鱼的mtCOI基因序列70条,利用DNA条形码技术共鉴定出26个分类单元,其中19个鉴定到种的水平,1个鉴定到属的水平,6个鉴定到科的水平;种内平均遗传距离为0.007。L1站鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类共出现14种,L4站共21种;潮汐对于长江口鱼类浮游生物丰度影响较大,对种类数影响较小,L1站与L4站在涨潮时丰度降低;近岸站相比远岸站有更高的丰度,但远岸站有更高的物种丰富度。研究结果表明DNA条形码技术在鱼类浮游生物多样性研究上的可靠性,揭示了潮汐对长江口浮游期鱼类的种类组成及丰度的影响。  相似文献   

4.
为了解当前东海生态系统中鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成和数量分布的现状及其变化与物理环境因素的关系,根据2006年11月—2008年6月5个航次的鱼卵、仔稚鱼和物理环境调查资料,对鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成、数量分布与产卵场物理环境进行分析,探讨不同季节、不同年份鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成和数量分布的变化及其与物理环境的关系。结果显示,5个航次采集到74 813粒鱼卵、16 826尾仔稚鱼,共有135个种类。其中,鉴定到种的有109种,隶属于15目67科99属,还有17个种类仅能鉴定到属、6个种类仅能鉴定到科和3个种类仅能鉴定到目。2006年—2007年秋季、冬季和春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类和数量随着季节变化逐渐增多;2008年春季的种类和数量较2007年春季明显偏少;2008年初夏种类的数量与2008年春季基本相近,但鱼卵的数量明显增多,仔稚鱼的数量基本相近。42种优势种类、重要种类和主要种类构成当前东海生态系统中鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成的主要成分。东海表层水温和盐度分布有显著的季节变化。秋、冬季表层水温锋面强度最强,春季次之,初夏最弱;锋面的位置秋季离岸最近,冬季次之,春季和初夏离岸最远,冬季偏南,初夏季节北移。表层盐度锋面主要分布在近岸区域,与岸线大致平行,其强度冬季最强,春、秋季次之,初夏季节最弱。秋、冬季节陆架深水海域的水温较沿岸海域高,鱼类生殖群体在陆架深水高温区产卵;春季和初夏季节沿岸海域明显升温,鱼类生殖群体由深水区向近岸海域进行生殖洄游,产卵场分布由陆架中部向近岸海域扩展,并在近岸海域形成了中心产卵场。鱼卵和仔稚鱼的分布与温、盐锋面和种类的温、盐属性的关系密切,主要分布在温度锋面暖水一侧,并有各自最适宜的温度和盐度范围。水温、盐度与种类的繁殖生物学特性是导致鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成与数量发生变化的主要因素;适宜的温度和盐度范围、锋区的辐聚和卷夹作用以及种类的生物学属性是影响鱼卵和仔稚鱼数量分布以及密集分布区形成的主要因素。  相似文献   

5.
渤海硬骨鱼类鱼卵和仔稚鱼分布及其动态变化↑(*)   总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
渤海硬骨鱼类鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类41种,隶属7目27科38属,优势种类依次为科、石首鱼科、鲱科、科、科和舌鳎科。鱼卵、仔稚鱼分布几乎遍及整个渤海海域,产卵盛期密集中心为辽东湾中南部、渤海中南部至莱州湾西北部以及三湾的底部。并对主要种类鱼卵、仔稚鱼的数量分布及变化进行了详细地描述。  相似文献   

6.
2018、2019年的4—11月利用大型浮游生物网对天津近岸海域进行逐月调查,分析天津近岸海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成,优势种、群落结构变化,以及丰度分布与环境因子的关系。调查结果表明,2018年监测到鱼卵10种,隶属4目9科,仔稚鱼9种,隶属5目8科;2019年监测到鱼卵9种,隶属4目8科,仔稚鱼8种,隶属5目7科。2018、2019年鱼卵优势种均为3种,共有优势种为鲱科鱼种;2018、2019年仔稚鱼优势种分别为3种、2种,共有优势种为赤鼻棱鳀、有明银鱼。2018年鱼卵、仔稚鱼总平均丰度分别为0.418粒/m3、0.205尾/m3;2019年鱼卵、仔稚鱼总平均丰度分别为0.961粒/m3、0.240尾/m3。鱼卵丰度在年际间有显著性差异(P<0.05),仔稚鱼丰度在年际间无显著性差异(P>0.05),受季节和空间变动影响较大,基于广义加性模型分析,温度、氧化还原电位和pH是鱼卵、仔稚鱼丰度的主要影响因素(P<0.001)。调查结果将为天津近岸海域渔业资源调查提供系统性的科学依据。  相似文献   

7.
沈长春 《海洋渔业》2011,33(4):361-367
根据2008年春季(5月5日、5月17日)和秋季(11月14日、11月30日)分别在三沙湾进行4次鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查资料及历史相关资料,对三沙湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成、丰度分布的变化进行分析和讨论.结果表明:调查海区出现的鱼卵、仔稚鱼有35种(包括2种未定种类),比1990年和2007年分别增加了9种和12种;其中鱼卵数量...  相似文献   

8.
渤海湾由于重要的地理位置和自然环境成为多种经济鱼类主要的产卵场、索饵场和育肥场。在1983年前曾进行过天津市海岸带和海涂资源综合调查,而这二十多年来,由于过度捕捞等原因,使渤海湾渔业资源和许多经济鱼类的产卵习性和生态发生了变化。鱼卵、仔稚鱼是鱼类资源进行补充和可持续利用的基础。鱼类产卵习性和生态调查研究对把握渔业资源数量变动状况具有重要意义,为此笔者于2008年5月~8月进行了渤海湾产卵场调查,并就该海域鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼的种类组成及数量分布做专题研究,为今后研究该海域渔业资源数量变动和分布规律提供科学依据。  相似文献   

9.
烟威近岸海域是历史上重要的鲐(Scomber japonicus)产卵场之一,或囿于对其“过路渔场”的认知,近年来对该海域鱼类产卵场的研究相对较少。为了解烟威近岸海域鱼类产卵场现状,于2020年4—9月对该海域开展逐月产卵场调查,基于鱼卵、仔稚鱼及环境数据,运用空间插值、聚类分析、非度量多维标度排序、相似性分析和冗余分析(RDA)等方法对该海域鱼类早期资源时空分布、群落结构月度更替及主要种类适宜产卵生境进行了综合分析。结果显示,2020年4—9月于烟威近岸海域采集到鱼类早期资源种类52种,包括33种鱼类的337 038粒鱼卵和28种鱼类的2122尾仔稚鱼;5—6月为主要产卵期,共有21种鱼卵出现,鱼卵数量占全年鱼卵总数的98.32%,主要产卵场位于烟台套子湾至威海鸡鸣岛北部海域,主要产卵种类为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、鲐、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)、高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)、黄条 (Seriola lalandi)、绯 (Callionymus beniteguri)、少鳞 (Sillago japonica)、黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)等;烟威近岸海域鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落结构年内变化明显,除产卵末期(8—9月)外,各月间种类更替率不低于50%,鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落月间平均相异性不低于73%;海表温度(SST)、海底温度(SBT)、海表盐度(SSS)和深度(DEP)是显著影响4—9月主要鱼种产卵选择的环境因子。研究表明,烟威近岸海域为黄渤海规模较大的鱼类产卵场之一,需在鱼类早期生活史研究与产卵场养护策略制定时得到足够重视。  相似文献   

10.
2007年春季和夏季,利用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物水平和垂直拖网对黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了调查.春季和夏季分别设置19个(6个断面)相同的调查站位.每站表层水平拖网10min,拖网速度为2.0nmile/h;垂直拖网由底到表,拖网速度约0.5m/s.调查结果表明:春季和夏季共采集鱼卵7661粒、仔稚鱼70尾,共18种,能鉴定到种的有17种,隶属于5目12科16属,其中1种虾虎鱼类的稚鱼仅能鉴别到科的水平.优势种为斑鲦(Konosirus punctatus)、油鲟(Sphyraena pinguis)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri).春季的水平和垂直拖网分别采集6932粒鱼卵、6尾仔稚鱼和11粒鱼卵、0尾仔稚鱼.鱼卵、仔稚鱼的出现频率分别为84.21%、10.53%和15.79%、0%,平均密度分别为364.84粒/网、0.32尾,网和0.34粒/m3、0尾/m3;夏季水平和垂直拖网分别采集658粒鱼卵、57尾仔稚鱼和60粒鱼卵、7尾仔稚鱼,鱼卵、仔稚鱼的出现频率分别为84.21%、63.16%和31..58%、15.79%,平均密度分别为34.63粒/网、3尾,网和1.85粒/m3、0.22尾/m3.结果表明,黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类季节更替明显分成春夏季-夏季2种生态类型,种类更替率高达83.33%;河口南部海域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的群落结构相对较稳定,优势种突出,优势度较大,物种多样性水平与种间分布均匀度高于北部海域.上述规律符合该海域的水文地理学特征和硬骨鱼类的繁殖生物学规律.此外,本研究分别对春季和夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼的数量分布以及斑鲦、油(鱼予)、短吻红舌鳎等优势种类的鱼卵数量分布绘制了密度等值分布图.与1982-1983、1984-1985、1992-1993年同期调查结果比较发现,2007年春季和夏季黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成与数量分布发生了显著变化.分析认为,在渔业捕捞压力和环境条件变化的双重扰动下,黄河口生态系统中鱼类资源的种群交替和群落结构发生了很大变化,从而导致资源补充群体也随之改变.  相似文献   

11.
In order to understand the processes affecting early survival of the Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus population in the Seto Inland Sea, we examined the monthly fluctuations in the abundance and survival rates from eggs to recruits (15-day-old larvae, 13?mm in standard length fish, defined as 1-month-old fish) during their main spawning season from 1980 to 2007. The abundance of the yolksac larvae positively correlated with the abundance of eggs, but the abundance of recruits did not significantly correlate with the abundance of yolksac larvae. These results imply that the survival rate during the egg stage is relatively stable, but that the rate during the larval stage is variable. Of the three most recent decades (1980s, 1990s and 2000s), the abundance of recruits was highest in the 1980s. The decrease in the abundance of recruits after the 1990s can be considered to have occurred through a decline in survival rate during the larval stage because there were no significant differences in egg abundance, yolksac larval abundance, and survival rates during the egg stage in the three decades of the study period.  相似文献   

12.
European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) comprise two‐thirds of total landings of small pelagic fishes in the Canary Current Eastern Boundary Ecosystem (CCEBE). Their spawning habitat is the continental shelf where upwelling is responsible for high productivity. While upwelling intensity is predicted to change through ocean warming, the effects of upwelling intensity on larval fish habitat expansion is not well understood. Larval habitat characteristics of both species were investigated during different upwelling intensity regimes. Three surveys were carried out to sample fish larvae during cold (permanent upwelling) and warm (low upwelling) seasons along the southern coastal upwelling area of the CCEBE (13°–22.5°N). Sardina pilchardus larvae were observed in areas of strong upwelling during both seasons. Larval habitat expansion was restricted from 22.5°N to 17.5°N during cold seasons and to 22.5°N during the warm season. Sardinella aurita larvae were observed from 13°N to 15°N during cold seasons and 16–21°N in the warm season under low upwelling conditions. Generalized additive models predicted upwelling intensity driven larval fish abundance patterns. Observations and modeling revealed species‐specific spawning times and locations, that resulted in a niche partitioning allowing species' co‐existence. Alterations in upwelling intensity may have drastic effects on the spawning behavior, larval survival, and probably recruitment success of a species. The results enable insights into the spawning behavior of major small pelagic fish species in the CCEBE. Understanding biological responses to physical variability are essential in managing marine resources under changing climate conditions.  相似文献   

13.
黄、渤海区分布的硬骨鱼类鱼卵几乎涵盖了所有鱼卵生态类型。本研究借助扫描电镜观察技术对近年来黄、渤海渔业资源监测调查期间采集的15种不同生态类型鱼卵卵膜和受精孔区亚显微形态特征进行观察,以阐明其亚显微结构并总结提炼可用于鱼卵形态分类的特征,同时将相应鱼种产卵场环境因子引入到卵膜形态特征的认识中,以揭示其生境适应性。结果显示不同生态类型或不同鱼种卵膜形态不尽相同,浮性鱼卵和口含鱼卵卵膜较薄,沉性鱼卵和具卵膜丝鱼卵卵膜较厚;浮性鱼卵卵膜表面壁孔密度、卵膜外表面呈现的蚀刻或特殊结构以及受精孔形状类型,沉性鱼卵卵膜黏膜层表面结构、受精孔形状类型,具卵膜丝鱼卵卵膜丝数量、着生位置及受精孔形状类型,口含鱼卵受精孔区形状及周边附着丝数量等均可用于鱼卵形态分类。鱼卵卵膜和受精孔区亚显微结构差异与鱼种系统分类地位、产卵场环境和地理分布区相关联。鱼卵卵膜表面结构可以作为区分鱼类科或属的性状,卵膜壁孔密度、表面呈现的蚀刻或奇异结构是鱼卵形态分类的重要依据;受精孔结构则一般具有物种特异性。卵膜结构与厚度可反映鱼卵对不同生境的适应性,而卵膜表面的许多特殊结构和装饰被认为是鱼卵应对产卵场环境的保护和适应性策略。本研究将为黄、渤海区硬骨鱼类早期生活史阶段个体发生和鱼卵形态分类研究积累基础资料。  相似文献   

14.
The coastal shelf of the Gulf of Oman experiences periodic upwelling events during the summer months that are driven by the southwest monsoon. It is unclear what role these events play in the spatial and temporal distribution of the region’s fish assemblage. We carried out trials on two different video techniques to characterize the habitat and fish assemblage along the continental shelf margin near Muscat, Oman. Exploratory surveys with a drift stereo‐video revealed three main habitat types: Sand, Reef and Megabenthos. Three areas were chosen for additional sampling using stereo‐BRUVS (‘baited’ remote underwater‐video systems). On two separate occasions (November 2005 and March 2006) replicate stereo‐BRUVS were deployed in each area stratified by the main habitat types. For each teleost and elasmobranch species encountered on the video, an estimate of total body length and the relative abundance (MaxNi) was made. The stereo‐BRUVS recorded a wide range of demersal and pelagic teleosts including species of conservation interest such as sharks, rays and groupers. The drift stereo‐video recorded significantly fewer species than the stereo‐BRUVS (N = 15 versus N = 43). Species diversity from the stereo‐BRUVS increased by 96% in March 2006 (N = 41) compared to November 2005 (N = 23), a pattern consistent at all three areas. The structure of the overall fish assemblage (using canonical analysis of principal coordinates analysis) was highly variable both in time and space. There was ample evidence of strong habitat associations, particularly with depth and seasonal shifts in abundance and diversity. We argue the upward migration of oxygen‐depleted water into the shallow depths during the late monsoon displaces the demersal fish community along this coast.  相似文献   

15.
Generalized additive models (GAMs) were fitted to sardine (Sardina pilchardus) egg distribution data from three daily egg production method surveys. The results showed that the area of egg cover off Portugal decreased significantly from 11 800 km2 in 1988 to 7000 km2 in 1997 and 7400 km2 in 1999. This is because of a significant reduction in sardine egg presence off northern Portugal, GAM estimated areas being similar or higher in the late 1990s for southwestern and southern Portugal. The distributional area covered by larvae was not estimated for 1988 (larval distribution extended beyond the survey area), although it was probably higher than the 9600 km2 for 1997 and 5500 km2 for 1999. In 1997 and 1999, the Gulf of Cadiz was also sampled, indicating extensive areas with sardine eggs and larvae (more than 50% of the total area of distribution off Portugal). Standardized data from 15 ichthyoplankton surveys between 1985 and 2000 show a decline in the mean probability of egg presence within the Portuguese continental shelf from the mid‐1980s to the late‐1990s, because of a marked reduction in egg presence off northern Portugal. Sardine larval data from the same surveys suggest that the reduction in mean probability of presence in the north is less marked than for eggs (although this comparison ignores the presence of sardine larvae beyond the continental shelf in the 1980s). Similar changes off northern Portugal and western Galicia are observed in commercial sardine catches and the acoustically estimated area of fish distribution. It is possible that the observed decline in spawning area off northwestern Iberia during the 1990s is indirectly reflecting the prevalence of environmental conditions detrimental to sardine recruitment (northerly winds during winter that favour coastal upwelling and offshore transport), which have reduced the spawning contribution of young fish in that area.  相似文献   

16.
In the mid 1970s, the fishery catch of postlarval Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonica) in a shelf region of the Enshu‐nada Sea, off the central Pacific coast of Japan, started to decline corresponding to a rapid increase of postlarval sardine (Sardinops melanostictus). In late 1980s, sardine started to decline, and it was replaced by anchovy in the 1990s. This alternating dominance of postlarval sardine and anchovy corresponded to the alternation in egg abundance of these two species in the spawning habitat of this sea. It was also noteworthy that during the period of sardine decline, sardine spawning occurred in April–May, a delay of two months compared with spawning in the late 1970s. The implication of oceanographic changes in the spawning habitat for the alternating dominance of sardine and anchovy eggs was explored using time‐series data obtained in 1975–1998, focusing on the effect of the Kuroshio meander. Large meanders of the Kuroshio may have enhanced the onshore intrusion of the warm water into the shelf region and contributed to an increase in temperature in the spawning habitat. This might favour sardine, because its egg abundance in the shelf region was more dependent on the temperature in early spring than was that of anchovy. In addition, enhanced onshore intrusion could contribute to transport of sardine larvae from upstream spawning grounds of the Kuroshio region. On the other hand, anchovy egg abundance was more closely related to lower transparency at the shelf edge, which may indicate the prevalence and prolonged residence of the coastal water, and therefore higher food availability, frequently accompanying non‐meandering Kuroshio. The expansion/shrinkage of the spawning habitat of sardine and anchovy in the shelf region, apparently responding to the change in the Kuroshio, possibly makes the alternation in dominance of postlarval sardine and anchovy most prominent in the Enshu‐nada Sea, in combination with changes in the abundance of spawning adults, which occurred almost simultaneously in the overall Kuroshio region. The implication of this rather regional feature for the alternating dominance of sardine and anchovy populations on a larger spatial scale is also discussed.  相似文献   

17.
渤海鱼类群落结构的年际变化   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
基于2010年和2012–2014年每年8月渤海渔业资源底拖网调查数据,根据优势种、单位个体重、相对资源量、Jaccard种类组成相似性系数和群落结构数量生物量曲线等指标,研究渤海鱼类群落结构的年际变化,结果显示:(1)2010年和2012–2013年,总鱼类和底层鱼类种类数一直呈下降趋势,2014年有所恢复;2010年和2012–2014年暖温种种类数基本上呈下降趋势;(2)底层鱼类优势种由小个体的虾虎鱼(Gobiini sp.)代替大个体的小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis),中上层鱼类优势种则由植食性为主的黄鲫(Setipinna taty)和斑(Konosirus punctatus)转向浮游动物食性的鳀(Engraulis japonicus);(3)2010年和2012–2014年渤海底层鱼类和总鱼类年间站位相对资源量两两间都不存在显著性差异(P0.05),2013年与2014年间总鱼类及2014年与2010年底层鱼类年间站位相对资源量方差无显著性差异(P0.05),其他年份两两间都为方差不齐(P0.05),底层鱼类和总鱼类站位相对资源量年际存在极端异常值;(4)2010年和2012–2014年单位数量鱼体的个体重逐年下降,渤海鱼类这几年严重趋向小型化;(5)5种组内相似、组间相异贡献率高的鱼类种类,其年度相对资源量和分布变化较大;根据生物量与数量优势度曲线及W统计值判断,2010年渤海鱼类群落结构比较稳定,2012年相对稳定,2013年和2014年处于干扰状态,特别是2013年的鱼类群落结构处于比较严重的干扰状态。综上所述,渤海鱼类群落结构在2010年和2012–2014年发生了较大改变,处于受干扰不稳定状态。  相似文献   

18.
Generalized additive models (GAMs) were applied to investigate the influence of spatial (subarea), temporal (season) and environmental variables (substrate characteristics, depth, temperature and salinity) on the relative abundance of 27 demersal species of commercial importance in the Aegean Sea. Twelve species exhibited decreasing population density with increasing depth, whereas the abundance of the remaining species peaked at intermediate depths. Most of the species were mainly distributed on the continental shelf and upper continental slope. The dry weight percentage of sand in the sediment was included as an important predictor in the best models of all species with a lifecycle closely related to the substrate (flatfish, skates, gurnards, mullets, anglers, scorpionfish) and in most benthopelagic species (seven of 12). The weight percentage of carbonates in the sediment was also included in the best models of most species (19 of 27). Seasonal patterns in the relative abundance of species were observed, related in most cases to the seasonal differentiation of temperature and salinity gradients. During the period of water stratification (summer and autumn) the influence of temperature or salinity on fish abundance was always greater than during the period of vertical mixing (winter). The present results are discussed in the light of fostering the current perception as to factors influencing the spatiotemporal distribution of fish, which is a prerequisite for the sustainable exploitation of commercial stocks.  相似文献   

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