脊尾白虾EcR基因的克隆及其在卵巢和胚胎发育过程中的表达分析

为了解蜕皮激素受体(EcR)在脊尾白虾卵巢和胚胎发育中的作用,采用同源克隆和RACE技术,克隆了脊尾白虾EcR基因全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:KC506600),用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析了EcR基因在雌虾不同组织、卵巢以及胚胎发育不同时期的表达特征。结果显示,脊尾白虾EcR基因全长2 638 bp,开放阅读框1 713 bp,编码570个氨基酸,脊尾白虾EcR在系统进化上与行抱卵繁殖的真虾类和蟹类亲缘关系较近,而与对虾类较远。脊尾白虾EcR基因在各组织中均有表达,但主要在肝胰腺内表达。在脊尾白虾繁殖期内,肝胰腺内EcR的表达量始终高于卵巢,表达量峰值出现在卵巢成熟时期,而卵巢内EcR的表达量在卵巢成熟前期达到最大,两种组织中EcR表达量与卵黄蛋白原(Vg)质量浓度变化趋势相一致。随着胚胎发育,EcR表达量呈先上升后下降趋势,在原肠期达到最大,前溞状幼体期和溞状幼体Ⅰ期的表达量虽有下降,但仍保持较高水平。结果表明,脊尾白虾EcR基因系统进化方向与虾蟹类不同繁殖方式相吻合,其mRNA主要在肝胰腺内表达;卵巢发育过程中,EcR基因参与了肝胰腺和卵巢中Vg合成,其在肝胰腺中表达量变化与性腺发育指数变化趋势一致,对卵巢成熟有重要作用;在胚胎发育过程中,EcR基因参与了胚胎细胞分化及器官形成。     

合浦珠母贝表皮生长因子样(EGF-like)基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)在合浦珠母贝幼体发育以及组织生长过程中的作用,实验通过RACE技术克隆了合浦珠母贝EGF-like基因并做了相应的表达分析。实验结果获得cDNA全长序列4 107 bp,命名为Pf-egf1,开放阅读框(ORF)702 bp,编码234个氨基酸,包含一个信号肽序列和一个跨膜结构域,功能结构域分析发现Pf-egf1具有一个EGF-like结构域,有6个半胱氨酸残基,由3个二硫键维持,是表皮生长因子家族及其相关蛋白的特征结构域,但其余序列与现有相关基因序列差异较大,推测可能是一个新的EGF-like基因。表达结果显示,Pf-egf1 mRNA在合浦珠母贝外套膜、闭壳肌、鳃、肝胰腺、珍珠囊、肠和性腺中均有表达,在肠中的表达显著高于其他组织;在合浦珠母贝幼体发育的担轮期、D型期、壳顶期、眼点期和变态期的表达呈现逐渐升高的趋势,并且其在变态期的表达量极显著地高于其他时期。上述结果表明,Pf-egf1基因可能在合浦珠母贝肠道修复和幼虫变态发育阶段起着重要作用,为进一步开展育珠与生长调控奠定了基础。     

纳米ZnO和常规ZnO、ZnSO4对斑马鱼毒性效应的比较

为比较纳米ZnO、常规ZnO和ZnSO_4对斑马鱼氧化应激毒性的强弱,探究纳米ZnO的毒性作用与其释放的Zn2+和本身特性的关系,研究了纳米ZnO、常规ZnO、ZnSO_4对斑马鱼肝脏、肠、鳃组织中抗氧化酶活性及炎症凋亡基因表达的影响。实验将斑马鱼分别暴露于纳米ZnO、常规ZnO、ZnSO_4水体中,在4、24和96 h后,用分光光度法检测斑马鱼肝脏、肠、鳃中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、活性氧自由基(ROS)的变化;采用荧光定量PCR技术,测定实验组中肝脏、肠和鳃中Bax、Bcl-2、TNF-α及IL-6的mRNA相对表达量。结果显示,纳米ZnO、常规ZnO、ZnSO_4均引起斑马鱼各组织的氧化应激反应,且使组织中凋亡基因和炎症基因表达水平发生变化,激活生物体内的细胞坏死和细胞凋亡途径,引起细胞死亡或机体炎症,其中纳米ZnO的致氧化损伤作用最强。研究表明,纳米ZnO对斑马鱼的氧化应激毒性强于常规ZnO和ZnSO_4,而纳米颗粒本身特性是导致纳米ZnO毒性作用的主要原因。     

金钱鱼抗缪勒氏管激素基因克隆及其在性腺发育不同时期mRNA表达水平的分析

为了解抗缪勒氏管激素基因(AMH)在金钱鱼性腺发育中的作用,本研究利用RACE技术克隆了AMH的cDNA序列全长,为2324 bp(GenBank登录号:KP718479),其开放阅读框为1631 bp,编码543个氨基酸。同源性分析显示金钱鱼AMH与花鲈相似性最高,为71.16%,与斑马鱼相似性仅为29.83%。系统进化树分析表明,该基因与鲈形目紧密聚为一支,与金钱鱼进化地位一致,说明AMH在进化中有一定保守性。氨基酸结构分析表明其1~28为信号肽序列,69~426为AMH-N区域,444~543为TGF-β结构区。实时荧光定量研究表明,金钱鱼成鱼中AMH基因在精巢中表达量显著高于其他组织,在肝和卵巢中也有表达。性腺不同发育时期分析表明,AMH基因在精巢发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ期均维持高水平表达,IV期表达水平有所降低,H.E染色结果显示这一时期精巢发育逐渐成熟,推测该基因在精巢发育和精子产生过程中有重要作用。在卵巢中,AMH在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期卵巢发育初期表达量较低,在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期卵母细胞大生长期及卵黄积累期表达量升高,推测其在卵母细胞的发育和功能维持上发挥作用。提示AMH基因在金钱鱼精巢、卵巢发育过程中均发挥重要作用。     

缢蛏IGFBP基因结构及生长性状相关SNP筛选

类胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白(IGFBP)是IGF系统的一部分,主要参与IGF的运输、定位和生物活性调节。本研究采用RACE技术和长PCR技术,克隆了缢蛏IGFBP基因的cDNA和DNA全长序列,应用荧光定量PCR技术分析了缢蛏不同发育时期和不同组织中IGFBP mRNA的表达特征,并进一步筛选了IGFBP基因与生长性状相关的SNP位点。序列分析表明,缢蛏IGFBP cDNA序列全长631 bp,包括5'端非编码区60 bp,3'端非编码区136 bp和开放阅读框435 bp,编码144个氨基酸。该基因含有保守的IGFBP-N端,包含12个半胱氨酸残基,其中1～18个氨基酸为信号肽,属于分泌型蛋白。IGFBP DNA全长3 122 bp,其中包含1个内含子(2 687 bp)和2个外显子(200和235 bp)。荧光定量PCR结果显示,IGFBP mRNA在消化腺组织中表达量最高;在缢蛏的稚贝期,IGFBP mRNA呈现高表达,而在其他发育时期表达量低。在IGFBP基因中筛选到4个SNP位点,其中1个SNP位点与缢蛏的壳长和体质量呈显著相关。     

三角帆蚌EFCB1基因cDNA序列克隆及表达研究

为了发掘更多三角帆蚌具有EF-hand结构域的功能基因及其蛋白质,本研究运用RACE-PCR技术,克隆得到了三角帆蚌包含EF-hand结构域钙结合蛋白1基因(EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 1,EFCB1)的cDNA全长并进行了生物信息学分析;通过real-time Q-PCR技术,分析了EFCB1基因在三角帆蚌10个组织,以及内脏团、外套膜插核后不同时间点的时空表达特点。结果表明三角帆蚌EFCB1基因cDNA序列全长981 bp,ORF为531 bp,编码176个氨基酸残基,5'-UTR 239 bp和3'-UTR 211 bp。EFCB1分子式为C₈₇₇H₁₃₄₈N₂₃₈O₂₇₀S₁₀,分子量约19.9 ku,等电点为4.70,不稳定系数为62.65,属亲水蛋白。其序列无信号肽序列,存在1个跨膜区域和2个EF-hand结构域,EF-hand模块分别为DLNDDKLISPEE(98-109)和DTNGDDKLDGEE(129-140)。荧光定量结果显示三角帆蚌EFCB1基因在各组织中均有表达,其中在肠和鳃中表达量最高(P<0.05),外套膜中表达量显著高于内脏团(P<0.05)。EFCB1基因在插核后不同时期的外套膜和内脏团育珠部位组织中表达具有显著差异(P<0.05),在外套膜中的表达量均显著高于内脏团(P<0.05),在插核后第20 天时表达量显著高于各时期(P<0.05)。研究表明,EFCB1在三角帆蚌Ca²⁺的吸收过程中发挥调节作用,在珍珠囊形成过程中以及珍珠形成初期具有重要功能。     

高温胁迫对日本沼虾热休克蛋白基因的表达、抗氧化酶活力及组织结构的影响

为探究日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)应对高温胁迫的响应机制, 设置了水温对照组(20±0.5) ℃和高温组(30±0.5) ℃, 溶氧浓度(6.5±0.5) mg/L, 分别在高温胁迫 0 h、12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h 测定了日本沼虾肝胰腺和鳃组织中热休克蛋白 21 (heat shock protein 21, HSP21)、热休克蛋白 60 (heat shock protein 60, HSP60)、热休克同源蛋白 70-3 (heat shock protein cognate 70-3, HSC70-3)和热休克蛋白 90 (heat shock protein 90, HSP90)基因的表达, 相关抗氧化酶——超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)、 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPX)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性以及组织结构的变化。结果表明, 高温胁迫下肝胰腺和鳃组织中的 4 个热休克蛋白基因均被诱导表达上升, 其中 HSC70-3 基因表达上升最为显著; 同时, 肝胰腺中的基因表达上升趋势比鳃中的基因表达趋势更为明显。高温胁迫下相关抗氧化酶活力均发生不同程度的变化, 肝胰腺中 SOD、GST 和 CAT 酶活力均有显著上升趋势, 而 GPX 酶活力仅有轻微变化; 鳃组织中的 SOD 酶活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.05), GST、GPX 和 CAT 酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。肝胰腺和鳃组织结构均发生变化, 肝胰腺组织中分泌细胞及内部转运泡体积增大, 鳃组织结构层状上皮轻微弯曲, 血细胞排列紊乱等。综上所述, 高温胁迫激活了日本沼虾抗氧化系统, 并诱导了热休克蛋白基因的表达上升, 其中 HSC70-3 基因可能在日本沼虾的耐热性中起重要作用。高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活力的变化可能对于避免氧化损伤至关重要。本研究旨在通过了解日本沼虾应对高温胁迫的响应机制从而为日本沼虾的健康养殖提供参考。     

CCl4对建鲤肝细胞DNA的毒性作用及对CYP3A基因表达的影响

四氯化碳(CCl₄)作为一种经典的肝脏毒物,被广泛应用于哺乳动物的肝损伤模型构建及保肝药物筛选。低、中、高浓度的CCl₄橄榄油溶液(6.25%、12.50%和15.00%,0.01 mL/g)腹腔注射建鲤72 h后,采用单细胞凝胶电泳和肝组织病理切片技术,测定血清中肝损伤生化酶来考察CCl₄对肝细胞DNA的毒性作用;同时采用实时荧光定量PCR法测定肝组织中CYP3A表达量的变化。结果显示,6.25%CCl₄作用建鲤72 h后肝组织切片检查没有发生明显的改变,对血清中酶学指标无显著影响,CYP3A的mRNA表达量与空白对照组相比也没有显著变化,而彗星实验结果显示该浓度的CCl₄作用肝细胞后,尾长、TDNA、尾矩及Olive 尾矩等DNA损伤指标与对照组相比,显著增大;随着CCl₄作用浓度的增加,肝细胞肿胀、广泛空泡变性,出现核固缩和核溶解等组织学的变化,12.50%和15.00% CCl₄均能显著引起血清中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)水平升高,15.00% CCl₄能显著促进乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)大量生成;彗星实验中各项损伤指标也随着染毒剂量增加而极显著增大;同时,12.50%和15.00% CCl₄组的CYP3A mRNA表达量显著降低。结果表明,CCl₄对建鲤肝细胞DNA具有毒性作用,在实验的浓度范围内,CCl₄ 能抑制CYP3A mRNA表达;随着CCl₄作用浓度的增大,血清酶、病理切片和彗星实验结果表现出剂量效应,并有一定的一致性,彗星实验表现出更高的灵敏性。     

脊椎动物源细胞因子对合浦珠母贝外套膜细胞培养及其矿化功能的影响

筛选出能促进合浦珠母贝外套膜细胞培养及矿化功能的细胞因子,以作为优化本物种细胞培养基的参考,挑选三龄合浦珠母贝,获取其外套膜进行原代细胞培养。向各实验组细胞培养基中分别添加表皮生长因子(EGF)、内皮细胞生长添加剂(ECGS)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF),通过比较细胞活性、贴壁能力、迁移能力和4种基质蛋白基因(pif80、n16、msi7及accbp)表达水平的变化,来评判这些因子对细胞培养及细胞矿化功能的影响。结果显示:(1)EGF能显著提高原代培养细胞的活性、贴壁能力和迁移能力,并促进pif80、n16和accbp基因的表达;(2)ECGS能增强细胞的贴壁能力和迁移能力,并大幅提高pif80、n16和msi7基因的表达水平;(3)IGF-1能显著增强细胞活性、贴壁能力、迁移能力和msi7的基因表达水平,但对pif80、n16和accbp基因的表达有一定抑制作用;(4)碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能增强细胞的活性及贴壁能力,并显著提升pif80、n16和accbp基因的表达水平。研究表明,脊椎动物源细胞因子具有延长细胞培养时间、增强细胞活性及促进矿化相关基因表达的作用,能够用于优化合浦珠母贝外套膜细胞的培养基。     

低温胁迫对暗纹东方鲀肠道氧化应激、细胞凋亡及肠道微生物组成的影响

为了探究低温胁迫对暗纹东方鲀肠道氧化应激、细胞凋亡及肠道微生物组成的影响，实验测定了3个处理温度 (25、19和13 °C)，4个取样时间点 (0、6、24和96 h)下氧化应激、细胞凋亡与肠道微生物相关指标。结果显示，与对照组相比，随着温度降低肠道绒毛发生坏死、增生和杯细胞肿大。总超氧化物歧化酶 (T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH-Px)的活性以及丙二醛 (MDA)含量显著增加。肠道微生物组成多样性降低。肠道微生物丰度发生改变，如黄色杆菌属、副球菌属、乳球菌属和双歧杆菌属的丰度随温度降低而上升，梭菌属、气单胞菌属和嗜热芽孢杆菌属的丰度随温度上升而下降。细胞凋亡相关基因 (caspase-3、caspase-7、caspase-9、p53、Bax和Bcl-2)的表达随温度降低升高。此外，实验发现副球菌属和嗜热芽孢杆菌属丰度的改变与肠道氧化应激、细胞凋亡均具有Pearson相关性，其可作为潜在微生物用来反映暗纹东方鲀是否处于氧化应激和细胞凋亡状态。本研究结果可为暗纹东方鲀健康养殖提供基础资料。     

Effects of Pro-Tex on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae,adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and adult yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

Aquaculture practices bring several stressful events to fish. Stressors not only activate the hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal-axis, but also evoke cellular stress responses. Up-regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is among the best studied mechanisms of the cellular stress response. An extract of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica), Pro-Tex, a soluble variant of TEX-OE^®, may induce expression of HSPs and reduce negative effects of cellular stress. Pro-Tex therefore is used to ameliorate conditions during stressful aquaculture-related practices. We tested Pro-Tex in zebrafish (Danio rerio), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) exposed to aquaculture-relevant stressors (thermal stress, net confinement, transport) and assessed its effects on stress physiology. Heat shock produced a mild increase in hsp70 mRNA expression in 5-day-old zebrafish larvae. Pro-Tex increased basal hsp70 mRNA expression, but decreased heat-shock-induced expression of hsp70 mRNA. In carp, Pro-Tex increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels, while it did not affect the mild stress response (increased plasma cortisol and glucose) to net confinement. In gills, and proximal and distal intestine, stress increased hsp70 mRNA expression; in the distal intestine, an additive enhancement of hsp70 mRNA expression by Pro-Tex was seen under stress. In yellowtail kingfish, Pro-Tex reduced the negative physiological effects of transport more efficiently than when fish were sedated with AQUI-S^®. Overall, our data indicate that Pro-Tex has protective effects under high levels of stress only. As Pro-Tex has potential for use in aquaculture, its functioning and impact on health and welfare of fish should be further studied.     

Methionine hydroxy analogue prevents oxidative damage and improves antioxidant status of intestine and hepatopancreas for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

Oxidative damage and antioxidant status of intestine and hepatopancreas for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA: 0, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, 12.7, 15.3 g kg^?1 diet) for 60 days were studied. Radical scavenging ability, antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reducase (GR), as well as glutathione (GSH), protein carbonyl (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were assayed in these tissues. Results indicated that anti‐superoxide anion capacity in intestine and anti‐hydroxyl radical capacity in hepatopancreas significantly improved with dietary MHA levels up to 7.6 and 10.2 g kg^?1 diet respectively, whereupon they decreased (P < 0.05). SOD, CAT, GST, GPX, GR activities in intestine and hepatopancreas, as well as GSH content in hepatopancreas significantly increased with optimal MHA levels which were in the range of 5.1–10.2 g kg^?1 diet, and thereafter decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, MDA and PC contents in these tissues together with GOT and GPT activities in plasma significantly decreased with optimal MHA levels which were in the range of 5.1–7.6 g kg^?1 diet, and thereafter increased (P < 0.05). These results suggested that MHA improved antioxidant status and depressed lipid and protein oxidation in intestine and hepatopancreas.     

Effects of dietary selenium of organic form against lead toxicity on the antioxidant system in Cyprinus carpio

In this study was evaluated potential protective effect of organic selenium (Se) on heavy metal stress induced by lead (Pb) in Cyprinus carpio. For this reason, C. carpio was exposed to sublethal concentration of Pb (1.5 mg/L Pb(NO₃)₂) for 14 days. The fish were fed a basal (control; measured 0.55 mg/kg Se) diet or a basal diet supplemented with 2.50 mg/kg (measured 2.92 mg/kg Se) organic Se (Sel-Plex^®) during the experiment period. The variations in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) with malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver and brain tissues of C. carpio were investigated in experimental groups. GSH levels in liver and brain tissues were significantly decreased by exposure to Pb. GST activity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in liver tissue, but decreased in brain of treated fish by exposure to Pb. Also, GSH-Px activity was significantly increased in liver tissue, but decreased in brain of Pb-treated fish. Levels of MDA were increased in liver and brain of Pb-treated fish. The organic Se treatment for Pb-intoxicated animals improved activities of GSH-Px, GST and levels of MDA within normal limits. Supplemented Se could be able to improve Pb-induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and regulating antioxidant defense system in tissues.     

Accumulation and biochemical effects of microcystin-LR on the Patagonian pejerrey (Odontesthes hatcheri) fed with the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa

We studied accumulation and biochemical effects of microcystin-LR (MCLR) in Odontesthes hatcheri after dietary administration of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (1.3 μg MCLR/g body mass, incorporated in standard fish food). After 12 h, MCLR content in liver did not differ between fish fed with crushed or intact cells, demonstrating O. hatcheri’s capacity to digest cyanobacteria and absorb MCLR. In the second experiment, fish received toxic cells, non-toxic cells, or control food; MCLR accumulation was monitored for 48 h. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, and lipid peroxidation (as MDA) were measured in liver and intestine. Methanol-extractable MCLR was determined by PP1 inhibition assay (PPIA); extractable and protein-bound MCLR were measured by Lemieux oxidation-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). MCLR accumulated rapidly up to 22.9 and 9.4 μg MCLR/g in intestine and liver, respectively, followed by a decreasing tendency. Protein-bound MCLR represented 66 to ca. 100 % of total MCLR in both tissues. PP1 activity remained unchanged in intestine but was increased in liver of MCLR treated fish.CAT and GST activities and MDA content were significantly increased by MCLR only in liver. We conclude that O. hatcheri is able to digest cyanobacteria, accumulating MCLR mostly bound to proteins. Our data suggest that this freshwater fish can be adversely affected by cyanobacterial blooms. However, the rapid decrease of the detectable MCLR in both tissues could imply that sublethal toxin accumulation is rapidly reversed.     

Dietary phosphorus prevents oxidative damage and increases antioxidant enzyme activities in intestine and hepatopancreas of juvenile Jian carp

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary phosphorus on the intestine and hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Jian carp, with an average initial weight of 7.17 ± 0.01 g, were fed with diets containing graded concentrations of available phosphorus, namely 1.7 (control), 3.6, 5.5, 7.3, 9.2 and 11.0 g kg^?1 diet for 9 weeks. Results showed that, in intestine and hepatopancreas, content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and glutathione (GSH), capacity of anti‐superoxide anion (ASA) and anti‐hydroxyl radical (AHR), and glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were significantly affected by dietary phosphorus levels (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that significant quadratic responses occurred in MDA content and ASA, GST, GPx and AHR activities in intestine, GSH content and CAT and SOD activities in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). These results indicate that optimal level of dietary phosphorus prevented oxidative damage and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of juvenile Jian carp. The phosphorus requirement estimated from MDA using quadratic regression analysis was 5.7 g kg^?1 diet.     

氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼幼鱼肠道健康的影响及精氨酸的干预作用

为研究饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼幼鱼肠道免疫、抗氧化和其他功能指标、组织结构的影响及添加精氨酸对其的干预作用,采用2×3设计方式,在饲料中分别添加新鲜鱼油(FF)∶氧化鱼油(OF)按照(m/m)2.5∶0、1.5∶1.0和0.5∶2.0的比例配制3种基础饲料(FF,OF1,OF2),在基础饲料中分别添加0.48%精氨酸(Arg)盐酸盐配制3种精氨酸饲料(FFA,OFA1,OFA2),选取初始体质量为(4.41±0.05)g的黄颡鱼600尾,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,分别投喂6种实验饲料,饲养56 d。结果显示,在OF2组中,黄颡鱼肠道酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著升高;与OF2组相比,OFA2组AKP活性和IL-6含量均显著下降。在FF、OF1、OF2三组中,肠道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈下降趋势,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈现上升趋势,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)呈现先下降后上升的趋势,但差异均不显著;在OF2组中,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高;添加精氨酸后,除SOD活性有显著升高外,其他抗氧化指标的组间均无显著性差异。双因素方差分析显示,精氨酸对黄颡鱼肠道CAT活性的影响达到显著水平,饲料中氧化鱼油和精氨酸对黄颡鱼肠道GSH-PX活性的影响存在交互作用。在FF、OF1、OF2三组中,肠道二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性呈现下降趋势,一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)活性呈现上升趋势,但差异均不显著;与OF2组相比,OFA2组的DAO和i NOS活性分别显著升高和下降;双因素方差分析显示,精氨酸(Arg)对黄颡鱼肠道DAO、i NOS活性的影响分别达到显著水平。在OF1组中,肠道皱壁高度、肌层厚度和杯状细胞数量均明显升高;与OF2组相比,OFA2组皱壁高度和杯状细胞数量明显升高;与FF组相比,FFA组肌层厚度明显增加。双因素方差分析显示,氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼肠道皱壁高度的影响达到显著水平。研究表明,在饲料中添加一定水平的氧化鱼油会抑制黄颡鱼幼鱼肠道免疫及抗氧化指标,损伤肠道组织结构,但添加一定量的精氨酸可以缓解氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼幼鱼肠道免疫、抗氧化和组织结构的抑制作用。     

Anti-oxidative functions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">mt2</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">smtB</Emphasis> mRNA expression in the gills and brain of zebrafish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Danio rerio</Emphasis>) upon cadmium exposure

There were not any past studies about metallothionein isoforms (smtB and mt2) having anti-oxidative functions on zebrafish after Cd²⁺ exposure. On the other hand, the anti-oxidative enzymatic factors such as superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione peroxidase (gpx1a), and catalase (cat) are used as references to investigate whether the smtB and mt2 have anti-oxidative responses on the gills and brain of zebrafish after 1–6 h of 0 and 1.78 μM Cd²⁺ exposure. The anti-oxidative system such as sod, cat, and gpx1a mRNA expressions demonstrated a cascade response upon Cd²⁺-induced oxidative stress in the present study. Interestingly, the smtB mRNA expression levels increased by 3.2- to 6.1-fold, and mt2 raised by 4.1- to 11.3-fold in gills at 1 and 3 h after exposure to Cd²⁺, respectively. On the other hand, the smtB mRNA levels increased by 10.6- to 58.6-fold, but mt2 mRNA levels increased by 2.3- to 11.1-fold in brain at 1 and 3 h after exposure to Cd²⁺, respectively. In addition, both tissues showed increased apoptosis levels at 3 h, and recovery after 6 h of Cd²⁺ exposure. From the results, we suggest that both mt2 and smtB play a role in anti-oxidation responses within 6 h after exposure to Cd²⁺. In conclusion, the smtB mRNA levels have a higher response than mt2 in the brain, but both mRNA expressions appear to have a similar pattern in the gill. We suggest that smtB plays an important role to defend oxidative stress in the brain of adult zebrafish upon acute Cd²⁺ exposure.     

Salinity changes in the anadromous river pufferfish,Takifugu obscurus,mediate gene regulation

This study aimed to better understand the hydromineral regulatory response of the anadromous river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus, to salinity changes through real-time RT-PCR. After abrupt transfer from 30 or 5 psu to 5 or 30 psu, respectively, we analyzed the mRNA expression of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase, prolactin receptor, and aquaporin from osmoregulatory organs of the river pufferfish such as gills, kidney, and intestine. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase showed notable changes in the gills and kidney when salinity was increased. In the gills, the expression level of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase suddenly increased within a day after abrupt transfer from 5 to 30 psu and then slightly declined within 2 days after exposure. In the kidney, Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase has shown consistently high mRNA expression after the increase in salinity. Expression levels of the prolactin receptor gene increased when environmental salinity decreased. In the intestine, gene expression of the prolactin receptor remained high, even when salinity decreased. To the contrary, there was a steady increase or decrease in mRNA expression in the kidney in response to salinity decrease or increase, respectively. As for aquaporins, aquaporin 1 was mainly expressed in the intestine and kidney, and aquaporin 3 was mainly expressed in the gills and intestine. In the gills, increased expression of aquaporin 3 was found after transfer to lower salinity and in the intestine and kidney, a decrease in salinity followed by an abrupt decrease in aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 3. Contrastingly, the expression of these genes increased in the intestine after transfer to 30 psu. Osmoregulatory genes were expressed in diverse organs, apparently to overcome an influx or exhaust of water or ions. A superior adaptation ability of the river pufferfish to a wide range of salinities is most reasonably due to active osmoregulatory processes mediated by the genes monitored here.     

Effect of dietary lysine on growth,intestinal enzymes activities and antioxidant status of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The dietary lysine requirement of sub-adult grass carp (460 ± 1.5 g) was assessed by feeding diets supplemented with grade levels of lysine (6.6, 8.5, 10.8, 12.9, 15.0 and 16.7 g kg^?1 diet) for 56 days. The test diets (28 % CP) contained fish meal, casein and gelatin as sources of intact protein, supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Weight gain (WG), feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly improved with increasing levels of lysine up to 12.9 g kg^?1 diet and thereafter declined (P < 0.05). Quadratic regression analysis of WG at 95 % maximum response indicated lysine requirement was 10.9 g kg^?1 diet. Activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase in intestine, creatine kinase activity in proximal and mid-intestine responded similar to WG (P < 0.05). In addition, lipid and protein oxidation decreased with increasing levels of lysine up to certain values and increased thereafter (P < 0.05); the anti-hydroxyl radical capacity, dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and glutathione content were increased with increasing dietary lysine levels up to certain values in the detected tissues, except for hepatopancreatic GST. Requirement estimated on the basis of malondialdehyde content in intestine and hepatopancreas was 10.6 and 9.53 g lysine kg^?1 diet, respectively.