枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域碳通量及固碳能力研究

为研究枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域不同季节碳通量及固碳能力, 本研究在 2020―2021 年监测和分析了养殖海域温度、盐度、pH、总碱度(TA)及水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)分布特征, 估算了枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)及海–气界面二氧化碳交换通量(FCO₂)值, 并分析 pCO₂ 的影响因素, 探讨枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域固碳能力。结果表明, 枸杞岛海域表层海水 4 个季节的温度、盐度、pH、TA、DIC、 DOC、POC 的空间分布在季节上差异极显著(P＜0.01)。枸杞岛海域 pCO₂ 全年的变化范围为 65.19~719.1 μatm, 水团混合和生物活动等是影响海域表层海水 pCO₂ 的重要因素。枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域 FCO₂ 值的变化范围为–63.75~ 99.18 mmol/(m² ·d), 四季变化极显著(P＜0.01), 全年碳分布格局有较大差异, 其中, 春、夏、秋三季均为碳汇, 分别为 (–18.86±12) mmol/(m² ·d), (–11.59±7.95) mmol/(m² ·d), (–3.61±37.22) mmol/(m² ·d), 冬季为碳源[(78.24±5.09) mmol/(m² ·d)]。枸杞岛贻贝养殖区 FCO₂ 值均高于外海非养殖区, 且达到显著水平(P＜0.05), 是弱汇区。本研究区域内贝壳固碳量为 18425.59 t, 贻贝软组织固碳量为 4973.97 t, 单位面积贻贝固碳量达 22.83 t/hm² 。该研究可为贝类养殖碳汇评价提供参考。     

桑沟湾水域叶绿素a在海带收获前后的变化及其影响因素

依据2014年5月和8月2个航次走航和定点连续调查资料,分析了桑沟湾水域叶绿素a的空间分布及海带养殖区叶绿素a(Chl.a)的昼夜变化特征,同时结合所调查的温度、盐度 、pH和营养盐等分布特征,分析了桑沟湾水域Chl.a浓度与理化因子的关系,探讨了海带收获前后Chl.a的变化及其影响因素。(1)走航调查的结果显示,桑沟湾夏季Chl.a浓度显著高于春季。桑沟湾春季表、底层总Chl.a浓度均值分别为(0.67±0.39)和(0.50±0.31)μg/L,表层Chl.a浓度高于底层,春季表层整体表现出自湾内向湾外逐渐降低的趋势;夏季表、底层总Chl.a浓度均值分别为(3.39±1.53)和(3.12±1.43)μg/L,表层Chl.a浓度高于底层。桑沟湾夏季表层Chl.a高值区出现在海带养殖区,低值区出现在贝类养殖区,夏季底层Chl.a高值区出现在贝类和海带养殖区,低值区出现在外海区。(2)定点连续监测结果显示,春季海带养殖区Chl.a浓度变化范围在0.24~0.95 μg/L,均值为(0.70±0.19)μg/L,昼夜波动较小。而夏季海带养殖区Chl.a浓度变化范围在2.01~4.66 μg/L,均值为(3.04±0.82)μg/L,昼夜波动较大。桑沟湾海带养殖区夏季Chl.a浓度显著高于春季。春季海带养殖区营养盐平均浓度及硅磷比、氮磷、硅氮比均显著低于夏季。(3)桑沟湾春季表层Chl.a浓度主要与温度、硅酸盐呈显著正相关,而夏季底层Chl.a浓度与盐度呈显著正相关。桑沟湾海带收获前后Chl.a的变化及分布受温度、硅酸盐、盐度、养殖环境状况和水文环境的共同影响,多元的贝藻养殖模式是影响Chl.a变化及分布的重要因素。     

海带对富营养化水体的生物修复效果与固碳能力

选择舟山市桃花岛碳汇渔业示范区作为调研对象,于2013年2-8月对网箱养殖区、海带养殖区、海带养殖区上游(对照点)和海带养殖区下游各站位水质参数以及海带生物量的变化进行了为期7个月的跟踪调研。调查结果显示,海带在减轻海水富营养化方面效果显著,在去除海水无机氮方面尤为明显。与对照点相比,海带养殖区下游无机氮平均浓度降低了15.3%,水体富营养化得以改善,网箱养殖区海水与对照点相比,无机氮平均浓度显著降低(P0.05),海带养殖未使海水中有机质含量升高。在固碳能力方面,该海域海带的年固碳能力为0.234kg/m~2,通过标准化转换,固碳速率最高达403t/(km~2·年),通过海带养殖,该示范区一年总共可吸收碳(C)31 200 kg,吸收氮(N)2130 kg,吸收磷(P)300 kg。本研究说明海带具有一定的生物修复与固碳能力,可为建立鱼藻生态复合养殖系统提供参考。     

紫贻贝养殖水域富营养化现状及其变化趋势分析

根据2011~2016年葫芦岛市兴城邴家湾紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)养殖水域水质调查资料,分析了该水域表层营养盐和富营养化现状,并根据季节性kendall检验方法对营养盐和富营养化在时间上的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明:该养殖区溶氧充足,水体很少缺氧,水域未受到活性磷酸盐的污染。2012年部分水域受到COD的污染,2011~2014年连续四年海水受到无机氮的污染。六年时间内5、7月水体基本未呈富营养化状态,8、10月水体呈富营养化状态。在时间上,DO、COD、活性磷酸盐无明显变化趋势,无机氮含量呈逐年显著下降趋势,富营养化状况呈逐年好转趋势。     

葡萄糖添加对太湖水体浮游植物生长的影响

为探索葡萄糖(碳源)添加对浮游植物生长的影响,于2015年7月30日—8月6日用太湖梅梁湾水体进行了碳、氮、磷的营养盐添加试验。试验设置3个处理,每个处理均添加相同水平的氮、磷营养盐,而碳添加质量浓度分别为0 mg/L(对照组)、51 mg/L(低碳组)和102 mg/L(高碳组)。结果显示,对照组与低碳组的叶绿素a(Chl-a)均显著高于高碳组(P0.05),3个处理间总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)质量浓度没有显著差异(P0.05);整体上,第1~8天和第6~8天,高碳组的硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)、活性磷(SRP)质量浓度的降低速率均是最高的,低碳组次之,对照组最慢(P0.05)。研究表明,葡萄糖添加控制了浮游植物生长,促进了水体中无机氮、磷质量浓度降低;但在添加葡萄糖的处理中,无机氮、磷质量浓度降低速度的加快并没有得到更高的浮游植物浓度。     

大鹏澳养殖水域溶解氧的变化及其与生态结构的关系

根据2001年6月至2002年6月大鹏澳网箱养殖水域周年的溶解氧(DO)水平监测数据,阐述网箱养殖区水体DO的水平、季节的变化、垂直变化和网箱养殖水体DO质量评价以及DO与水环境因子的相关性。结果表明,大鹏湾网箱养殖水域DO周年水平为3 86～8 01mg/L,氧饱和度为51 6%～103 6%,养殖水域DO水平低于非养殖水域的;冬、春季DO水平较高,均符合我国渔业水质标准要求。夏季DO水平普遍较低,超标率为95%;表层水DO水平略高于底层水,DO水平超标率分别为46%和66 7%;DO水平(全年)与pH值、盐度、叶绿素水平均呈显著性正相关(P<0 02,n=32),与水温、无机磷和无机氮水平呈显著性负相关(P<0 02,n=32)。其中,在春季相关最为明显。     

龙须菜处理海水养殖废水的初步研究

在实验室培养条件下,分别采用添加不同浓度的无机氮、磷营养盐培养液和直接利用养鱼废水培养龙须菜,研究高浓度氮、磷营养盐条件下龙须菜的生长情况。结果表明,在溶解无机氮浓度10~75μmol/L和溶解无机磷浓度1~15μmol/L范围内,龙须菜的生长状况良好;当溶解无机氮浓度超过100μmol/L或溶解无机磷浓度超过20μmol/L时,龙须菜的生长受到抑制。养殖废水培养龙须菜的实验结果表明,龙须菜在工厂化养殖废水可以维持较好的生长状况。龙须菜可用作大规模养殖废水的净化材料。     

沿海滩涂养殖水体中溶解氧的变化及其影响因素

为研究沿海滩涂养殖水体中溶解氧的变化规律及其影响因素,2006～2007年对江苏射阳盐场滩涂养殖水体中溶解氧的变化进行了调查研究,并与养殖环境中其它因子的关系作了研究分析.结果表明,养殖区溶解氧的含量显著低于非养殖区,夏、秋季溶解氧的含量显著低于春、冬季.相关分析表明,水体中溶解氧的含量与水体中pH值、盐度、叶绿素a、硝酸氮呈显著的正相关,与水体中温度、铵氮、亚硝酸氮、无机磷,底质中硫化物、无机磷都呈显著的负相关.研究结果证实了滩涂大规模的养殖生产是影响水体中溶解氧含量的一个重要因素.     

白洋淀养殖模式对水体营养状态的影响

根据2009年7月至11月对白洋淀水产及畜禽养殖区的采样调查资料,分析了白洋淀不同养殖区的叶绿素a及溶解无机氮分布特点,以及它们与养殖模式的关系。结果显示,白洋淀叶绿素a及溶解无机氮有显著相关关系,其回归方程为:y=0.004 2 x+0.575 8;不同的养殖模式及投饵量是影响淀区水体溶解无机氮和叶绿素a的重要因素。     

沿海滩涂养殖水体中溶解氧的变化及其影响因素

为研究沿海滩涂养殖水体中溶解氧的变化规律及其影响因素，２００６～２００７年对江苏射阳盐场滩涂养殖水体中溶解氧的变化进行了调查研究，并与养殖环境中其它因子的关系作了研究分析。结果表明，养殖区溶解氧的含量显著低于非养殖区，夏、秋季溶解氧的含量显著低于春、冬季。相关分析表明，水体中溶解氧的含量与水体中ｐＨ值、盐度、叶绿素ａ、硝酸氮呈显著的正相关，与水体中温度、铵氮、亚硝酸氮、无机磷，底质中硫化物、无机磷都呈显著的负相关。研究结果证实了滩涂大规模的养殖生产是影响水体中溶解氧含量的一个重要因素。     

东江水库碳汇渔业与生态保护的初步研究

2007年7月和10月对东江水库的水体初级生产力和水质进行了监测和评价,估算了天然渔业资源量及可移出碳量。研究表明,库区存在较丰富的外源性营养物质,主要来源于农业、生活废水及旅游业;10月水体水质优于7月,均属中营养水平;初级生产力平均为5.13g/（m2.d）,与水体叶绿素、氨氮和总磷浓度呈较强的正相关;折算滤食性鱼产量为1541.9t/年,移出碳量为218.4t/年。2007-2010年进行鱼类增殖放流,获得天然滤食性渔获物最高达产量为900t/年,移出碳量127.5t/年。在制订东江水库渔业环境保护条例时,按初级生产力的大小,利用增殖放流等渔业去碳技术,适量投放滤食性鱼类,充分利用水体氮、磷,可实现东江水库碳汇渔业的可持续发展。     

沉积环境对鱼类网箱养殖的响应

网箱养殖是鱼类集约化养殖的主要方式,近年来得到大力发展,但是网箱养殖也带来诸多的环境问题。本文从沉积环境改变的角度阐述了网箱养殖对环境的影响,包括底层水环境要素、底质理化环境要素和底栖生物环境要素对网箱养殖的响应,并探讨了有机负荷的消减对策。网箱养殖区水环境中溶解氧(DO)通常下降,而化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH4-N)和无机磷(D IP)增多;底泥沉积物中N、P、硫化物、有机质等大量富集,其中富集现象最明显的是P、硫化物和NH4-N,其次是总氮(TN)和有机质;一般情况下,网箱养殖区底栖生物尤其是多毛类增加,而当污染严重时,会使底栖生物缺失。有机负荷的消减对策包括收集残饵粪便等沉积物、利用生物方法去除有机碎屑和加强养殖管理提高饲料利用率等。     

鳜不同养殖模式水质因子变化规律和微生物制剂调节技术研究

该文采用生态学试验方法,对鳜池塘和大棚养殖模式的水质变化规律进行了调查分析,同时采用不同微生态制剂商品(光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌)对鳜养殖水体水质调节效果进行了研究。结果显示,整个鳜养殖周期(苗种至商品鱼),大棚养殖模式水体温度、溶氧、pH值与池塘养殖模式无明显区别;大棚养殖模式三氮(铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮)变化规律与池塘养殖模式大致相同,但大部分时间前者水体含量较高;大棚养殖模式水体总磷含量高于池塘养殖模式,且总磷最高值出现时间较池塘养殖模式推迟了近1个月。光合细菌对鳜养殖水体氨氮、亚硝态氮以及总氮整体调控效果最佳;枯草芽孢杆菌对降低硝态氮和亚硝态氮有良好的效果;乳酸菌对养殖后期降低水体pH值有一定的作用。结论:相对于鳜池塘养殖模式,大棚养殖模式氮磷物质循环转化效率较低,合理搭配使用微生物制剂调节水质养殖效果更佳,同时需注意不良天气对微生态制剂使用效果的影响。     

东江水库碳汇渔业与生态保护的初步研究

2007年7月和10月对东江水库的水体初级生产力和水质进行了监测和评价,估算了天然渔业资源量及可移出碳量。研究表明,库区存在较丰富的外源性营养物质,主要来源于农业、生活废水及旅游业;10月水体水质优于7月,均属中营养水平;初级生产力平均为5.13g/(m2.d),与水体叶绿素、氨氮和总磷浓度呈较强的正相关;折算滤食性鱼产量为1541.9t/年,移出碳量为218.4t/年。2007-2010年进行鱼类增殖放流,获得天然滤食性渔获物最高达产量为900t/年,移出碳量127.5t/年。在制订东江水库渔业环境保护条例时,按初级生产力的大小,利用增殖放流等渔业去碳技术,适量投放滤食性鱼类,充分利用水体氮、磷,可实现东江水库碳汇渔业的可持续发展。     

Effects of organic carbon addition on water quality and growth performance of bottom- and filter-feeding carp in a minimum-water-exchange pond polyculture system

A 120-day evaluation was performed to determine the impacts of various carbon source supplements on the water grade and production of bottom- and filter-feeding carp inside a minimum-water-exchange system. The outcomes revealed that the overall ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total inorganic nitrogen, and orthophosphate concentrations in every one of the carbon source treatments were significantly less (P?<?0.05) than the control. The net production of silver carp and bighead carp in the molasses treatment was significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that in the control. The total feed conversion rates of the fish in the molasses and the mixed carbon source treatments were significantly lower (P?<?0.05) than in the control, while the total protein efficiency ratio values in the corn starch, molasses, and mixed carbon source treatments were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those in the control. The bioflocs significantly (P?<?0.05) impacted the muscle makeup of crude protein, crude fat, and ash of mirror carp. The current examination showed that the increased generation and feed used in mirror, silver, and bighead carp may be reached with an enhanced water grade when different carbon sources were added, while the use of molasses, an organic carbon source, was optimal compared to the other carbon sources due to its low price and good effect.     

Production performance of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and water quality variation in monoculture,polyculture and integrated culture

A 74‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the production performance and water quality variation in three types of farming system for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The tested aquaculture models included monoculture of largemouth bass (MC), polyculture of largemouth bass, gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (PC), and integrated culture of largemouth bass, gibel carp, silver carp and freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii (IC). The ratio of largemouth bass, gibel carp and silver carp was 30:2:1 in the PC model, and the ratio of largemouth bass, gibel carp, silver carp and mussel was 30:2:1:5 in the IC model. The largemouth bass were fed with formulated feed twice daily. No significant differences were found in weight gain and yield of largemouth bass, total fish yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) utilization efficiencies, N and P wastes, pH, nitrite, nitrate, reactive phosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, primary productivity among the MC, PC and IC models. The ammonia was lower, while the dissolved oxygen was higher in the PC tanks than in the MC tanks. These results suggest that the environment situation was better in the PC tanks relative to that in the MC tanks. The present study reveals that the PC model should be a way to optimize the aquaculture model for commercial largemouth bass farming.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics in the Biofloc Production of the Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

A study evaluating nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics was carried out using biofloc technology (BFT) systems employed to raise Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. The study was carried out for 42 d in three fiberglass tanks with 210 L useful volume with no water exchange. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients, suspended solids, and chlorophyll‐a were monitored every 3 d. At the completion of the experiment, the shrimp had absorbed 39.1 and 35.0% of the total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs, respectively, while 39.0% of the N and 34.1% of the P remained in the system in dissolved forms. The dominant process of ammonium immobilization in the system was oxidation by nitrifying bacteria. On Day 42, the nitrate concentration represented more than 80% of the total dissolved inorganic nitrogen in all tanks. However, most of the dissolved nitrogen present in the tanks (80%) was organic. Phosphate and organic nitrogen and phosphorus continuously accumulated in the system throughout the experiment. The removal of these nutrients should be the focus of future studies because they may enhance the growth of harmful algae in tanks and in the water bodies that collect the post‐crop wastewater.     

Environmental effects of a marine fish farm of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the NW Mediterranean Sea on water column and sediment

This study examined the effects of organic enrichment on water column, sediments and macrofauna caused by a fish farm in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected on four sampling campaigns over a one‐year cycle. Significant differences were found in the water column in dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations between the fish farm and the control. The increase in the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at the fish farm modified the stoichiometric ratios between nutrients, with silicate acting as limiting nutrient at the fish farm 11% more than at the control. Nevertheless, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column was higher at the control station, probably due to the fouling of the underwater fish farm structures. Significant differences were found in sediment concentrations of organic matter, total phosphorus and redox potential between the fish farm and the control. The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that organic matter, total phosphorus, redox potential and% of gravels accounted for 68.9% of the total variance in the species data. Changes were observed in macrofauna, with a decrease in number of species and up to a nine‐fold increase in abundance with respect to the control.     

Growth and food sources of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas integrated culture with Sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus in Ailian Bay, China

Shell length and tissue growth of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas integrated culture with Sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus were monitored during April–October 2010 in Ailian Bay, China. And also, the food sources of the oyster were analyzed and quantified by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope methods. Results showed that the increment of shell length and flesh dry weight of oyster cultured at cage area were greater than that at control area significantly (P < 0.05). Enrichment of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in oyster tissue at the cage area relative to the control area was significant (P < 0.05). Based on the simple linear mixing model, the contribution rate of the fish feces and waste fish feed to oyster was 29.27 and 5.59 %, respectively. This work demonstrates that the differences in growth performance of oyster between cage area and control area were resulted from the utilization of organic matter derived from fish aquaculture. Integrated filter-feeding bivalves culture with marine fish can reduce the environmental impact of organic waste from fish-farming activities.     

The effect of C/N ratio on bacterial community and water quality in a mussel‐fish integrated system

A 30‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of C/N ratio on water quality and bacterial community in an integrated system comprising one molluscan species (pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii) and two fish species (gibel carp Carassius gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) at five C/N ratios (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14). The mussel and fishes were reared in the experimental tanks (400 L), but gibel carp received formulated feed. Water quality in the experimental tanks was analysed on day 0, 10, 20 and 30, and bacterial community in the water column and sediment was analysed on day 30. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon accumulated in the tanks over time. Ammonia and nitrite decreased with the increase in C/N ratio. Bacterial community in the water column and sediment changed at the phylum and genus levels with the increase in C/N ratio, and the critical C/N ratio causing a functional shift of bacterial community occurred at 10 in water column and 12 in sediment. The increase in C/N ratio benefited the growth of both potential probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. The high C/N ratio enhanced the bacterial functions of chemoheterotrophy and hydrocarbon degradation, but depressed the functions of nitrification and denitrification in the water column and sediment respectively. This study reveals that the C/N ratio can be used as a tool to manipulate the bacterial community and water quality in the mussel‐fish integrated system.