不同光质LED光源对坛紫菜单性叶状体的生长发育及生理指标的影响

为掌握坛紫菜叶状体生长与发育的最适光谱成分，实验以坛紫菜雌性叶状体为培养材料，探究了不同光质(白、蓝、绿、红光)的LED光源对叶状体营养生长、发育分化、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)及光合色素含量等生理指标的影响。结果显示，在复合型白光下培养25 d后，藻体的叶长和鲜重分别为单色光下的2.42~3.86倍和2.64~4.50倍，白光下叶状体生长速率最快，鲜重增加最多，而单色光限制了藻体的营养生长。与白光下培养相比，在红、绿光下培养，藻体的藻胆蛋白合成受到明显限制，藻红蛋白含量分别下降了44.1%和43.2%，藻蓝蛋白含量分别下降了11.6%和12.5%。然而，在蓝光下培养的藻体，藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白含量较白光下分别增加了94.3%和16.2%，且PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)值始终较高，保持持续上升的趋势，表现出对光源的长期适应。蓝、绿光在坛紫菜叶状体营养细胞发育成生殖细胞的过程中，均能加快藻体梢部细胞的分化并提前进行单性生殖，而白光和红光在这一过程中的效应不明显。其中，蓝光能够促进单性生殖孢子萌发成正常的单性生殖丝状体，而绿光则会阻断这一发育途径，使单性生殖孢子萌发体的色素体暗淡、内含物中空，最终消亡。研究表明，单色光源限制了坛紫菜叶状体的营养生长，且会对叶状体的光合色素组分和F_v/F_m产生较明显的影响，但其中的蓝光可以诱导坛紫菜单性叶状体提前进行单性生殖。这也为进一步探讨坛紫菜叶状体的光适应机制提供了参考依据。     

凡纳滨对虾白便综合征发生与环境因子、机体免疫酶活性和微生物的相关性

为系统解析凡纳滨对虾白便综合征 (white feces syndrome，WFS)的发生与环境因子、微生物因子、宿主免疫力和水体微生物群落组成的关系。实验利用水体理化因子、可培养细菌、对虾机体免疫酶活性以及高通量测序等检测技术对健康与患WFS的池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾进行比较分析。结果显示，与健康组相比，患病池塘的水温、溶解氧 (DO)、pH、盐度等水质理化因子波动趋势相似，波动范围分别为26.1~29.0 °C、4.26~6.08 mg/L、8.39~8.73和40~49，患病组DO和盐度比健康组高；健康组对虾肝胰腺内可培养细菌和弧菌含量为1.19×10⁵~7.70×10⁵和8.8×10³~1.96×10⁴ CFU/g，弧菌占比为2%~16%，患病组对虾肝胰腺内可培养细菌和弧菌含量在3.80×10⁵~2.51×10⁶和2.02×10⁵~1.49×10⁶ CFU/g范围内，比健康组高15~113倍，弧菌占比在55%~70%。碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、溶菌酶 (LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和酚氧化酶 (PO)活性在健康组内为1.21~5.64、9.17~15.25、3.56~7.43、4.83~6.70及3.10~4.55 U/mg，在患病组内为2.12~5.39、19.22~26.96、19.73~26.85、3.00~4.14及7.76~9.21 U/mg。比较分析表明，WFS的发生与可培养细菌含量、弧菌占比、ACP、LZM、PO的相关性较强。高通量测序分析表明，患病组水体菌群结构的Ace和Chao指数呈一定程度下降趋势，PCoA指数偏离度较高，放线菌门、变形菌门相对丰度降低，拟杆菌门、蓝藻门相对丰度显著升高；RDA关联分析表明，盐度、溶解氧、虾体细菌、虾体弧菌、水体细菌是影响患病对虾水体菌群结构组成的重要因子。相关研究结果为解析养殖生产中对虾WFS发生机制提供数据支撑，并为WFS的临床防控奠定理论基础。     

条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)绿斑病病原菌的分离鉴定

绿斑病(Green spot disease)是一种常见的海区栽培条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)病害，在整个紫菜栽培期间都可能发生，以每年11~12月份最为严重，主要出现在幼叶期和成叶期。首先，在叶状体上出现红色或淡红色小斑，而后逐渐转变为绿色，病斑继续扩展，在叶状体表面形成若干孔洞，后期几乎整个藻体变绿。本研究对日照地区患绿斑病的条斑紫菜进行病原菌分离纯化，得到5株优势菌(编号为Y1~Y5)，人工回感实验结果显示，Y1可以引起健康条斑紫菜发生绿斑病。对Y1进行了生理生化检测、16S rRNA、dnaA和dnaN基因序列分析，确定病原菌为海洋假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas marina)。对绿斑病的发病进程进行了观察，并检测了培养温度、海水比重和养殖密度等环境因子对绿斑病发生的影响，结果显示，高温和高密度养殖会加速绿斑病病情的发展，海水比重为1.022时，绿斑病发病较严重。本研究确定了一株引起条斑紫菜绿斑病的病原菌，并分析了部分理化因子对感染的影响，为条斑紫菜绿斑病的防控提供了基础数据。     

坛紫菜叶状体的细菌性红烂病研究

本实验对发生在福建省平埠岛自然海区的野生坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）叶状体上的红烂病进行了研究。患病叶状体上存在大小不等、肉眼可见的圆形或亚圆形病斑，镜检发现病斑内存在大量铁锈红色的死细胞和少量已解离的发绿或发白死细胞。将患病叶状体与健康坛紫菜叶状体共培养3d后，后者也出现了相同的红烂病，表明该病是由传染性病原侵入引起的。从患病叶状体中分离到一种病原菌，能感染健康叶状体使其出现相同的病症。该病原菌具有分泌毒素和微弱的消化琼胶能力，经高压灭菌或煮沸后的病原菌液，其杀死紫菜细胞的能力比未处理的病原菌液增加了数倍，这说明该菌可能通过释放内毒素来杀死叶状体细胞。鉴于此病是由于病原菌侵入叶状体并释放内毒素杀死紫菜细胞，且死亡细胞呈铁锈红色，故将其命名为“坛紫菜细菌性红烂病”。[中国水产科学，2008，15（2）：313—322]     

条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)绿斑病病原菌的分离鉴定

绿斑病(Green spot disease)是一种常见的海区栽培条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)病害,在整个紫菜栽培期间都可能发生,以每年11～12月份最为严重,主要出现在幼叶期和成叶期。首先,在叶状体上出现红色或淡红色小斑,而后逐渐转变为绿色,病斑继续扩展,在叶状体表面形成若干孔洞,后期几乎整个藻体变绿。本研究对日照地区患绿斑病的条斑紫菜进行病原菌分离纯化,得到5株优势菌(编号为Y1～Y5),人工回感实验结果显示,Y1可以引起健康条斑紫菜发生绿斑病。对Y1进行了生理生化检测、16S rRNA、dnaA和dnaN基因序列分析,确定病原菌为海洋假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas marina)。对绿斑病的发病进程进行了观察,并检测了培养温度、海水比重和养殖密度等环境因子对绿斑病发生的影响,结果显示,高温和高密度养殖会加速绿斑病病情的发展,海水比重为1.022时,绿斑病发病较严重。本研究确定了一株引起条斑紫菜绿斑病的病原菌,并分析了部分理化因子对感染的影响,为条斑紫菜绿斑病的防控提供了基础数据。     

高温胁迫下坛紫菜叶状体的生理响应

以坛紫菜耐高温品系Z-61 F₄代叶状体为试验材料、野生型坛紫菜叶状体为对照,研究了高温胁迫(30 ℃、26 ℃)与正常培养温度(21 ℃)下,处理不同天数(0、2、4、6、8、10 d)后坛紫菜叶状体中自由基含量、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的动态变化过程。结果发现耐高温型坛紫菜对高温胁迫的生理响应过程:高温胁迫→活性氧含量上升→细胞膜氧化受损,产生过量膜脂过氧化物→细胞感受到过量的活性氧信号→抗氧化系统和渗透压调节系统共同响应,清除活性氧→自由基含量下降。同时比较两种紫菜对高温胁迫的生理响应过程,发现耐高温型坛紫菜在高温胁迫下能同时启动抗氧化系统和渗透压调节系统,而野生型坛紫菜则只能启动渗透压调节系统,并且两种紫菜抗氧化系统的本底含量也存在着显著差别。由此说明不同品系坛紫菜耐高温性状差异的可能原因是细胞内抗氧化系统的应激性和本底含量存在差异。     

福鼎硖门湾海区坛紫菜生理性病变的初步研究

通过对福鼎硖门湾海区坛紫菜病烂情况进行调查、采样和室内培养，运用显微观察方法，研究坛紫菜生理性病变的发生和发展过程。该病主要症状为叶状体梢部颜色逐渐变浅，然后发白、烂化，无明显病灶烂孔；病理表现为叶状体梢部细胞边缘模糊，色素体变色，然后发展为细胞边缘紊乱，细胞溶解，原生质流出，细胞结构失常。病变严重的易引发细菌和原生动物二次感染，造成坛紫菜叶状体出现溃烂，最后完全解离。雨水天气是导致该病变发生的原因，采取剪除叶状体病烂部位和晴好天气延长干出时间是控制该病变的主要措施。     

杀鱼假交替单胞菌2515的抗弧菌效果及在对虾养殖中的应用

为探讨一株杀鱼假交替单胞菌 2515 Pseudoalteromonas piscicida (简称菌株 2515)在对虾养殖中的抗弧菌效果, 以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)为指示菌, 以鳗弧菌的敏感抗生素新霉素为参比, 采用牛津杯打孔法, 比较了菌株 2515 与抗生素抗菌等效关系。设置浓度分别为 10⁴ CFU/mL、10⁵ CFU/mL、10⁶ CFU/mL、10⁷ CFU/mL 的菌株 2515 与鳗弧菌共培养, 评价了该菌对鳗弧菌的拮抗效果。将含量 10³ CFU/g、10⁵ CFU/g、10⁷ CFU/g, 及 10³ CFU/mL、 10⁵ CFU/mL、10⁷ CFU/mL 的菌株 2515 分别添加到对虾饲料和养殖水体中, 养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei), 分析了菌株 2515 对水体和对虾肠道细菌总数、弧菌数及对抗副溶血弧菌效果的影响。结果显示, 相同抗鳗弧菌效果条件下菌株 2515 数量与新霉素质量存在对应关系, 与鳗弧菌混合培养时, 浓度 10⁶ CFU/mL 及 10⁷ CFU/mL 的菌株 2515 对鳗弧菌表现出强的抑菌作用。饲料中添加菌株 2515 浓度 10⁵ CFU/g 及 10⁷ CFU/g 时能够显著降低对虾肠道中的弧菌数量(P < 0.05), 提高对虾养殖的存活率。采用副溶血弧菌(V. parahaemolyticus)攻毒, 显示在饲料中添加菌株 2515 浓度为 10⁵ CFU/g 一组对虾死亡率最低, 为(43.3±5.8)%, 对副溶血弧菌的相对保护率达(53.7±6.2)%。结果表明, 在饲料和养殖水体中添加适宜浓度的菌株 2515 均能够提高凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌的能力, 降低对虾肠道内的弧菌数量。本研究结果为对虾养殖弧菌病生物防控提供了一种技术支撑。     

抗生素处理对坛紫菜叶状体生长和藻际微生物的影响

设计了氨苄青霉素、硫酸庆大霉素和卡那霉素3种抗生素的不同组合处理坛紫菜叶状体,旨在筛选出坛紫菜叶状体藻际微生物的最优去除方法;同时,探究紫菜叶状体生长与微生物群落变化之间的关系。结果显示,低浓度(10μg/mL)的硫酸庆大霉素或高浓度(800μg/mL)的卡那霉素处理,对坛紫菜叶状体生长均具一定的抑制作用,而不同浓度的氨苄青霉素处理均促进了叶状体生长。500μg/mL的氨苄青霉素、500μg/mL的硫酸庆大霉素与300μg/mL的卡那霉素3种抗生素混合处理叶状体24 h,不会抑制叶状体的生长;同时,对藻际微生物有较强的抑制性。不同的坛紫菜品系,不同的叶状体日龄和培养密度,以及在不同的海水盐度和不同浓度的营养盐中培养,抗生素处理组圆盘体的生长均比对照组快。通过比较抗生素处理组与对照组分离的菌株后发现,抗生素处理组有两株菌落形态和菌株形态与对照组显著不同的特有菌株。研究表明,在坛紫菜叶状体的生长过程中,某些对叶状体生长起阻碍作用的细菌如果大量繁殖,会抑制对叶状体生长有益的细菌繁殖,当用抗生素抑制了阻碍生长的细菌,就会使益生菌成为优势菌,促进叶状体的生长,益生菌对上述抗生素的处理不太敏感,但由于培养条件的改变,抗生素对阻碍生长的细菌的抑制作用会减弱,使得它们大量繁殖,从而抑制叶状体的生长。     

低氮、磷胁迫对坛紫菜叶状体生理生化特征的影响

以坛紫菜耐低氮(N)、磷(P)品系9号Ⅳ叶状体为材料,研究了低N、P胁迫不同时间水平对坛紫菜品质及自由基含量、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量等生理指标的影响。结果表明,在低N、P胁迫条件下,作为坛紫菜品质重要指标的光合色素、粗蛋白和游离氨基酸含量均显著下降,而其余各项生理指标均随胁迫时间增加表现为动态变化的过程,由此推测耐低N、P型坛紫菜叶状体应答低N、P胁迫的生理过程为:低N、P胁迫→活性氧含量上升→细胞膜氧化受损,产生大量膜脂过氧化物→细胞感受到过量的活性氧信号→抗氧化系统和渗透压调节系统共同响应,清除活性氧→自由基含量下降。该实验结果为全面了解坛紫菜应答低N、P胁迫的生理机制奠定了基础,同时也为后续坛紫菜抗逆新品种的选育提供了理论指导。     

Susceptibility by amberjack (Seriola dumerili), yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata) and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Neobenedenia girellae (Monogenea) infection and their acquired protection

This study investigated: 1) susceptibility differences to infection by Neobenedenia girellae (Capsalidae) between amberjack Seriola dumerili (Carangidae), yellowtail S. quinqueradiata and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Paralichthyidae); 2) growth and egg production of N. girellae on each fish species; 3) acquired protection of each fish species against this parasite. The number of N. girellae on S. dumerili was significantly higher than on S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus when these fishes were exposed to oncomiracidia in the same aquarium. Neobenedenia girellae growth on S. dumerili was fastest and, thus the number of eggs laid by parasites on S. dumerili was greater than on the other two species. Seriola dumerili and P. olivaceus, which were previously infected with N. girellae and treated by freshwater bath, acquired partial protection against re-infection by N. girellae. The relative re-infection of three S. dumerili individuals out of eleven individuals was markedly low compared with the initial infection, and the relative initial infection and re-infection on two P. olivaceus out of eleven individuals was markedly low. The results of this study could be useful to control N. girellae infections when cultivating S. dumerili, S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus.     

AFLP-based genetic linkage map of marine shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis

This paper presents the genetic linkage map of the Chinese shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis constructed with 472 AFLP markers. A hundred F₁ progeny from an intercross between a female from the new variety “Yellow Sea No. 1” and wild caught male used for the mapping study. Two separate maps were constructed for each parent. The female linkage map consisted of 197 marker loci forming 35 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 2191.1 cM, with an average marker space of 13.5 cM. The male map consisted of 194 marker loci mapped to 36 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 1737.3 cM, with an average marker spacing of 11.0 cM. The level of segregation distortion observed in this study was 12.2%. The estimated genome length of P. chinensis was 3150.3 cM for the female and 2549.3 cM for the male, respectively. The observed genome coverage was 69.6% for the female and 68.1% for the male map. The linkage maps constructed in this study provide basic information for further linkage studies on Chinese shrimp, and more importantly, the construction of the maps are part of the work of the genetic breeding programs which will be used for growth discovered in the QTL analysis of P. chinensis.     

太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM基因荧光定量PCR方法的建立及初步应用

为研究太平洋鳕发育早期特异免疫系统形成的机制,通过RAG1和IgM基因的转录水平衡量特异免疫系统的发育特点.根据GenBank中RAG1和IgM的序列信息,分别设计1对特异引物,从太平洋鳕头肾中扩增得到RAG1和IgM的基因片段.将所获基因片段分别插入到克隆载体pMD18-T中,从而构建太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM基因的质粒标准品.建立并优化太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM基因绝对荧光定量PCR方法.为进一步验证该方法的可靠性,分别利用绝对定量和相对定量检验目的基因在太平洋鳕早期发育过程不同组织内的表达差异.以优化后的绝对荧光定量PCR方法检测不同发育时期太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM的表达情况.结果显示,RAG1的回归方程为y=-3.266x+33.77,回归系数R2=0.996;IgM的回归方程为y=-3.119x +27.61,回归系数R2 =0.998.绝对定量和相对定量结果在基因转录趋势上显现出一致性,即RAG1基因在胸腺和头肾中表达,且在胸腺中的表达量显著高于头肾中的表达量,在肝脏和脾脏中无表达;IgM基因在胸腺、头肾、肝脏和脾脏中均有表达,其中脾脏中表达量最高,其次是头肾.RAG1基因在太平洋鳕发育早期的表达水平很低,到61日龄(days posthatching,dph)至95 dph表达量显著提高;IgM基因在早期表达水平同样很低,到33 dph至61 dph才有明显表达,在95 dph时表达量显著提高.研究表明,本实验方法可靠,特异性较强,可成功对目标基因转录水平进行检测.     

Recruitment and effects of Discocotyle sagittata (Monogenea) infection on farmed trout

Farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta were monitored over 3 years for infection with the blood-feeding gill fluke Discocotyle sagittata. Parasite transmission is seasonal: new infections take place during summer/autumn, and transmission is generally negligible during winter/spring. There are 2 sources of infection for naïve fish-of-the-year: limited invasion when fish are in the raceways by riverborne larvae originating external to the farm; and internally, within the farm, when 0+ fish are transferred to ponds previously occupied by older cohorts of infected fish. Thereafter, infection levels continue to increase in rainbow trout primarily through transmission within the farm. Prevalence rose to 100% in 1+ fish by the end of their second summer. In O. mykiss, mean abundance reached 194 worms/host for 1+ fish (up to 489 worms/host) and 160 worms/host for 2+ fish. By contrast, in S. trutta, parasite prevalence never exceeded 85% and, after the first year's invasions, infection levels decreased over time: in 1+ and 2+ brown trout, parasite mean abundance was < 4 (maximum 15) worms/host. We present evidence of the detrimental effects of D. sagittata on the host: high burdens are associated with pale gills, decreased body condition and host mortality. Parasite burdens become overdispersed during the warmer part of the year, as prevalence and mean abundance increase. However, the degree of parasite overdispersion decreases over winter; we cannot distinguish whether decreased aggregation is due to parasite losses from infected fish (including immune-mediated parasite mortality) or parasite-induced host mortality.     

Composition in essential and non-essential elements of early stages of cephalopods and dietary effects on the elemental profiles of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae

During the present study, we aimed at providing a first look at the elemental composition of the early stages of cephalopods as an approach to their elemental requirements in culture. Essential and non-essential elemental profiles of the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, the European squid Loligo vulgaris and the common octopus Octopus vulgaris laboratory hatchlings and wild juveniles were analysed. In addition, for O. vulgaris we determined elemental profiles of mature ovary, eggs in different stages of development and followed possible effects of four dietary treatments during paralarval rearing, also analyzing elemental content of the live preys Artemia nauplii and Maja brachydactyla hatchling zoeae. Content was determined for essential (As, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Rb, S, Sr, Zn) and non-essential (Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Hg, Pb) elements. The content in non-essential elements found in hatchlings and juveniles of the three species analyzed here seems to be far lower in comparison with subadult and adult stages of coastal cephalopods. In the octopus eggs, the non-essential element concentrations remained globally low compared to hatchlings and juveniles indicating the absorption of these elements along the ontogenetic development. The elemental composition of the octopus ovary and of the eggs, hatchlings and juveniles of the three cephalopod species analyzed here showed a high content in S. As expected, the calcified internal shell of the cuttlefish, rich in Ca and Sr, originates the main difference between species. It is remarkable the richness in Cu of hatchling octopus, that may indicate a particular nutritional requirement for this element during the planktonic life. The reared octopus paralarvae feed on Artemia nauplii, a prey with relatively low Cu content, showed nearly half Cu content that the “natural” profile of octopus hatchlings or wild juveniles. This suggests a dietary effect and/or an indication of the poor physiological stage of the Artemia-fed paralarvae. At the present, the percentage of essential element absorption by food or seawater is unknown for cephalopods and should be determined in the future to understand their feeding requirements in culture.     

吉富罗非鱼与奥利亚罗非鱼自繁与杂交 F1遗传特性与抗病力分析

以吉富罗非鱼与奥利亚罗非鱼为繁育亲本,采用完全双列杂交繁育4组F1,将初始规格基本一致的4组罗非鱼饲养100 d后,运用“加性-显性”遗传分析模型,分析了4组F1罗非鱼8个生长相关性状杂种优势、遗传效应以及与性状间的相关性.结果表明:(1)F1群体平均优势为0.129 4～0.368 4.除尾柄长超亲优势较大外,其他性状的群体超亲优势较小或表现出负向超亲优势.(2)8个性状的广义遗传率(HB)为0.714 2～0.995 3,表明加性效应和显性效应对性状的遗传变异影响极显著(P＜0.01).除尾柄长外,其他性状的狭义遗传率(HN)介于0.469 4～0.737 9,表明加性遗传方差在表型方差中所占比率较高.(3)体质量、全长、体长、体高、体宽、头长、尾柄长、尾柄高性状之间表型相关在0.776 6～0.999 7范围内,而遗传相关在0.994 1～1.000 0之间,表明这些性状间都存在极显著的正相关.取样结束后,采用3.95×106 CFU/mL的海豚链球菌菌液进行腹腔感染,吉富罗非鱼自繁组F1代12 h后出现死亡,而奥利亚罗非鱼自繁组F1192 h后才出现死亡.384 h后,吉富罗非鱼自繁组F1死亡率为40％,正反交组F1分别为20％和23.3％,奥利亚罗非鱼自繁组F1死亡率最低,为6.67％.研究结果表明,除尾柄长外,杂交F1的其他性状不具备超亲优势,然而杂交可以提高选育后代的抗病力.     

4种岩礁性鱼类视网膜感光细胞和最小分辨角的比较

运用组织学方法,对铠平鲉、花斑平鲉、大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼的性成熟个体视网膜光感受细胞和最小分辨角进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼视锥细胞的排列方式为4个双锥细胞围绕一个单锥细胞构成正方形或者菱形镶嵌结构,铠平鲉和花斑平鲉的双锥细胞排列成行,单锥细胞随机分布于4个双锥细胞之间;分析认为,大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼视锥排列方式更复杂,单锥细胞与双锥细胞的比值(SC/DC)更高,推测其具有更好的色觉。(2)铠平鲉和花斑平鲉视柱细胞与视锥细胞的比值(R/C)大于7∶1,而大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼的R/C小于3∶1;推测铠平鲉和花斑平鲉更适合在夜间活动,而大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼属白天活动的鱼类。(3)铠平鲉、花斑平鲉、大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼视锥细胞密度最高处分别位于视网膜的腹-颞(V-T)区、腹区(V)、腹-颞(V-T)区和背-颞区(D-T),与各自的生活习性和摄食行为相适应。(4)4种岩礁性鱼类的成熟个体中,铠平鲉的最小分辨角最大,其次为花斑平鲉和大泷六线鱼,斑头六线鱼的最小分辨角最小。分析认为,即使是同样栖息于礁区的鱼类,其视觉特征也存在差异,这或许可以为岩礁区选择性渔具的开发提供一些有益的参考。     

罗非鱼海豚链球菌病的病理学观察

采用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术分别对患海豚链球菌病的罗非鱼的病理学变化进行了研究。分离的病原菌革兰氏染色呈阳性,透射电镜负染观察菌体球形或卵圆形,直径0.6~1.0μm,多数呈链状排列。组织学病变主要表现为全身多组织、器官水肿,出血、变性、坏死以及炎症反应,特别是肝、脾、肾和脑分别表现为肝炎,脾炎,间质性肾炎和脑膜炎。超微结构观察发现病鱼肝、脾、肾、脑、心肌和骨骼肌等器官的细胞超微结构都有较为严重的破坏,细胞核畸形,染色质浓缩或边集,粗面内质网囊泡化及脱粒,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂或溶解消失。研究表明,海豚链球菌能造成罗非鱼全身性组织器官病变,致使器官功能障碍,正常生理代谢调节紊乱,最后导致死亡。     

半滑舌鳎StAR基因克隆及其在不同组织的时空表达分析

利用半滑舌鳎性腺转录组测序获得的StAR基因部分序列,设计RACE引物,克隆了半滑舌鳎StAR基因的cDNA序列,全长为1 294 bp,5'端UTR为132 bp,3'端UTR为310 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为852 bp,共编码283个氨基酸。将半滑舌鳎StAR基因与其他物种StAR基因进行氨基酸同源性分析,结果显示,半滑舌鳎StAR与塞内加尔鳎、大口黑鲈、花鲈、金头鲷的同源性都达到了85%,与虹鳟、斜带石斑鱼及日本鳗鲡的同源性分别为81%、83%和76%。雌、雄鱼不同组织StAR基因的表达分析表明,StAR基因在雄鱼性腺中高表达,在雄鱼的肝脏、脑及心脏中表达量较低,而在雄鱼的其他组织中不表达;在雌鱼肠中不表达,在其他组织(卵巢、肝脏、脾脏、脑、垂体、肌肉、心脏、肾脏)中微量表达。荧光定量PCR分析不同组织与不同时期性腺表达谱表明,雄鱼性腺中StAR基因的表达量显著高于雌、雄鱼其他各组织(P0.05),提示StAR基因对雄鱼精巢发育起重要作用。雄鱼不同时期表达谱分析结果显示,StAR基因在66天前的精巢中不表达,在150天时表达量急剧增加,至2龄时表达量最高,3龄时表达量下降,说明该基因在精巢发育成熟过程中起重要作用。原位杂交结果显示,StAR基因主要在雄鱼精巢的精子细胞中表达,而在雌鱼的卵巢中不表达。研究表明,StAR基因在半滑舌鳎精巢发育中发挥作用,且可能在精子形成中发挥重要作用。     

Distribution of a fish pathogen Listonella anguillarum in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus hatchery

The present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of Listonella anguillarum in a Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) hatchery. A total of 2704 isolates were obtained from the developing fish, live diets and artificial feeds of Japanese flounder and their rearing water, 439 of which were identified as L. anguillarum by the combining incubation on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS) agar at 35 °C overnight with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for the VAH1 hemolysin gene. L. anguillarum was detected in all seven rotifer samples, with densities of 2.5 × 10³ to 4.6 × 10⁶ colony forming units (CFU) g^− 1. Both the analyzed samples of Nannochloropsis oculata contained this bacterium at densities of 1.6 × 10⁴ to 1.4 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1. L. anguillarum was detected in only one of four samples of Artemia nauplii with a density of 4.8 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1 (35%) and it was not detected in the two analyzed artificial feed samples. L. anguillarum was detected in 11 of 18 specimens of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder at densities of 5.0 × 10¹ to 7.4 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1, while it was not detected in the two analyzed egg specimens of Japanese flounder. These results indicate that L. anguillarum associated with the developing Japanese flounder is likely derived from rearing water and live diets such as rotifers. Further, it is strongly suggested that L. anguillarum is a transient bacterium of the intestinal microflora for the Japanese flounder but is a permanently indigenous one for the Japanese flounder hatcheries.