浅析中北太平洋公海渔业资源的开发利用

1994年《联合国海洋法公约》生效后,新的国际海洋法制度逐步确立,沿海国200海里专属经济区管理体制日趋完善,这使远洋渔业外部环境发生了重大变化,海洋资源的开发竞争越来越激烈,作业空间越来越狭窄。发展远洋渔业特别是受限制较少的公海大洋性渔业是我国调整海洋渔业产业结构的重要举措,它的发展对于带动加工、贸易、运输、渔需物资等相关产业的发展有着重要而积极的意义。本文试就中北太平洋海山渔场的开发利用情况作一述评,并对我国开发利用中北太平洋公海渔业资源的可行性进行了初步探讨。     

公海跨界鱼类资源的开发利用

<正> 自1982年第三次联合国海洋法会议通过《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)后,由于专属经济区制度的建立,扩大了各国管辖的渔业资源,一些沿海国家从《公约》的实施中获益匪浅,而一些远洋渔业国家的船队却蒙受很大损失。从全球来看,在海洋捕捞方面的投入在不断增加,而且已经超过了经济发展所能承受的合理范围,大幅度增加了200海里以外的公海捕捞力量。从70年代以来,全球渔船的增长速度是捕捞量增长速度的两倍,结果捕捞能力过剩达到了惊人的比例,资本回收占每年全年上市渔获总收入的46％。面对渔获率的不断下降,把部分过剩的捕捞能力转移到其他国家的专属经济区和公海去。在各国实施200海里管辖权以前,公海渔业产量只占世界渔业产量的5％左右,实施200海里管辖权以后,公海渔业产量的比例增至8～10％,而且公海渔业纠纷不断增多,公海渔业的竞争当前对各国的意义可想而知。由于目前世界海洋渔业资源因捕捞强度过大、利用过度而造成传统渔业资源衰退,波     

公海渔业的限制与发展——国际渔业法律环境剖析

本文阐述了公海渔业的概念,论述公海捕鱼自由是国际海洋法中的一条基本规则,指出公海捕鱼的权利必须在国际法规定的有关规则限制下行使。根据近年来一些沿海国家试图对公海渔业进行管辖的实际状况和1992年国际上一些主要的国际渔业会议的主要精神,本文分析了国际渔业法律环境的发展趋向,预测了今后国际上进一步限制公海渔业的可能形式,并结合我国公海渔业发展的实际情况,提出我国发展公海渔业过程中应当给予重视的几个问题。     

沿海国有关准许和控制外国捕鱼的法规要求

自1982年底《联合国海洋法公约》开放签字后，在准许和控制外国捕鱼这方面，沿海国的发展趋势是开展地区性合作；加强协调渔业管理体制；增强船旗国保证其渔船遵守入渔协定和沿海国的有关法规的职责，并通过实践寻求履行这一职责的方法。本文分析了沿海国最近有关外国捕鱼的法规。希望这些分析将有助于发展中和发达国家起草或修改有关外国捕鱼的法规和政策。同时，也期望能引起远洋渔业国的注意，使他们的渔船能遵守沿海国的有关法规。     

发展远洋金枪鱼渔业的探讨

1　背景分析自《联合国海洋法公约》生效以来 ,沿岸各国2 0 0海里专属经济区制度在世界范围内广泛实行 ,沿岸国家特别是发展中国家对其资源养护的意识日益增强 ,在他国专属经济区捕捞作业的可能性很小 ,即使允许捕捞 ,合作条件也日益苛刻 ,入渔成本逐年上升。同时 ,这部分海域渔业资源也呈下降趋势 ,而且渔获多是一些经济价值不高的鱼类。而公海内的渔业资源还有较大的潜力 ,且渔获是一些经济价值很高的鱼类 ,如金枪鱼、鱿鱼等。单从我国远洋渔业来看 ,公海渔业的捕捞量也仅占我国总捕捞量的约 1 0 % ,因此 ,实现由过洋性渔业向大洋性渔业的…     

浅析新形势下山东省远洋渔业产业发展对策

发展远洋渔业是渔业实施“走出去”战略的重要举措，是利用和参与公海渔业资源分配、维护我国海洋权益的具体行动，是打造山东半岛蓝色经济区战略的外延和有力补充。目前，山东省沿海各地发展远洋渔业积极性很高，在国际海洋渔业竞争日趋激烈的形势下，如何发展远洋渔业受到广泛关注。本文仅做以下粗浅探讨。     

从"南方金枪鱼案"看国际渔业争端的解决方式

《联合国海洋法公约》的缔结使沿岸的海洋 裁决权从１２海里扩张到２００海里，沿岸国纷纷建立自己的专属经济区和大陆架制度，加大了渔业资源养护力度，国家间通过协定、条约等商定溯河产卵鱼种、降河产卵鱼种和高度洄游鱼种的养护协助。养护渔业资源不再是各国为政，沿海 国相互协助、共同养护成为一种国际义务。 多数公约缔结国也能自觉遵守《公约》确定的公海捕鱼制度，但仍有一些国家因商业目的和国内需求等原因没有切实承担公约规定的义务，超限额捕捞或以种种借口大肆捕捞引起有关国家的不满，由此产生国际渔业争端。１９９９年７月…     

中西太平洋渔业的多元化管理

中西太平洋的鱼类资源丰富，可捕量大，在上世纪80年代以前，到中西太平洋进行远洋捕捞的主要是美国、日本、韩国和中国的渔船队，因此在中西太平洋地区入渔的主要远洋渔业国家和地区以及南太平洋地区诸多独立的国家相互协商，在《联合国海洋法公约》的基本框架上，成立了《中西太平洋洄游鱼类种群养护和管理公约》（即WCPFC），该组织代表了沿海国的主张，对人渔的远洋渔业国家和地区要求十分严格。     

跨界和高度洄游鱼类养护与管理协定

1995年8月4日联合国渔业会议通过了《跨界和高度洄游鱼类养护与管理协定》。该协定将在第三十份批准书或加入书交存之日后30天生效。这一协定是对《联合国海洋法公约》有关公海生物资源的养护与管理权利和义务的细化和发展。它一旦生效,即将意味着“公海捕鱼自由”时代的结束。 协定的宗旨是通过有效执行《联合同海洋法公约》有关规定以确保跨外界高度洄游化类资源的长期     

国际海洋法与我国远洋渔业的发展

远洋渔业,按海洋法公约精神和国际惯例,一般定义为:远离本国基地到别国专属经济区或公海从事海洋捕捞生产以及为其产前、产中、产后配套服务的经济活动。 早在60年代,我国水产界已开始酝酿远洋渔业的发展问题,但由于多种因素影响,直至1985年才开始迈开了第一步。由于远洋渔业是属于全球范围的国际竞争与合作的开发性事业,涉及面颇广,国际政治经济关系错综复杂,利益争端变化莫测,资源分布差异悬殊,因此发     

公海深海底层渔业国际管理进展

以底拖网为代表的深海底层渔业对深海脆弱海洋生态系统的危害受到国际社会的热切关注。2003年以来联合国大会多次通过决议,呼吁各国各自并通过RFMO/As采取行动,根据预防性原则,采用基于生态系统的管理方法,评估深海底层渔业对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响,若评估表明确有重大不利影响,则应采取有效措施限制深海底层渔业以降低这种影响;FAO主要从技术角度制定了《公海深海渔业管理国际指南》,为管理公海深海渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统提出了技术标准和管理框架;RFMO承担着具体执行深海底层渔业管理措施和监督管理的责任,在北大西洋、地中海、南太平洋的公海和南极水域,相关RFMO已采取了暂停部分区域底拖网渔业活动、收集数据、评估底拖网对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响等措施,在北太平洋,新成立的北太平洋渔业管理委员会将公海底层渔业管理作为首要目标。环保非政府组织和部分科学家呼吁禁止公海深海底层渔业,但各国对此的立场尚不一致,产业界大多持反对立场。近期来看,尚难以全面禁止公海的深海底层渔业。中国正在发展公海大洋渔业,需对此密切关注,加强跟踪研究以支撑决策,并应发展和使用选择性渔具和对生态环境无害的作业方式,防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生损害性影响。     

Common but differentiated rights and responsibilities in tuna fisheries management

The UN Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) and one of the implementing agreements of the Convention—the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA)—mandates all states to cooperate in the management of highly migratory and straddling fish stocks. In doing so, the UNFSA specifies that the special requirements of developing states need to be taken into account. To date, except in the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), there is no formal mechanism to identify these differential responsibilities in tuna regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Although some conservation and management measures exempt small-scale and artisanal fishing vessels, power imbalances within RFMOs tend to favour the interests of more developed and larger distant water fishing nations over those of small developing coastal states. To facilitate the implementation of differentiated responsibilities as mandated in UNFSA, in this study we develop a three-step framework that could be applied in the case of new conservation and management measure proposals. The framework has also been tested based on two developing countries and compared with a developed state in the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission and the adopted resolutions in 2019. To facilitate better transparency and equitable decision-making processes across RFMOs, this framework could be adapted based on member states' fisheries management objectives and target and non-target species.     

南极海洋生物资源养护委员会与中国:第30届年会

以南极海洋生物资源养护委员会第30届年会为例,介绍了南极海洋生物资源养护委员会的基本运作与最近发展趋势以及中国在其中的作用。首先阐述了委员会会议的基本结构以及下设的遵守与执法常委会会议主要内容,如养护措施的执行与修订,非法、不报告与不管制捕捞,渔获文件制度等;接下来分析了南极磷虾与犬牙鱼两种主要渔业的生产与管理情况,围绕与中国相关的三个议题,即两艘渔船、香港适用渔获文件制度以及IMO号等,指出中国的影响和作用,最后对2012年会议进行展望,并提出提高参会能力的有关建议。     

Fishing impacts and the degradation or loss of habitat structure

The wider effects of fishing on marine ecosystems have become the focus of growing concern among scientists, fisheries managers and the fishing industry. The present review examines the role of habitat structure and habitat heterogeneity in marine ecosystems, and the effects of fishing (i.e. trawling and dredging) on these two components of habitat complexity. Three examples from New Zealand and Australia are considered, where available evidence suggests that fishing has been associated with the degradation or loss of habitat structure through the removal of large epibenthic organisms, with concomitant effects on fish species which occupy these habitats. With ever-increasing demands on fish-stocks and the need for sustainable use of fisheries resources, new approaches to fisheries management are needed. Fisheries management needs to address the sustainability of fish-stocks while minimizing the direct and indirect impacts of fishing on other components of the ecosystem. Two long-term management tools for mitigating degradation or loss of habitat structure while maintaining healthy sustainable fisheries which are increasingly considered by fisheries scientists and managers are: (1) protective habitat management, which involves the designation of protected marine and coastal areas which are afforded some level of protection from fishing; and (2) habitat restoration, whereby important habitat and ecological functions are restored following the loss of habitat and/or resources. Nevertheless, the protection of marine and coastal areas, and habitat restoration should not be seen as solutions replacing conventional management approaches, but need to be components of an integrated programme of coastal zone and fisheries management. A number of recent international fisheries agreements have specifically identified the need to provide for habitat protection and restoration to ensure long-term sustainability of fisheries. The protection and restoration of habitat are also common components of fisheries management programs under national fisheries law and policy.     

发展我国南极磷虾渔业的探讨

南极磷虾不但资源量巨大，而且营养价值高，已引起世界各国的极大关注。自６０年代初期前苏联进行试捕调查以来，至今已有几十个国家对南极磷虾进行调查研究。前苏联、日本等国先后从７０年代开始对南极磷虾进行商业性捕捞，已形成年捕捞量数十万ｔ的规模。我国是海洋渔业资源不多，渔民人数多及捕捞生产能力较高，渔业技术较发达的国家。国内市场需求水产品数量很大，急切地谋求对外发展。重视发展我国的南极磷虾渔业，积极开发利用     

International management of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization, 1984–1994

Abstract  The development of distant water fisheries at West Greenland and in the Northern Norwegian Sea during the 1960s and, more recently, in the Faroese zone, led to the establishment, in 1984, of the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO). This paper summarizes the progress made in the 10 years since this Organization was established towards achieving its goals of conservation, restoration, enhancement and rational management of salmon, Salmo salar L., stocks. Agreements on regulatory measures have reduced the proportion of the total catch taken by the distant water fisheries and, in the case of the West Greenland fishery, management is now firmly based on scientific advice. The stability created by these regulations has allowed NASCO to address the broader areas of conservation called for under the Convention and international action has been taken to address a number of threats to the resource, including the impacts of aquaculture, introductions and transfers, and fishing in international waters by non-contracting parties. These actions are described and the paper concludes that NASCO has a significant role to play in the future, both through continued regulation of the fisheries and by promoting international cooperation to address these broader threats to the resource.     

Transform high seas management to build climate resilience in marine seafood supply

Climate change is projected to redistribute fisheries resources, resulting in tropical regions suffering decreases in seafood production. While sustainably managing marine ecosystems contributes to building climate resilience, these solutions require transformation of ocean governance. Recent studies and international initiatives suggest that conserving high seas biodiversity and fish stocks will have ecological and economic benefits; however, implications for seafood security under climate change have not been examined. Here, we apply global‐scale mechanistic species distribution models to 30 major straddling fish stocks to show that transforming high seas fisheries governance could increase resilience to climate change impacts. By closing the high seas to fishing or cooperatively managing its fisheries, we project that catches in exclusive economic zones (EEZs) would likely increase by around 10% by 2050 relative to 2000 under climate change (representative concentration pathway 4.5 and 8.5), compensating for the expected losses (around ?6%) from ‘business‐as‐usual’. Specifically, high seas closure increases the resilience of fish stocks, as indicated by a mean species abundance index, by 30% in EEZs. We suggest that improving high seas fisheries governance would increase the resilience of coastal countries to climate change.     

Interactions between the implementation of marine protected areas and right-based fisheries management in Australia

Abstract  The declaration of marine protected areas (MPAs) in Australia generates much confusion and controversy between government conservation and fisheries agencies, the fishing industry and NGOs. There are fundamental differences between the principles and practices underpinning the implementation of MPAs and fisheries management. This paper analyses the interactions between these two approaches to natural resource management and highlights the difficulties in integrating them effectively. The major challenges for governments are: poor cooperation between fisheries and conservation agencies; in principle inconsistencies between allocation of fishing rights by fisheries agencies and loss of these rights through MPA declaration; re-allocation of resources between user groups through spatial zoning; lack of fisheries expertise in conservation planning, and inappropriate single-species/single-issue approach to fisheries management. As fisheries agencies are now considering developing their own MPAs as tools for fisheries management, the need to address inconsistencies between conservation and fisheries approaches to the spatial management of natural resources increases further. Better collaboration between government agencies and better coordination of their activities would help more effective and less conflicting management of marine resources.     

Contemporary and emerging fisheries in The Bahamas—Conservation and management challenges,achievements and future directions

The harvest of marine resources has long‐standing cultural and economic importance to The Bahamas and other small island developing states. Tourists and residents place a demand on local marine resources, particularly Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille), queen conch, Lobatus gigas (Linnaeus) and Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch), and many fishery products are also sold on the global market. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing coupled with inadequate regulations and enforcement are the main factors contributing to the decline of Bahamian fisheries along with other anthropogenic impacts. This article reviews the status of fisheries management in The Bahamas using economically and ecologically important species as case studies to highlight conservation successes, knowledge gaps and deficiencies in existing management approaches. The review concludes with an examination of how emerging fisheries and improved conservation management strategies have the potential to improve economic and food security throughout the archipelago.