青海省黄河上游羊曲段水生生物调查研究

2013-2014年对黄河上游羊曲段进行了水生生物调查,共采集到浮游植物8门89种,数量(11.35~514.59)×104个/L,平均(31.68~418.04)×104个/L,生物量0.042 6~1.382 2 mg/L,平均0.122 1~1.058 9mg/L。浮游动物25种,数量0~48个/L,平均数量6.37~17.32个/L,生物量0~0.132 4mg/L,平均生物量0.003 2~0.046 2mg/L。鱼类调查到8种,物种丰富度指数(D)为1.43,香农-纳威生物多样性指数(H)为1.73,辛普森优势度指数(C)为0.78,Pielou均匀度指数(E)为0.79。物种丰富度和生物多样性指数偏低。     

石头河水库浮游生物群落结构及水生态评价

调查石头河水库的浮游生物,评价水库水生态状况,为进一步保护水库水质、优化水源地管理提供科学依据。2014年4月在石头河水库设置6个采样点,调查浮游植物及浮游动物,利用浮游生物完整性(P-IBI)评价水生态健康状况,从水生生境、人类活动影响2方面评价生境状况。共采集到浮游植物6门59种(属)(其中硅藻门16属37种),平均密度20.86×10~4个/L、平均生物量0.936 mg/L,膝曲裸藻在6个样点均为优势种;共采集到浮游动物34属42种(其中原生动物18种、轮虫16种),平均密度5 107个/L、平均生物量162.56μg/L。6个采样点的P-IBI均大于4.34,水生态健康等级均为优;水生生境、人类活动影响评价等级均为优,生境状况优。石头河水库浮游生物优势种过于单一,建议加强水生生物监测。     

云龙湖水库水生生物群落结构特征

1998年对云龙湖水库的水生生物进行了监测。共采集到浮游植物6门25属、浮游动物29属、底栖动物16属。浮游植物数量225.3×104个/L,生物量0.772mg/L,春季以硅藻为主,占67.2%,夏季以隐藻为主,占56.8%;浮游动物数量40650.4个/L,生物量3.362mg/L,春季以轮虫为主,占81.6%,夏季以原生动物为主,占67.3%;底栖动物数量683.0个/m2,生物量6.763g/m2,水栖寡毛类占59.1%,水生昆虫占29.3%。云龙湖水库为浮游植物响应型中—富营养型水体。滤食性鱼类鲢、鳙的放养对水库水质具有显著的改善作用。     

棉花滩水库浮游生物群落结构特征研究

为探究紫金铜矿事故后棉花滩水库浮游生物群落结构的基本情况,保护水域生态环境,提高水面综合利用效益,恢复生产秩序及水域合理生态结构,根据水库型态设置22采样点,对棉花滩水库浮游生物的密度及生物量进行了监测.结果表明,浮游植物6门、35属、43种,密度为14.16×104～ 131.66×104个/L,平均密度为42.89×104个/L,生物量为0.096 ～7.174 mg/L,平均生物量为1.401 mg/L,浮游植物生物量和密度在空间上呈现从上游至下游逐渐降低的趋势；Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在0.628 ～2.671,Pielou均匀度指数为0.231 ～0.839,根据评价标准判断,大都属轻度污染.浮游动物4门、13种,密度为36 ～ 285个/L,平均密度为个79个/L,生物量为0.154 ～3.110 mg/L,平均生物量为1.421 mg/L；多样性指数为1.300 ～2.441,均匀度指数为0.625～0.982.棉花滩水库浮游植物为硅藻-绿藻型,生物评价其属于中营养型；事故发生水域浮游生物群落结构受到外界的干扰,呈现不稳定状态.     

澜沧江干流(中国境内)2011年夏季浮游植物群落结构特征

为了解澜沧江干流(中国境内)浮游植物的种类、密度、生物量,探究其种类组成、现存量、多样性指数等群落特征指数与生态分布特点,根据其流域特点,2011年5月28日至7月14日在干流从上游至下游共布设21个采样点进行了浮游植物调查。结果表明,浮游植物有104种,以硅藻门和绿藻门为主;其中,硅藻门72种,占检出种类的69.23%;绿藻门15种,占14.43%;蓝藻门11种,占10.58%;甲藻门和金藻门各2种,分别占1.92%;裸藻门和红藻门各1种,分别占0.96%。澜沧江干流夏季浮游植物密度为20.280×104~95.064×104个/L,平均密度为41.5171×104个/L个/L,小湾库区的浮游植物密度最高,旧州最低;浮游植物生物量为0.33~0.87 mg/L,平均生物量为0.59 mg/L,漫湾库区的生物量最高,橄榄坝最低;硅藻门密度和生物量最高,占总密度的90.77%和总生物量的68.86%。澜沧江干流夏季浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.59~3.31,糯扎渡最高,小湾最低;均匀度指数为0.12~0.65,糯扎渡最高,小湾最低;物种丰富度指数为0.48~3.18,旧州最高,糯扎渡最低。     

澜沧江囊谦段夏秋季浮游植物群落结构初步研究

2011年夏季(6月)和秋季(9月)对澜沧江囊谦段的浮游植物进行初步研究。结果表明,澜沧江囊谦段浮游植物共计4门、57种(属);其中,硅藻门种类最多,为33种(属),占总种类数的57.9%;其次是绿藻门,为13种(属),占22.8%,蓝藻门10种(属),占17.5%,甲藻门仅检到1种,占1.8%。夏秋两季澜沧江囊谦段均以喜低温的硅藻为主,绿藻、蓝藻种类秋季多于夏季,甲藻仅在夏季出现。浮游植物优势种以硅藻为主,占75.0%,种类有尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、普通等片藻(Diatoma vulgare)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、桥弯藻(Cymbella sp.)、曲壳藻(Achnanthes sp.)、异极藻(Gomphonem sp.)、颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和席藻(Phormidium sp.)。浮游植物数量为13.26×104～375.59×104个/L,平均数量99.36×104个/L;生物量为0.0445～1.9972mg/L,平均0.4915mg/L。浮游植物数量和生物量均以硅藻最高,分别占总数量的61.2%和总生物量的71.3%。分析显示,各采样点浮游植物多样性指数、均匀度指数较高,均值分别为2.24、0.48;表明该河段浮游植物群落比较稳定,种类分布较为均匀,体现了贫营养型河流的特征,水域环境良好。     

太泊湖浮游生物初步调查及鲢鳙鱼产力评估

2013年5、7、9和11月,对太泊湖浮游生物和水体状况开展了调查,评估了鲢鳙鱼产力。总碱度变化范围为62.92~89.09 mg/L;总氮、总磷及氨氮含量均严重超过地标水环境质量标准的Ⅱ类标准限值。共监测到浮游植物7门51属,平均密度1 593×104个/L,平均生物量20.166 mg/L;绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门以及裸藻门为优势种群,生物量分别占浮游植物总生物量的24.3%、8.9%、16.2%和25.84%。共采集到浮游动物25种,其中原生动物5种、轮虫13种、枝角类5种、桡足类2种。浮游动物平均数量1 771.85个/L,平均生物量2.508 mg/L;枝角类、轮虫、原生动物、桡足类的生物量分别占总生物量的15.9%、78.7%、0.1%和35.2%,浮游动物多样性指数为0.36~0.46,均匀度指数为0.34~0.41。综合判断太泊湖处于富营养化状态。太泊湖鲢鱼产力151.2 kg/hm2,全湖约322 t;鳙鱼产力56.4 kg/hm2,全湖约120 t。     

陕西省４座水库浮游生物的种群结构特征与营养类型研究

2011年6月调查了渭河流域陕西段4座水库的浮游生物种群结构,并根据浮游生物生物量对4座水库的营养类型进行了划分.结果表明,4座水库浮游植物共计8门、40种(属),细胞密度为12.00×104～ 132.50×104个/L,浮游植物生物量为0.3944～ 2.7670 mg/L；浮游动物分为4大类、26种,种群密度为20 ～2 150个/L,生物量为0.0010 ～1.8520 mg/L,各水库浮游生物种群密度和生物量的大小顺序为西郊水库＞桃曲坡水库＞西骆峪水库＞石头河水库.根据有关营养类型划分标准,4座水库中,西郊水库和桃曲坡水库为中营养水库,石头河水库和西骆峪水库为贫营养水库,并对各水库浮游生物的种群结构与营养类型之间的响应关系以及营养类型的成因进行了讨论和分析.     

大明湖浮游生物群落结构调查

于2021年秋季，对济南大明湖开展了浮游生物群落结构调查。结果表明，共采集到浮游植物5门49种，其中绿藻门种类数最多，占总种类数的48.98%；浮游植物密度和生物量平均值分别为26.31×10⁶cells/L和28.964 mg/L。浮游动物4类10种，其中原生动物种类数最多，占浮游动物总种类数的40.00%；浮游动物密度和生物量平均值分别为3.80 ind./L和0.018 mg/L。浮游植物和浮游动物的多样性指数平均值分别为2.554和1.935。多样性指数水质评价表明，湖区水质整体处于中污染状态，污染程度存在区域差异。     

漳卫南运河流域浮游植物群落结构的特征

2011—2012年对漳卫南运河流域19个采样位点的浮游植物群落结构进行调查研究。结果显示:共鉴定出浮游植物395种(变种),隶属于8门131属。其中,绿藻门的种类最多(159种),硅藻门次之(110种),再次为裸藻门(56种)和蓝藻门(49种)。浮游植物的细胞密度年平均值为2 167.2×104cells/L,夏季最高为3350×104cells/L,秋季最低为1221×104cells/L,其中绿藻门最多,为1167×104cells/L;浮游植物生物量年平均值为25.96 mg/L,夏季最高为54.43 mg/L,秋季最少为6.33 mg/L,其中绿藻门最多,为11.09 mg/L。浮游植物的Shannon多样性指数为3.05~3.93,Margalef丰富度指数为2.14~3.47,Pielou均匀度指数为0.50~0.62。结果表明,该流域浮游植物生物多样性在夏季最高,春季次之。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.