三峡水库生态调度对沙市江段鱼卵和仔鱼的影响

2012年5-7月三峡水库试验性生态调度期间,在长江中游沙市江段设固定采样点,共采集到鱼卵和仔鱼35种,隶属于4目、8科、10亚科、28属。银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)、细鳞鲴(Plagiognathops microlepis)、蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus mongolicus)、花斑副沙鳅(Parabotia fasciata)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)构成了该江段的主要繁殖种类。鱼类繁殖盛期在5-6月,进入7月后鱼卵减少而仔鱼数量显著增加。调查期间鱼卵和仔鱼总径流量约为6.89×1010粒(尾),其中鱼卵径流量1.1×1010粒,仔鱼径流量5.79×1010尾。定点采集的鱼卵、仔鱼随采样时间和垂向空间分布均无显著性差异。不同采集点仔鱼的横向分布存在显著性差异,平均漂流密度为江北江中江南;鱼卵的横向分布无显著性差异,且与流速、流态等水力学指标存在负相关性。生态调度期间沙市江段鱼卵总径流量和家鱼卵径流量均出现高峰,繁殖种类明显增加。初步研究表明,三峡水库生态调度制造的涨水过程能够在一定程度上满足不同鱼类自然繁殖的水文需求,对于减缓三峡水库运行对长江中游鱼类自然繁殖的不利影响、维护鱼类种群资源补充具有重要的意义。     

三碘甲腺原氨酸对斜带石斑鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼消化道发育和存活的影响

运用放射免疫测定方法检测了斜带石斑鱼早期发育过程中三碘甲腺原氨酸（T3）的变化，并用T3处理卵黄囊期仔鱼，研究其对发育、生长和存活的影响。斜带石斑鱼受精卵中含有相当量的T3，T3随发育而逐渐下降，到仔鱼开口时已经检测不到，提示甲状腺激素可能被胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼所利用而参与其发育进程。在孵化后24 h内，T3促进发育的作用不明显；在孵化24 h后，T3对仔鱼消化道的发育有促进作用。在孵化72 h后， 0.01 mg·L-1 T3处理组仔鱼直肠管径明显比对照大，而小肠管径和全长与对照相比差异均不明显；0.1 mg·L-1和1 mg·L-1 T3处理组仔鱼小肠和直肠管径显著比对照大，而全长显著比对照短。1 mg·L-1 T3显著加速了仔鱼卵黄囊的吸收，但对油球的吸收无影响。在孵化后第8天，0.01 mg·L-1 T3处理组仔鱼存活率明显比对照组高。结果表明，甲状腺激素促进卵黄囊期仔鱼消化道发育的作用与发育时期密切相关,孵化后24 h内，消化道对T3不敏感，此后则变得敏感; 0.01 mg·L-1 T3能提高仔鱼存活率。     

航道炸礁对长江铜锣峡江段渔业资源影响初步研究

2008年4月-7月对长江铜锣峡江段航道炸礁施工区域的水体主要理化指标、浮游生物、底栖动物、渔获物、鱼类卵苗发生量进行了监测，并以鲢鱼卵为材料研究了水下爆破对鱼卵的损害。结果表明，炸礁施工对水体主要理化指标、浮游生物种类和数量的影响不明显，但导致了底栖动物的严重损失。起药量为120kg 35％硝化甘油炸药，钻孔深度1m～1.5m的水下钻孔爆破，使距爆点300m内的鲢鱼卵破损或不能孵化。炸礁施工期铜锣峡江段渔获量比往年同期减少了约80%。     

瓯江口夏秋季渔场浮性鱼卵和仔鱼的时空分布

利用2007年6月和9月瓯江口海域鱼卵、仔鱼调查资料,分析瓯江口渔场鱼卵、仔鱼种类组成、数量分布、产卵场位置和产卵期特征.结果表明,调查期间瓯江口鱼卵、仔鱼共出现6目11科18种(包括1种未定种),其中鲈形目种类最多,鲱形目次之.6月是瓯江口鱼类的产卵期,产卵场位于洞头大门岛周围水域,主要是规格较小的地区性物种,也是大型经济鱼类的饵料,例如小公鱼和虾虎鱼等;9月产卵场主要位于洞头群岛水域外侧,主要是一些经济鱼类,如白姑鱼等.瓯江口海域所处纬度、海域地形地貌和水文环境特征以及瓯江径流的综合影响,使大门岛附近成为瓯江口海域的主要产卵场.     

象山港蓝点马鲛鱼卵、仔稚鱼的时空分布特征及其与环境因子关系

为了研究象山港蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)鱼卵和仔稚鱼的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的相关关系,在象山港港湾内设置14个站,于2015年4月3日至6月10日期间按周采样,共调查10个航次(Ⅰ~Ⅹ),以方形网(网口为1 m×2 m,网目1.0 mm)采集象山港水域蓝点马鲛鱼卵、仔稚鱼,同时利用CTD采集表层水温、表层盐度和水深等数据。结果表明,象山港蓝点马鲛鱼卵出现时间为4月初至6月初,鱼卵的丰度随时间呈先升后降趋势,4月中旬至5月初为高峰期。仔稚鱼出现时间相对滞后且提前结束,持续时间短,集中在5月初至5月中旬。鱼卵和仔稚鱼主要分布于港口和港中部水域,其中鱼卵、卵黄囊期和前弯曲期仔鱼空间分布相似,主要分布在较深水域,而后弯曲期仔鱼和稚鱼主要分布在较浅的近岸水域。鱼卵丰度与表层水温、表层盐度和水深均呈显著性相关(P0.05),最适表层水温范围为15~19℃,最适表层盐度范围为25.5~26.0,分布水深为15~30 m。仔稚鱼仅与表层水温呈显著性相关(P0.05),最适表层水温范围为18~19℃。     

北部湾西北部饵料浮游动物季节变化及其与鱼卵、仔稚鱼的关系

根据2012年在北部湾西北部广西近海冬、春、夏和秋4个季节的调查资料,探讨了该海域浮游动物总丰度的平面分布、季节变化及鱼卵仔稚鱼的丰度的季节变化,结果表明,调查水域浮游动物的丰度在春夏、秋冬季变化较大,而在冬春与夏秋季变化较小,浮游动物在冬、春、夏、秋四季的平均丰度分别为337.35 ind/m3、280.01 ind/m3、4.32ind/m3和14.78 ind/m3,冬春季明显高于夏秋季,浮游动物数量高峰季比东海提前了一个季节。冬春两季,浮游动物的数量分布特征相近,在湾内和沿岸水域数量高于近海水域。相反,在夏秋季,丰度在近海水域明显高于沿岸及湾内水域。浮游动物在各季节不同的分布特征与该海域沿岸水、外海水和混合水的季节性变化有关,优势种经历了由春季的沿岸暖温种到夏季和秋季的外海暖水种到冬季的沿岸暖水种更替的过程。该海域的主要优势种,冬季为鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris),春季为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus),夏季和秋季同为肥胖软箭虫(Flaccisagitta enflata),主要优势种类的生态适应性决定了浮游动物总数量的分布特征。鱼卵、仔稚鱼在冬、春、夏、秋季的丰度为6.83 ind/m3、3.09 ind/m3、0.05 ind/m3、0.20 ind/m3,季节变化趋势与浮游动物一致,由高到低依次为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季,两者较强的正相关关系表明,食物饵料充足对鱼卵仔鱼的发育具有促进作用。     

拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎适宜孵化水温研究

为探索拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎适宜孵化水温，设置5℃、9℃、12℃、14℃、16℃、18℃、20℃、22℃8个温度梯度孵化拉萨裂腹鱼鱼卵，统计各温度下发育速度，鱼卵受精率、孵化率，初孵仔鱼畸形率及形体指标情况。结果表明：拉萨裂腹鱼卵裂期发育最快，到囊胚期、原肠期，器官分化期及出膜期，每个发育时期积累时间逐渐增长，随温度的升高，胚胎发育时间缩短，发育速度加快。胚胎不同发育时期在不同温度条件所积累的时间均呈幂函数关系，温度越高各发育时期所需时间越短。孵化积温随温度升高呈现逐渐降低的趋势。水温在9℃-18℃，鱼卵受精率均较高，超过90%。水温在12-16℃，孵化率均较高，超过95%。水温在9-16℃，鱼苗畸形率均较低，均低于4%。初孵仔鱼全长与孵化温度呈二次多项式函数关系；体高没有显著性差异；卵黄囊体积先升高后降低再升高。因此，适当提高孵化水温能缩短胚胎孵化周期，但水温过高，会影响胚胎孵化率及初孵仔鱼畸形率，影响仔鱼对营养物质的吸收利用以及器官发育分化。综合考虑胚胎孵化周期，孵化率，初孵仔鱼畸形率及形体指标，拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎适宜孵化水温为12~16℃。     

悬浮物和冲击波造成的渔业资源损失量估算

以液化天然气（LNG）海洋工程环境影响评价为例，根据2004年5、8、11月和2005年5月在评价水域进行的渔业资源调查和LNG项目工程分析，评估工程施工期间悬浮物和冲击波对渔业资源的损失量。以往，采用直接鱼类重量损失进行评估，鱼卵、仔鱼和幼鱼潜在的生长价值无法体现，损失量被严重低估。本研究采用渔业资源尾数密度（包括鱼卵、仔鱼生长形成的部分）、受影响的面积和渔获物商品体重的乘积进行计算，可以避免上述缺陷。评价结果表明，LNG工程悬浮物对游泳能力较差的虾、蟹类影响远大于鱼类。以冲击波对鱼类影响为例，传统方法评价结果中的鱼类损失仅为43.39 t，明显低于本研究评价结果的201.9 t。     

浮游鱼卵和仔鱼的调查规范

估算鱼类种群数量的方法很多，其中鱼卵和仔鱼也可用来作为评估成体种群数量的指标。许多海洋鱼类的卵和仔鱼都是浮游性的，只需用简单的浮游生物网就可进行采样。采样用的调查船无需特殊要求，设备简单，花费较少。并且，使用仔鱼指标估算出的种群数量较为可靠。由于具有这些优点，所以使用鱼卵和仔鱼来评估种群数量的方法开始受到重视。     

长江上游宜宾-江津与涪陵-丰都江段鱼类早期资源分布研究

为丰富长江上游鱼类早期资源及其空间分布的资料,探寻鱼类产卵与水文动态过程的相互关系,于2019年6-7月对上游宜宾-江津与涪陵-丰都江段鱼类早期资源和涨水动态过程进行了监测。结果显示:调查期间共采集到鱼卵2 034粒,仔鱼1 086尾,隶属于4目7科54种(鱼卵18种,仔鱼53种),其中长江上游特有鱼类9种;优势种类为黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、草鱼(Ctenonpharyngodon idellus)、长吻■(Leiocassis longirostris)和铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)。大规模产卵发生在持续涨水2 d以后,且南溪-江津和涪陵-丰都江段所需的涨水条件差异很大。空间分布上,江津上游早期资源种类明显多于下游的涪陵和丰都,其中仔鱼的种类占了70%,上游鱼卵数量虽少但发育阶段分布更广泛。     

Some effects of marine reserve protection on the population structure of two spearfishing target‐fish species,Dicentrarchus labrax (Moronidae) and Sparus aurata (Sparidae), in shallow inshore waters,along a rocky coast in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

1. The relative abundances of two highly sought after spearfishing target‐fish species, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus 1758) and Sparus aurata Linnaeus 1758, were compared using underwater visual censuses in shallow (<5 m) inshore waters along rocky shores inside and outside a marine reserve area in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Banyuls‐sur‐Mer region, France). 2. The relative abundances of these two species were consistently lower outside the reserve area, which comprised around 40% of the 25.6 km of inshore coastal waters surveyed. 3. The demographic structure of D. labrax was also different inside and outside the protected area, the proportion of larger fish being significantly higher in the marine reserve. 4. The direct and indirect impacts of spearfishing are postulated to explain the distributional and population structural characteristics of these two species in the shallow waters off this rocky coast. 5. Prohibition of spearfishing has favoured the persistence of these species during summer (the main spearfishing season) in the shallower inshore waters inside the area of the Cerbère/Banyuls‐sur‐Mer marine reserve. 6. These preliminary results indicate the need for additional work in this area and further surveys to ascertain spearfishing impacts on target‐fish species in the vicinity of other marine protected areas. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNA barcoding of fish eggs collected off northwestern Cuba and across the Florida Straits demonstrates egg transport by mesoscale eddies

Identifying spawning sites for broadcast spawning fish species is a key element of delineating critical habitat for managing and regulating marine fisheries. Genetic barcoding has enabled accurate taxonomic identification of individual fish eggs, overcoming limitations of morphological classification techniques. In this study, planktonic fish eggs were collected at 23 stations along the northwestern coast of Cuba and across the Florida Straits to United States waters. A total of 564 fish eggs were successfully identified to 89 taxa within 30 families, with the majority of taxa resolved to species. We provide new spawning information for Luvarus imperialis (Louvar), Bothus lunatus (Plate Fish), Eumegistus illustris (Brilliant Pomfret), and many economically important species. Data from most sites supported previously established patterns of eggs from neritic fish species being found on continental shelves and oceanic species spawning over deeper waters. However, some sites deviated from this pattern, with eggs from reef‐associated fish species detected in the deep waters of the Florida Straits and pelagic species detected in the shallow, continental shelf waters off the coast of northwestern Cuba. Further investigation using satellite imagery revealed the presence of a mesoscale cyclonic eddy that likely entrained neritic fish eggs and transported them into the Florida Straits. The technique of combining DNA‐based fish egg identification with remotely‐sensed hydrodynamics provides an important new tool for assessing the interplay of regional oceanography with fish spawning strategies.     

Particularities of early life stages in temperate freshwater fish species: comparisons with marine species and implications for aquaculture practices

Both egg and larvae are different between freshwater and marine fish species. Freshwater fish species have generally larger and fewer eggs than marine species. Most freshwater fish species have demersal eggs that develop stuck to various substrata, such as plants or gravels, while eggs of most marine fish species develop in the water column. These differences have consequences for both the evaluation of the quality and the incubation of eggs of freshwater fish species compared with marine species. The larvae of many freshwater fish species are larger and more developed at hatching than their marine counterparts: thus, larval feeding regimes could be different and cannibalism may emerge sooner in certain freshwater fish species. The main differences of egg and larvae between freshwater and marine species are highlighted and the possible implications for aquaculture practices are discussed.     

Behavior of Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio traced by long baseline telemetry techniques during dynamite explosion work

ABSTRACT:   The swimming behavior trajectory of an Israeli carp (body length 28 cm) during dynamite explosion work was obtained by the long baseline acoustic telemetry system with an ultrasonic pinger in an aquaculture cage located at Chungju Lake on 2 May 1997. The underwater noise levels measured at a distance of 400 m from the source of noise increased by 40 dB (re 1 µPa) compared to the levels before the explosion. The swimming area of the fish was reduced immediately after the explosion but more than 1 h after the explosion the fish had returned to a similar swimming area and behavior as right before the explosion. The fish usually swam less than 1.5 m from the water surface except during or right after the explosion. When there was an external stimulus, such as, an explosion the fish swam downwards. The average swimming speeds of the fish before, during and after the explosion were approximately 0.33 m/s, 0.52 m/s and 0.29 m/s, respectively, and the average swimming speed of the fish during the explosion was 1.6 times faster than usual.     

渤海莱州湾硬骨鱼类早期资源群落结构及演变

莱州湾作为黄渤海众多渔业生物关键栖息地,其鱼类早期发生量和补充量直接影响渤海乃至黄海渔业资源动态及其可持续性。实验基于历史调查资料并结合补充调查,构建莱州湾鱼卵、仔鱼调查数据集,通过数理统计和时间序列分析阐述近40年来莱州湾鱼类早期资源(浮性鱼卵、仔稚鱼)群聚特性和演替过程。结果显示,莱州湾鱼类早期资源结构处在持续更替过程中,不同时期早期资源的种类组成、资源丰度、优势种类和物种多样性水平等呈明显季节更替。鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类数和资源丰度均在2010s (2010—2019,以下同此表示)初期跌至历史低值,近年来均又呈现一定程度回升。鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类数由1980s的44种,1990s前期的34种、后期的40种,2000s的35种,逐次下降至2010s前期的24种,2010s中后期开始逐步回升至38种。当前鱼卵种数仅为1980s的60%左右,资源丰度不足彼时三分之一;仔稚鱼种数为1980s的四分之三左右,资源丰度约为彼时的90%。生命周期短、性成熟早、处于食物链低端的中上层和底层小型鱼类为莱州湾鱼类早期资源的主体成分。长期变化,相同季节优势种种类更替现象明显,且近年来呈明显加快趋势;鱼卵仔稚鱼...     

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine fish and its implications for fish farming--a review

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has, in recent decades, been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. So far, it has been isolated from at least 48 fish species from the northern hemisphere, including North America, Asia and Europe, and fifteen different species including herring, sprat, cod, Norway pout and flatfish from northern European waters. The high number of VHSV isolations from the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak, the North Sea and waters around Scotland indicate that the virus is endemic in these waters. The VHSV isolates originating from wild marine fish show no to low pathogenicity to rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, although several are pathogenic for turbot. Marine VHSV isolates are so far serologically indistinguishable from freshwater isolates. Genotyping based on VHSV G- and N-genes reveals four groups indicating the geographical origin of the isolates, with one group representing traditional European freshwater isolates and isolates of north European marine origin, a second group of marine isolates from the Baltic Sea, a third group of isolates from the North Sea, and a group representing North American isolates. Examples of possible transfer of virus from free-living marine fish to farmed fish are discussed, as are measures to prevent introduction of VHSV from the marine environment to aquaculture.     

杭州湾—舟山近海春季游泳动物群落结构及与环境因子的关系

杭州湾—舟山近海是许多经济鱼类的传统产卵地和栖息地,环境因子对鱼类群落结构的影响非常显著。本研究根据2016年春季在杭州湾—舟山近海的80个站位的底拖网调查数据,分析了鱼类及大型甲壳类群落数量和平均个体大小的空间分布,并根据典范对应分析法(CCA)研究了鱼类及大型甲壳类主要类群的特征(丰度和个体大小)与环境因子的关系。结果显示,游泳动物可分为5大类群(六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、底层鱼、中上层鱼、虾、蟹),每种类群的丰度平均分别为546、213、83、316和15个/h,平均个体大小分别为0.29、2.19、4.96、0.36和6.66 g/个。根据各类群的丰度、底温、底盐及表层浑浊度,将整个海域分为杭州湾内和舟山近海水域,绝大部分类群的丰度具有显著的区域差异性,而绝大部分类群的个体大小没有区域差异性。受到浑浊度、外海水团交汇的影响,绝大部分类群主要聚集在舟山近海的高生产力水域。CCA分析表明,2个轴的环境因子能解释丰度总变异的25%,而仅能解释个体大小总变异的11.7%,说明环境因子对于鱼类及甲壳类的类群的数量空间分布具有较大影响,而对于个体大小的分布影响较小。     

Behavioural changes of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) after marine boulder reef restoration: Implications for coastal habitat management and Natura 2000 areas

While marine reefs are degraded globally, the responses of fish to marine reef restoration remain uncertain, particularly in temperate waters. This study measured the effect of marine boulder reef restoration on the behaviour of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., in a Natura 2000 area using acoustic telemetry. Cod were tagged and released in the study area before and after the restoration and tracked continuously for six months. A larger fraction of the released fish remained in the study area after restoration (94%) than before (53%). Moreover, throughout the study period, cod spent significantly more hours per day and prolonged their residence time in the study area after the restoration. The study indicates that marine reefs subjected to boulder extraction can be restored and function as favourable cod habitats. Temperate marine boulder reef restoration represents a valuable management tool to improve habitats for temperate fish species.     

舟山渔场人工鱼礁投放海域生态环境前期评估

根据2002年6-7月在舟山渔场朱家尖外侧开展人工鱼礁投放海域本底调查所获的海洋生物和海洋水文环境资料及以往有关文献中对该海域的调查资料,对朱家尖外侧拟投人工鱼礁海域的海水理化因子和海洋生物种类组成、数量分布和群落结构特征作了较详细的分析研究,以评估该海域是否适于投放人工鱼礁.结果得知:该海域底质为粉砂质粘土,浮游生物种类和数量及底栖生物种类和数量较多,水深为14～19m,温、盐度季节变化明显、透明度较高、水色相对较清,水质绝大多数指标符合国家一、二类水质标准,海域适合沿岸岛礁性鱼类如石斑鱼、褐菖、鲈鱼等的栖息生长,历史上渔业资源丰富,也无工厂废水排放,不会对海洋生态环境产生重大污染,因此,可以为良好的投放人工礁之场所.