牙鲆NR4A1基因在甲状腺素诱导仔鱼变态中的表达调控分析

NR4A1基因是一个重要的转录因子,在信号转导早期通过对靶基因的特异性转录调控发挥着重要的作用。从牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)中克隆了NR4A1基因c DNA序列,检测了其在牙鲆变态中和成鱼各组织中的表达模式,分析了其在外源甲状腺素(TH)以及硫脲(TU)处理仔鱼中的表达变化。结果表明,牙鲆NR4A1 c DNA全长3264 bp,编码568个氨基酸;牙鲆NR4A1基因与其它物种具有很高的同源性,在系统进化树中与鱼类聚为一支;牙鲆NR4A1基因在成鱼心、肌肉和鰓中高表达;在变态过程中,NR4A1水平逐渐升高,且在25 dph达到最高,之后逐渐降低;TH组中的NR4A1基因水平在变态早期和高峰期显著低于正常组,TU组的水平在变态中后期和结束期显著高于正常组;TU组中变态被抑制的仔鱼在正常海水和0.1 mg·L~(-1)TH海水中饲养6 d后,能够顺利变态,且NR4A1基因在拯救组(TU抑制变态仔鱼在正常海水和0.1 mg·L~(-1)TH海水中饲养)中的表达水平与TU对照组相比显著降低,与正常组中同时期的水平一致。结果表明,牙鲆NR4A1基因可能在仔鱼变态调控中扮演着非常重要的角色。     

牙鲆变态中两种HSP90基因的不同表达及其与甲状腺激素的关系

热休克蛋白90(heat shock protein90,HSP90)是细胞内主要的伴侣蛋白,在激素信号转导、细胞分化、细胞增殖与凋亡、形态发生与进化、变态发育及应激防御等多重调节路径中发挥关键作用。采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测了牙鲆两种HSP90基因在仔鱼发育和在成年组织中的表达变化。结果表明,HSP90α在成鱼骨骼肌、肠和胃中有较高的表达,而HSP90β在成鱼脑、脾脏和肾脏中有较高的表达。HSP90αmRNA水平在仔鱼变态期间迅速增加,至变态高峰G期达到最高水平;相反,HSP90β转录在仔鱼整个变态期间变化不是特别明显。鉴于甲状腺激素(thyroid hormone,TH)在牙鲆变态中的重要作用,还运用外源的TH及硫脲(thiourea,TU)处理牙鲆仔鱼来确定TH对HSP90基因转录的调节。与未处理组相比,HSP90α转录在TH处理8d和13d的仔鱼中显著增加,而在TU处理仔鱼中明显减少;但HSP90βmRNA水平不受药物处理影响。从上述结果分析,牙鲆中HSP90α的转录很可能被甲状腺激素上调,而且其在牙鲆的变态发育中发挥了重要作用。     

褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆( ♂)杂交子一代胚胎发育及仔稚鱼形态学观察

杂交是目前水产育种中应用最为广泛、最有成效的育种途径,为了选育一个能够促进中国海水鱼类养殖业发展,改善目前养殖褐牙鲆发病严重的现状的牙鲆类养殖新品种,对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(P.dentatus)(♂)的杂交进行了研究。在Nikon MS800解剖镜下对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)人工杂交子一代的胚胎及胚后发育进行观察,并使用Nikon数码相机拍摄其发育特征,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征。杂交子一代胚胎发育可分为卵裂前期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官发生期、尾芽期、肌肉效应期、脱膜孵化期共9个时期,除克氏泡出现时期以及胚体开始扭动时期具有相对特异性外,胚胎发育过程与褐牙鲆相比无显著差异。在水温(16.5±0.5)℃,盐度32~33的条件下,受精卵历时67 h完成孵化。(19±0.5)℃水温下,仔鱼3 d以前营内源性营养(卵黄囊仔鱼),3 d开口摄食营外源性营养(前弯曲期仔鱼),20 d左右进入变态期(弯曲期仔鱼),40 d后基本完成变态进入稚鱼阶段,生活方式由浮游转为底栖生活,50 d左右全身被鳞。同时观察了自胚胎发育时期至幼鱼期体表色素的分布及形态变化过程,描述了仔鱼变态期冠状鳍条、眼位置和尾部的发育、变化过程。早期生活史无鳔器官发生。     

半滑舌鳎骨形态发生蛋白4基因的克隆和表达分析

本研究克隆了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)骨形态发生蛋白4(BMP4)基因的c DNA序列,并分析其在半滑舌鳎成鱼的组织表达分布及其在早期发育阶段的定位和表达变化趋势。结果表明,半滑舌鳎BMP4基因c DNA全长为1680 bp,包括了419 bp的5′非翻译区(5′UTR)、编码403个氨基酸的1212 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)以及49 bp的3′非翻译区(3′UTR)。同源性分析和分子进化聚类分析结果显示,半滑舌鳎与已报道慈鲷科(Cichlidae)各鱼种的同源性最高,并与之共同聚为鱼类BMP4分支。BMP4 m RNA在半滑舌鳎成鱼的13个组织中具有广泛的分布,并在鳃组织中表达量最高,其次在背鳍、软骨等组织具有中等水平的表达。此外,BMP4基因在早期胚胎发育阶段(卵裂期和原肠期)具有极高水平的表达,此后其表达水平逐渐降低;但在后期仔鱼期(孵化后3日龄和4日龄),其表达水平再次升高。整体原位杂交检测结果表明,BMP4 m RNA在早期仔鱼期主要在头部及躯干前部表达;后期仔鱼BMP4基因主要在冠状幼鳍、上下颌及胸鳍处表达;进入稚鱼期后在鳃盖骨及各鳍均有表达。上述研究结果揭示了BMP4在半滑舌鳎早期骨骼发育中的重要作用,为揭示海水硬骨鱼类骨骼发生、发育的调控机制奠定了理论基础。     

褐牙鲆♀×大西洋牙鲆♂杂交育种研究

为探讨褐牙鲆和大西洋牙鲆杂交育种的可行性,通过繁殖调控使褐牙鲆和大西洋牙鲆同步性成熟,采取正反交试验,获得了褐牙鲆(♀)×大西洋牙鲆(♂)杂交F1代——花美牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus♀×P.dentatus♂)。花美牙鲆受精卵卵径平均1.01mm;孵化适宜温度15～21℃,盐度25～35,孵化率平均71.3%,初孵仔鱼全长2.5～2.7mm;仔鱼在16～20℃下36d后伏底变态,变态个体全长平均11mm,育成率32.5%;反交受精率和孵化率极低,未获得杂交后代。简述了其发育时序和形态特征,探讨温度、盐度对花美牙鲆胚胎和仔鱼发育的影响,比较亲本与杂交鱼早期生长特征,初步分析反交不成功的原因。     

鮸鱼仔鱼摄食功能骨骼早期发育研究

采用硬骨-软骨双染色技术,详细地研究了鲵鱼仔鱼各发育阶段摄食功能骨骼的形态发育和骨化特征.在孵化后至4日龄(体长3.0 mm)仔鱼,舌弓、鳃弓、悬骨系以软骨形式,而鳃盖骨系、上下颌则以纤维化骨质逐步出现并相继硬骨化,至34日龄(7.8 mm)仔鱼,除方骨、后翼骨和中翼骨外,其它骨骼完全硬骨化.研究结果表明:鮸鱼仔鱼摄食器官的骨骼在短时间内硬骨化,为开始主动摄食提供了必要条件,表明仔鱼阶段已具备了摄食能力.     

牙鲆生长抑素基因的表达及细胞定位

采用RACE和荧光定量PCR技术克隆牙鲆生长抑素(SS)基因cDNA序列并且分析了其在仔鱼期的表达规律,同时通过免疫细胞化学染色,对牙鲆胃肠道和脑垂体等器官的生长抑素分泌细胞进行定位。最终获取包含完整编码区的牙鲆SS基因cDNA序列,其编码区长为381 bp,推测编码的蛋白质为126个氨基酸,其前23个氨基酸为信号肽,分子量为14.3 ku,理论等电点为8.33。牙鲆仔鱼不同发育时期的SS基因表达量比较结果表明,出膜后仔鱼体内SS基因表达不断增加,到变态发育期变化不大,变态后期又开始显著增加。免疫组织化学染色结果表明,SS细胞存在于胃、胰腺和脑垂体中。在胃中,生长抑素分泌细胞主要分布于胃上皮层;在胰腺中,生长抑素分泌细胞零散地分布,血管周围较多;在脑垂体中细胞密度高,集中在腺垂体的周边区域。     

miR-124和Otx2在牙鲆变态发育期间的表达调控及其靶向关系验证

牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)是研究鱼类变态发育的理想模型,其右眼移位及生活习性的改变受甲状腺激素(TH)调控。同时microRNA (miRNAs)在变态期间发挥关键性作用。为研究TH、pol-miR-124及Otx2在牙鲆变态中的调控机制,本实验通过生物信息学方法预测pol-miR-124潜在靶基因Otx2,首先利用qRT-PCR检测在牙鲆各组织、正常变态及外源TH处理仔鱼后pol-miR-124和Otx2的表达模式。然后克隆400bp含有"种子序列"的Otx23′UTR区序列,构建野生型重组载体pmirGLO-Otx2并转染293T细胞检测双荧光素酶活性确定靶向关系。qRT-PCR结果表明:pol-miR-124和Otx2均在脑和眼睛组织中特异性高表达;在仔鱼变态28 dph表达量最高与变态进程相一致; TH作用下,在20 dph、24 dph时期, pol-miR-124的表达量低于正常组,而Otx2的表达量高于正常组;在28 dph、32dph、36dph时期,pol-miR-124的表达量高于正常组,但Otx2的表达量低于正常组,两者呈现出相反的表达趋势;双荧光素酶结果显示pol-miR-124靶向负调控Otx2。本实验旨为揭示牙鲆视觉感光系统的发育机制奠定研究基础,同时为探讨牙鲆变态发育机制提供了新的理论依据。     

抑制差减杂交法克隆牙鲆变态早期差异表达的基因

为了克隆变态早期牙鲆头部差异表达的基因，采用抑制差减杂交法，以变态前的仔鱼头部表达的RNA作为驱动RNA，建立了牙鲆变态早期的差减cDNA文库，并利用相对定量RT-PCR对其进行了筛选。差减库的平均插入片段558bp左右，阳性率为81．8％。随机测定的45个克隆，在剔除假阳性克隆后，共得到22个不同的基因，其中13个为已知cDNA的同源基因，而另外9个为已知蛋白的同源基因，分别为prolactin receptor-like，COL1A1，M3-muscarinic receptor，Sfrs3，tropomyosin，ribosomal protein L27，ribosomal [rpteom S12，GAPDH，COL1A3。在所有22个基因中，COL1A1基因在差减库中的分布频率最高，为22．2％。RT-PCR检测结果表明，在所检测的11个基因中，所有基因在右眼移动前后的牙鲆头部均有表达，只是体现在表达水平上的不同。     

大西洋牙鲆(Paralichthys dentatus)仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

文中对大西洋牙鲆仔、稚、幼鱼各期发育时间及特征进行观察记录,并对各发育阶段进行显微摄像。大西洋牙鲆室内人工育苗水温18℃～22℃,盐度30,pH8.2,光控500Lx左右。饵料为强化的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和配合饲料。初孵仔鱼肠道细而直,孵化后3d～4d肛门开通并开口摄食,6d～7d卵黄囊吸收完毕,仔鱼前期阶段结束。仔鱼后期阶段,消化道弯曲,冠状幼鳍完全形成,右眼开始上升。稚鱼期右眼完全迁移至左侧,变态完成,营底栖生活。幼鱼期基本具有成鱼的外部形态和习性。     

Temporal expression analyses of pancreatic and gastric digestive enzymes during early development of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the most important aquaculture species in Korea. Previous studies focused on the morphological changes and only analysed digestive enzyme expression patterns of certain digestive systems. A comprehensive analysis of the pancreatic and gastric digestive enzymes of the olive flounder in its early developmental stages has not been performed. In this study, we determined the mRNA expression levels of pancreas and stomach digestive enzymes by extracting total RNA from the whole body of olive flounders from hatching to post‐metamorphosis and conducting real‐time PCR analysis with gene‐specific primers for each isoform. The pancreatic digestive enzymes were initially and strongly expressed from the first feeding period to pre‐metamorphosis. The expression of trypsinogen 3 was detected from the early stage of development to metamorphosis, whereas trypsinogen 2 was significantly increased only in the post‐metamorphosis period. The mRNA expression of pepsinogen was only detected at metamorphosis and corresponded to stomach differentiation. The lipid digestive‐related enzymes had already reached a certain level at the beginning of hatching, then increased during the early developmental stage and gradually decreased before metamorphosis. These results suggest that food ingestion is exclusively digested by pancreatic digestive enzymes and trypsinogen 3 during the early developmental stage until pre‐metamorphosis, and it then fully switches to digestion by pepsinogen and trypsinogen 2 in mid‐metamorphosis. In conclusion, understanding the expression profiles of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stomach during the early developmental stages is an important consideration when developing formulated larval diets for aquacultured olive flounder.     

Thyroid hormone deficiency in abnormal larvae of the Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   In large-scale rearing of juveniles of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, a certain morphological abnormality occurred spontaneously in 4% of the fish. These fish showed a slight but clearly different appearance from any developmental stage of this species, and did not settle when all the other juveniles in the same tank completed metamorphosis and had settled. From comparisons of external and internal structures between the normal and the abnormal fish, the abnormality was attributed to unbalanced progress of metamorphosis, mainly due to metamorphic stasis. The thyroid of the abnormal fish was apparently activated morphologically. In addition, serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations in the abnormal fish were reduced to less than 1/10 of that of normal fish. After 14 days of T4 treatment (0.1 p.p.m) of the abnormal fish, all the abnormal characteristics disappeared, and the fish recovered to normal, suggesting normal responsiveness to thyroid hormones in peripheral tissues, whereas thiourea treatment (30 p.p.m., 14 days) further delayed metamorphosis. These results suggest that these abnormal fish were suffering from thyroid hormone deficiency, and were unable to secrete a sufficient amount of thyroid hormone to complete metamorphosis.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neoheterobothrium hirame</Emphasis> (Monogenea) alters the feeding behavior of juvenile olive flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

We monitored feeding behavior and survival of starved juvenile olive flounder experimentally infected with the gill monogenean Neoheterobothrium hirame. Infected flounder increased amount of the time spent in the water column by 117% when trying to capture live mysids, Neomysis sp. They also showed different feeding patterns from those of uninfected fish and made fewer attacks towards prey during one feeding attempt. Although the average numbers of mysids captured by individuals were similar between infected and uninfected fish, heavily infected fish tended to catch less prey. These results indicate that N. hirame reduces the feeding efficiency of the host for capturing live prey and possibly makes them more vulnerable to predation during feeding. We could not detect any obvious difference in survival rates between uninfected, lightly and heavily infected fish during 3 months of starvation. There was no evidence that starvation makes fish more susceptible to N. hirame. The present study provides first experimental evidence that N. hirame affects feeding behavior of juvenile olive flounder and supports the idea that this parasite indirectly reducing the host’s survival and may be responsible for the recent reduction of the flounder population in Japan.     

Coordinated expression and regulation of deiodinases and thyroid hormone receptors during metamorphosis in the Japanese flounder (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>)

In vertebrates, thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and deiodinases are essential for developmental events driven by the thyroid hormones (THs). However, the significance of deiodinases during the metamorphosis of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) remains unclear. Moreover, regulation and response of the TRs and deiodinases to THs in this fish are poorly understood. Therefore, we detected the expression patterns of THs, deiodinases, and TRs in drug-treated larvae and untreated larvae of P. olivaceus by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR during P. olivaceus metamorphosis. To further understand the roles of these elements, a rescue assay was performed. Our results show the importance of THs, TRs, and deiodinases in flatfish metamorphosis. Our results also confirm that D1 and D2 activate THs and D3 plays the opposite and complementary role. Moreover, we demonstrated that both TRα and TRβ have important but different roles during P. olivaceus metamorphosis.     

cDNA cloning and characterization of two gelatinases from Japanese flounder

SUMMARY: Toughness is one of the most important elements that define the commercial value of the raw meat of fish. Degradation of the extracellular matrix is thought to be a cause of postmortem tenderization of fish meat. A previous study has suggested that this tenderization is caused mainly by metalloproteinases. The present study seeks to identify the proteinase(s) involved in tenderization; hence, cloned cDNA of two gelatinases from Japanese flounder, which showed high homology with mammalian matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, were designated as jfMMP-2 and jfMMP-9 , respectively. Northern blot analysis revealed that jfMMP-2 mRNA was expressed almost ubiquitously in adult tissues including the brain, muscle, gill, heart, gut, kidney, spleen, testis, and ovary. In contrast, the expression of jfMMP-9 mRNA was observed in those tissues which were abundant in blood cells, such as kidney, spleen, heart, and gill. Both recombinant proteins (jfMMP-2 and jfMMP-9) produced with the COS-7 cell system exhibited gelatin-degrading activity that was sensitive to 1,10-phenanthroline, a typical metalloproteinase inhibitor.     

牙鲆rnd1基因克隆、表达模式及与抗病力的关系

迟缓爱德华氏菌病是海水鲆鲽鱼类的主要病害，发掘抗病分子标记辅助育种是十分有效的策略。本研究以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus) rnd1基因(Pornd1)为对象，对该基因在牙鲆抗病免疫方面的作用进行系统分析。首先对Pornd1基因进行克隆鉴定和抗病相关单核苷酸多态性位点的定位，然后利用荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)对Pornd1基因的组织分布、细菌感染后表达情况以及在抗病和易感家系中的表达水平进行检测。结果显示，Pornd1 cDNA开放阅读框为699 bp，编码232个氨基酸。结合前期GWAS分析数据，本研究对Pornd1基因扩增和测序，确定Pornd1基因内含子2上存在一个抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病相关单核苷酸多态性位点，该位点在易感家系和抗病家系中分别是C/T，抗病家系(freqT=0.92)高于易感家系(freqT=0.20)，具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Pornd1在心、肝和肾中的相对表达量较高；迟缓爱德华氏菌感染后肝、肾和脾中Pornd1的表达量在6 h降低后逐渐升高，在48 h达到最高。Pornd1在抗病家系肝脏中的表达量显著高于易感家系。在蛋白水平，利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达系统表达PoRnd1重组蛋白，检测其抑菌活性，发现PoRnd1重组蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大肠杆菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)和哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)均具有一定抑菌活性。本研究揭示了Pornd1在牙鲆免疫抗病方面的作用，为开展牙鲆抗病分子育种提供了一个有效标记，并为解析其抗病性状的遗传机制提供理论基础。     

Effect of dietary fish protein hydrolysate on growth,feed utilization and IGF‐I levels of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of fish protein hydrolysate on growth performance, insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) levels and the expression levels of liver IGF‐I mRNA in juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fish hydrolysate was produced by enzymatic (alcalase and flavourzyme) treatment and size‐fractionated by ultrafiltration. The permeate after ultrafiltration (UF) and the non‐ultrafiltered fish hydrolysate were tested as feed ingredients using high plant protein diets. Fish meal was used in the control diet (FM). The feeding trial lasted for 60 days, and fish fed with 37 g kg^?1 UF showed the best growth, feed efficiency, digestibility and protein utilization. Plasma IGF‐I level was examined with radioimmunoassay, and the expression levels of liver IGF‐I mRNA were evaluated using real‐time PCR normalized against the 18S rRNA gene. Plasma IGF‐I levels were significantly increased by inclusion of fish protein hydrolysate. Liver IGF‐I mRNA expression was significantly higher in fish fed with 37 g kg^?1 UF diet than fish fed with control diet. The results indicated that small molecular weight compounds from fish protein hydrolysate showed a positive effect on growth and feed utilization in juvenile Japanese flounder. Dietary fish protein hydrolysate could improve plasma IGF‐I levels and liver IGF‐I mRNA expression in Japanese flounder.     

牙鲆肌肉生长抑素(MSTN)基因克隆

采用同源克隆及基因组步移的方法，分离克隆了牙鲆肌肉生长抑素（MSTN）基因。经过序列分析及cDNA验证，牙鲆MSTN基因具有3个外显子和2个内含子，编码377个氨基酸。5`侧翼区含有8个TATA框，一个CAAT框，6个E框；3`侧翼区含有加尾信号。通过同源分析，牙鲆MSTN C末端含有9个保守半胱氨酸残基和一个RVRR蛋白酶酶切位点；通过进化树分析，牙鲆MSTN与鱼类MSTN基因聚为一支。RT-PCR分析表明，牙鲆MSTN在胚胎发育中不表达或表达量较低，说明MSTN在牙鲆胚胎发育中并不起重要作用；其在各组织中的表达，随个体和环境的不同而有差异，暗示MSTN的表达受外界因素调控。