饲料蛋白水平对斑节对虾生长、血液生化指标及体成分的影响

研究了蛋白含量为34%、38%和42%的3种饲料对斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)血液生化指标和体成分组成的影响。实验结果表明,斑节对虾的特定生长率(S GR)在不同的饲料组中均有显著性差异(P0.05),特定生长率随着饲料蛋白水平的上升而上升;存活率(S R)在各饲料组中差异显著(P0.05),在38%蛋白水平饲料组中最高。斑节对虾血液中的谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)两种酶的活性和总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)的含量表现出随着蛋白水平的增加而上升的趋势,且在各饲料组中均有显著性差异(P0.05);血液中葡萄糖(GLUC)的含量也随着饲料蛋白水平的上升而上升,但上升的趋势不明显;血液中甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(CHOL)的含量在34%和38%蛋白水平饲料组中趋于一致,在42%蛋白水平饲料组中TG和CHOL的含量均有所上升,CHOL的上升趋势更为明显。随着饲料蛋白水平的增加,斑节对虾全虾蛋白质含量上升;水分含量下降,但下降趋势不明显(P0.05);灰分和脂肪的含量没有规律性的变化。     

蛋白水平对不同斑节对虾家系生长与消化酶活性的影响

为探究饲料蛋白水平与不同斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)家系生长和消化酶之间的关系,研究了3种蛋白水平(34%、38%、42%)的饲料对16个斑节对虾家系的生长性状以及胃和肝脏消化酶活性的影响。经过56 d的养殖实验,结果表明:(1)随着蛋白水平的升高,所有斑节对虾家系的特定生长率均有所增加,F1、F2、F4、F7、F12、F13、F15等7个家系的特定生长率在34%、38%、42%3种蛋白水平组未见显著性差异(P>0.05),其余家系在3种或者其中的2种饲料之间有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)斑节对虾特定生长率在家系和饲料蛋白质水平这两个因素间交互作用不显著(P=0.974);(3)所有斑节对虾家系的蛋白酶活性均随着饲料蛋白含量的增加而增加,淀粉酶活性有所下降,但规律不明显;(4)13个斑节对虾家系的肝脏蛋白酶活性、14个家系的胃蛋白酶活性均与家系特定生长率有着极显著的相关性(P<0.01),淀粉酶活性和特定生长率的相关性远小于蛋白酶活性。     

饲料中不饱和脂肪酸对斑节对虾幼虾存活、蜕皮和生长的影响

在基础饲料中添加四种含不同脂肪酸的脂肪源组成四种试验饲料，对斑节对虾幼虾进行４５天的喂养试验。结果表明，饲料中含有高度不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ），能促进幼虾的生长和提高幼虾的成活率。幼虾摄食含有不同脂肪酸的饲料，虽然虾体内脂肪含量接近，但虾体脂肪酸含量差异显著。斑节对虾幼虾对１８碳以下的脂肪酸转化能力有限。在斑节对虾幼虾的养殖饲料中直接添加含有ＨＵＦＡ的脂肪源是必要的。     

不同品牌饲料对斑节对虾生长及水质影响的研究

选取6种不同品牌斑节对虾商品饲料（D1、D2、D3、D4、D5和D6）进行60 d养殖试验,评价其对斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）生长及水质的影响。D1、D5和D6的对虾增重率和特定生长率显著高于D2和D4（P〈0.05）;D5和D6的饲料系数显著低于D2和D4（P〈0.05）。D4和D5的蛋白质消化率显著高于D1~D3各饲料（P〈0.05）。第20天水体化学需氧量（COD）D1最低,显著低于D5和D6（P〈0.05）。第40天时D5和D6的COD显著低于D1~D4各饲料（P〈0.05）,D2的氨氮（NH＋4-N）最低,显著低于D4~D6各饲料,总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）分别在D4、D6最低。第60天时D1和D2的NH＋4-N显著低于其他各饲料（P〈0.05）,D5和D6的TN显著低于D1~D4各饲料（P〈0.05）,而TP在D2最低,显著低于D1和D4（P〈0.05）。氮（N）排放率在D1和D6显著低于其余4种饲料（P〈0.05）,磷（P）排放率则D1最低。投喂D1、D5和D6能够使对虾获得较优生长性能,且对水体污染最小。     

不同蛋白水平饲料对斑节对虾家系生长及生长相关基因mRNA表达量的影响

研究了选育出的生长速度不同的9个斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)家系在蛋白含量为34%、38%和42%饲料的饲喂下,其生长、生长激素基因(GH)、组织蛋白酶-L(Cathepsin-L)、胰蛋白酶(Trypsin)等基因的表达量及生长和基因表达量之间的相互关系。结果表明:1)斑节对虾的生长、3种基因的表达量与饲料中蛋白质含量均呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05);2)随着饲料蛋白质含量的增加,不同斑节对虾家系之间的生长差异和3种基因表达量的差异减小,相同斑节对虾家系在不同蛋白含量饲料的饲喂下,其特定生长率和基因表达量均具有显著性的差异(P0.05);3)选育的9个家系斑节对虾的生长在家系和蛋白质含量这两个因素间没有显著性的交互作用(P0.05),但是肝胰腺和肠道中3种基因的表达量在家系和蛋白质含量这两个因素间具有极显著的交互作用(P0.01),其中,饲料蛋白质含量因素对GH和Trypsin两个基因表达量的贡献率是家系因素的1.31~3.66倍,而饲料蛋白质含量因素对Cathepsin-L基因表达量的贡献率是家系因素的0.06~0.54倍。     

温度对对虾仔虾至幼虾阶段成活率及生长影响的实验研究

<正> 近几年,随着对虾亲虾越冬技术的推广,虾苗的生产期不断提前。放养期越来越早,不少地区已由5月中旬提前至4月下旬;放苗温度也由《规程》上要求的14℃左右降至12～13℃(中间遇到寒潮甚至降至10℃以下)。为了掌握温度对虾苗成活率和生长速度的影响,以探求合理的放养时机,1990年春我们进行了温度对对虾仔虾至幼虾阶段成活率及生长影响的生产性实验,取得了比较有价值的技术资料。     

饲料中用混合植物蛋白并添加氨基酸替代鱼粉对斑节对虾生长及免疫力的影响

以不同比例大豆浓缩蛋白和花生麸为混合植物蛋白源替代不同水平鱼粉,并添加包膜赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,饲喂斑节对虾（Penaeus morlodoll）[（1．27±0．02）g]56d,研究不同鱼粉含量饲料对斑节对虾生长及非特异性免疫力的影响。结果表明：1）斑节对虾增重率（245．02％）、特定生长率（2．58％·d^-1）均在对照组获得最大值,显著高于除F1和F2组外的其他各组（P〈0．05）。当对虾摄食F1组饲料时饲料系数最小,显著小于F3～F5组（P〈0．05）。成活率在F4组最低,显著低于F0～F2组（P〈0．05）,但与其他各组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;2）混合植物蛋白替代不同水平鱼粉的饲料对虾体成分无显著性影响（P〉0．05）;3）肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性在F2组最高,显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,与其他各组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。肌肉中S01）活性在F5组最高,显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）,酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性在F1组最高,显著高于F2～F4组（P〈0．05）,溶菌酶（LSZ）活性在F4和F5组最高,显著高于F1D～F3组（P〈0．05）。根据斑节对虾的增电率和特定生长率得出用混合植物蛋白并添加包膜氨基酸可替代饲料中20％的鱼粉,且随着饲料中植物蛋向含量的增加,对虾非特异性免疫力增强。     

培养斑节对虾亲虾的越冬促熟试验

采用遮光，控温和烫摄单侧眼柄等技术措施，可使培养斑节对虾亲虾顺利越冬，并在非繁殖季节促进其性腺发育。     

盐度变化对斑节对虾成活率的影响

斑节对虾(Penaens mond on Febricius)是广盐性动物，对盐度的适应能力很强。据报道班节对虾可耐盐度范围为0．2—70‰，变化范围在10-20‰之间对生长没有明显影响。但盐度变化对斑节对虾成活率的影响，没见到报道。盐度是影响斑节对虾成活率的主要因素之一，在斑节对虾养殖过程中，育苗场和养成场海水盐度往往不一致，     

三亚产斑节对虾亲虾产卵量的测定

通过对三亚产斑节对虾亲虾产卵量的测定,结果表明：该市亲虾质量好,个体大。成熟雌性亲虾的体长大多在２１０￣２７０ｍｍ之间,体重在１５０￣２７０ｇ之间,交配率为９０％￣９５％,成熟度高,催熟效果好,重复产卵周期为４￣６天;成熟雌性亲虾的体长大多在１９５￣２３５ｍｍ之间,体重在１１０￣２００ｇ之间;亲虾体长和体重成正比例关系。雌性亲虾的产卵量与个体大小成正比,产卵量多在５０￣８０万粒之间。     

Dietary biofloc supplementation in black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon: effects on immunity,antioxidant and metabolic enzyme activities

A 60‐day indoor experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of biofloc on metabolic enzyme activities and immune responses in Penaeus monodon juveniles. Biofloc developed in indoor fibreglass‐reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks (1000 L) was used as dietary supplement in P. monodon (2.90 ± 0.10 g) reared in 1000‐L FRP tanks. Graded level of dried biofloc was included in shrimp basal diets, 0% (control, B0), 4% (B4), 8% (B8) and 12% (B12). The level of metabolic enzymes like malate dehydrogenase (MDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was not significantly different with control up to 8% dietary supplementation. A higher level of total haemocyte count (THC) was noticed in B8 (22.16 ± 2.17 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1) and B4 (21.11 ± 0.56 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1) compared with control, C (14.61 ± 2.74 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1). Biofloc‐supplemented groups recorded significantly higher (P < 0.05) serum SOD and catalase activity (P < 0.01) in comparison with control. The groups fed with 4% dietary biofloc supplement recorded highest relative percentage survival (RPS), 45% after challenge with Vibrio harveyi followed by 36% and 27% RPS in B8 and B12 groups. Based on these results, it can be concluded that supplementation of biofloc even at 4% level in the feed improves immune responses and metabolic activities in black tiger shrimp juveniles.     

Probiotic bacteria effects on growth and bacterial composition of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

The effects of Bacillus probiotic forms on growth performance and microbiota were examined in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Shrimp were fed for 120 days with one of three diets; a control diet alone or supplemented with either probiotics consisting of live‐sprayed Bacillus (LS) or freeze‐dried Bacillus (FD). Culturable bacteria counts in the hepatopancreas, intestine and culture water of the three treatments were relatively constant during the experiment. Bacillus numbers in the hepatopancreas and intestines of probiotic‐treated groups increased significantly (P < 0.05) after 30 treatment days and remained relatively constant afterwards while no appreciable changes occurred in the control. Shrimp supplemented with LS and FD contained significantly lower concentrations of Vibrio (P < 0.05) in the hepatopancreas, intestine and culture water, compared to those in the control group. Shrimp treated with LS and FD probiotic bacteria showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE), compared to those of control group. Probiotic bacteria have the potential to enhance shrimp culture by reducing Vibrio and improving growth performance.     

Integration of substrate in biofloc based system: Effects on growth performance,water quality and immune responses in black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon culture

To evaluate effect of substrate integration in biofloc based system, a 52‐day growth experiment was conducted using black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.32 ± 0.07 g). The factorial design consisted of floc, F (with or without) as first factor and substrate (bamboo mat, B; nylon mesh, N; and without substrate) as second factor. This resulted six treatments; F + B, F + N, F, B, N and a control without biofloc and substrate. Shrimps were stocked at 110 nos. m^–3 in Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) tanks and, rice flour was used as carbon source in biofloc based treatments. Incorporation of nylon mesh and bamboo mat in biofloc system trapped 31.3%–38.6% and 8.5%–13.5% total suspended solids respectively and reduced bottom solid deposition. Among the substrate based groups, significantly better development of biofilm with higher microbial population noticed in F + B compared with nylon mesh. Similarly, significantly higher final growth (p < 0.01) was recorded in F + B system followed by F + N while no significant difference in body weight recorded among floc, F or substrate based groups (B, N). Biofloc and substrate integration (F + B and F + N) resulted significantly (p < 0.01) lower feed conversion ratio compared to control and floc. Incoporation of bamboo substrate in biofloc, (F + B) improved shrimp immune responses through higher hemocyte counts and prophenoloxidase activity compared to other treatments. The study revealed that integration of substrate in the biofloc system improved growth performance, FCR and immune parameters in shrimp by trapping the suspended biofloc particles, better water quality parameters, enhanced biofilm growth and provision of quality natural food.     

斑节对虾4个不同群体建立家系的生长及成活

以泰国（T）、非洲（A）和三亚（S）野生斑节对虾（Penaeusmonodon）群体,以及人工养殖斑节对虾群体（F）为父、母本建立家系。选择9个发育时间相近和较有代表性的家系,对其生长和饲料利用进行了为期30d的养殖试验。结果发现,大体上母本含三亚斑节对虾基因的家系成活率较高,其余较低,差异显著（P〈0．05）;母本含三亚斑节对虾基因的家系生长较差,其余较好（除T×T外）且差异极显著（P〈0．01）,A×A家系增重率是S×S的2倍;饵料系数没有显示明显的规律性。     

Effects of biofloc under different carbon sources and protein levels on water quality,growth performance and immune responses in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1978)

A 75‐day 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two levels of dietary protein (32 and 40%) and two different carbon sources (rice flour–R and molasses‐M), and without carbohydrate (control–C) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.37 ± 0.04 g) at 100 nos. m^?3 in 100 L fibre reinforced plastic tanks. Biofloc volume and total suspended solid were higher in molasses added groups (32 + M and 40 + M) followed by rice flour (32 + R and 40 + R) and controls (32C and 40C). Molasses and rice flour addition significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the total ammonia–N compared to controls. The highest Vibrio, Bacillus and Lactobacillus counts were recorded in 40 + M, 32 + M and 32 + R respectively. Among the treatments, significantly higher (P < 0.01) final body weight was recorded in 40 + R (8.5 ± 0.3 g), 40 + M (7.8 ± 0.3 g) and 32 + R (7.5 ± 0.4 g) compared to control groups, 32C (6.1 ± 0.3 g), 40C (6.4 ± 0.3 g) and molasses added group, 32 + M (5.7 ± 0.4 g). Rice flour supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.01) the total haemocyte count (×10⁶ cells mL^?1) in 32 + R (45.7 ± 3.7) and 40 + R (44.3 ± 3.1) compared to controls, 32C (27.3 ± 3.4) and 40C (25.8 ± 0.9). Similarly, higher superoxide dismutase, catalase, serum protein and glucose were recorded in the rice flour added groups, 40 + R followed by 32 + R. Among the treatments, the highest level of prophenoloxidase (OD 490 nm, 0.3 ± 0.0) and survival after challenge with Vibrio harveyi (55.6%) was observed in 32 + R. The study elucidates that rice flour addition produces optimum level of biofloc with better growth and immune responses compared to molasses and control. Furthermore, rice flour addition at 32% protein level could replace 40% protein feed.     

饲料蛋白水平对达氏鲟幼鱼生长性能、体组成、消化酶活性以及血液生化指标的影响

为了解达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)幼鱼适宜的饲料蛋白质水平,试验选取平均初始体重为(400.68±8.55)g的健康达氏鲟幼鱼为试验对象,在室内流水系统中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验。试验鱼随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为30%、35%、40%、45%、50%的5种等脂等能饲料。试验期间,水流量为6 L/min,水温(24.0±1.0)℃,溶氧大于6.0 mg/L,氨氮小于0.02 mg/L。结果显示:增重率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,饲料系数呈现相反的趋势。蛋白质效率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈先平缓后下降的趋势。各试验组间肥满度无显著差异。肝体比和脏体比随饲料蛋白水平的增加而下降。各试验组间甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量无显著差异,饲料蛋白水平为50%的试验组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著高于其他试验组。本试验中胃蛋白酶活力与饲料蛋白水平呈正相关关系,淀粉酶活力呈负相关关系,脂肪酶在各试验组无显著差异。鱼体蛋白和脂肪含量均随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加。分别对增重率、饲料系数这二者与饲料蛋白水平之间的关系进行二次回归分析,得出达氏鲟幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白水平为41.5%~42.97%。     

饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫日增重和消化酶活性的影响

为探讨饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫日增重和消化酶活性的影响,以9种蛋白水平(25.21%、29.87%、35.03%、40.67%、45.47%、50.12%、55.29%、60.38%、64.85%)的等能微颗粒饲料(以D1-D9表示)饲喂稚星虫8周。结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对稚星虫的日增重有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,稚星虫的日增重呈先增后降的趋势,在D5组达到最大值。对稚星虫消化酶活性的分析表明,稚星虫蛋白酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的上升呈先增后降的趋势,在D6组达到最大值,且显著高于D1-D5组(P<0.05);淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的上升有显著降低的趋势(P<0.05),D9组稚星虫的淀粉酶活性显著低于D1-D4组(P<0.05);D9组稚星虫脂肪酶活性显著低于除D8组外的其他各蛋白水平组(P<0.05)。以日增重为评价指标,稚星虫对饲料蛋白的适宜需求量为46.69%。     

Valine requirement of postlarval tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius

The valine requirement of juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, was determined. Shrimp postlarvae, PL20, with a mean weight of 14 mg, were randomly distributed in 36 oval 40-L capacity fibreglass tanks at 10 shrimp per tank in a flow-through seawater system and reared for 8 weeks. Postlarvae were fed amino acid test diets containing 400 g kg^?1 protein with casein and gelatine as intact sources of protein. Crystalline L-amino acids were supplemented to simulate the amino acid profile of the shrimp muscle except valine. Valine was added in graded levels to obtain 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22 g kg^?1 of the diet or 18, 25, 33, 40, 48 and 55 g kg^?1 of dietary protein. At termination of the feeding experiment, growth and survival were determined and nutritional deficiency signs noted. The relationship between weight gain and dietary valine level was analysed by the broken-line regression method to derive the valine requirement. The dietary valine requirement of Penaeus monodon postlarvae was found to be 13.5 g kg^?1 of the diet or 34 g kg^?1 of dietary protein. This value was lower than the level found in the shrimp tissue.