条斑紫菜耐高温杂交重组品系的筛选与特性分析

为改善条斑紫菜优良品系TM-18藻体颜色偏红的弱点,本研究以红色型突变品系(TM-18,特点:藻体偏红色;生长快,色素蛋白含量高,具有一定的耐高温性)为父本;绿色型突变品系(OMO-1,特点:藻体绿色,生长较慢,色素蛋白含量低,耐高温性差)为母本进行种内杂交,从杂合丝状体的F1叶状体中,分离出了优良品系TW-9。通过比较它与亲本品系的特性,获得以下结果:在常温(18°C)和高温(24和25°C)下培养13 d,TW-9品系的壳孢子存活率分别为TM-18品系的1.0、1.1和1.1倍,以及OMO-1品系的1.1、4.7和7.2倍。在18°C组,3个品系的壳孢子苗畸形率无显著性差异,但在24和25°C组,TW-9品系的畸形苗率比TM-18品系分别降低了20.3%和29.5%,比OMO-1品系分别降低了74.8%和69.5%。将在18°C下培养40 d的叶状体分别置于18、24和25°C再培养10 d,TW-9品系的绝对生长率分别为TM-18品系的0.9、1.5和0.8倍,以及OMO-1品系的1.4、1.5和28倍。此外,在24°C下培养25 d或在25°C下培养10 d,OMO-1品系的藻体腐烂严重,最后完全解体;TM-18和TW-9品系藻体在24°C下培养25 d只出现轻微卷曲,但在25°C下,TM-18品系培养15 d就腐烂至完全解体,而TW-9品系培养30 d也只是轻微腐烂。在18°C下培养40 d的TW-9品系叶状体分别再在18和24°C下培养15 d,总藻胆蛋白含量分别为61.5和77.8 mg/g,分别为OMO-1品系的1.4和1.4倍,但与TM-18品系的含量相比无明显差异。在18°C下培养55 d的叶状体平均厚度,TW-9品系为25.6μm,分别比TM-18和OMO-1品系降低了13.5%和17.7%。另外,3个品系的壳孢子放散量无显著性差异。研究表明,TW-9品系不仅具有与TM-18品系相似的特性,如叶状体生长快、色素蛋白含量高、壳孢子放散量大等特性,并且它的藻体更薄、更耐高温,其颜色与野生色相近,符合生产栽培的要求,有望被培育成适宜栽培的新品种。     

印度产紫菜Pyropia chauhanii优良品系的选育与特性分析

为培育出藻体薄且适合在我国南方高水温海区栽培的紫菜新品种,利用~(60)Co-γ射线辐照和高温胁迫处理印度产紫菜Pyropia chauhanii野生型品系(PC-WT)的叶状体,分离出优良品系PC-M,随后通过研究2个品系在耐高温性、生长、主要光合色素含量、单孢子和壳孢子放散量等方面的差异后发现,在18和23°C温度组中,2个品系的壳孢子存活率、分裂率和假根发生率均无显著性差异,但在27和29°C温度组中,PC-M品系的壳孢子存活率比PC-WT品系分别提高了250.7%和305.4%,分裂率分别提高了42.4%和67.1%,假根发生率分别提高了86.6%和175.3%;将在23°C下培养30 d的叶状体分别置于18、23、27和29°C下培养10 d,在18、23和27°C组中,PC-M品系的叶状体绝对生长率分别是PC-WT品系的5.1、5.3和7.5倍,特定生长率分别是PC-WT品系的1.3、1.3和1.8倍;在27°C下培养15 d或在29°C下培养10 d,PC-WT品系的叶状体均放散了大量的单孢子,藻体流失严重,仅剩下基部,而PC-M品系的叶状体均没有放散单孢子、藻体形态完整、光泽好、生长速率快,培养至30 d后才发生轻微的卷曲。与PC-WT品系相比,常温组(23°C)的PC-M品系的3种主要光合色素(chl.a、藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白)含量以及壳孢子放散量分别提高了39.4%、209.8%、94.8%和36.7%,但藻体的平均厚度反而减少了31.6%。上述结果证实,与PC-WT品系相比,PC-M品系具有藻体薄、色素含量高、生长快、耐高温、壳孢子放散量大、单孢子不放散等优点,有望被培育成适宜栽培的新品种。     

条斑紫菜耐高温品系的特性分析与海区中试

通过室内培养和海区栽培实验验证条斑紫菜耐高温品系(T-17)优良性状的稳定性和栽培适用性。结果显示,与野生型品系(WT)相比,T-17品系的叶状体,在生长率、最大光化学效率、主要光合色素含量、藻体厚度和产量等方面均存在明显的优势。将在18℃下培养50 d的小苗再在18、22和24℃下培养35 d,T-17的绝对生长率分别为WT的17.71、15.81和33.00倍,特定生长率分别为WT的4.59、4.38和9.15倍,最大光化学效率分别为WT的1.17、1.29和1.58倍。WT的小苗在22、24和25℃下再分别培养25、15和10 d,叶片的颜色就转深变黑,藻体卷曲变硬,出现腐烂;而T-17的小苗在相同培养条件下培养相同的天数仍表现出良好的生长状态,藻体不变硬,无腐烂,说明T-17具有较强的耐高温性。此外,在日龄65 d的叶状体中,T-17的Chl.a和总藻胆蛋白(PE+PC)的含量分别是WT的1.45和1.54倍;T-17的平均厚度比WT减少26.4%。T-17的壳孢子放散量与WT相比差别不显著。在海区栽培试验中,T-17品系前4次收割的鲜菜总重量比当地栽培野生种(Wt)增加了16.3%,1~4次收割的鲜菜的最大光化学效率分别为Wt的1.06、1.12、1.17和1.27倍,而Chl.a含量分别是Wt的1.41、1.49、1.52和1.91倍,总藻胆蛋白含量分别是Wt的1.94、2.04、2.03和2.34倍。研究表明,与野生型品系相比,T-17品系在产量、品质和耐高温性等方面均明显提高,且性状稳定,生产适用性好,有望在生产上规模化栽培。     

坛紫菜抗高温品系的筛选

坛紫菜抗高温品系的筛选=Selection of a high-temperature resistant strain of Porphyra haitanensis (Rhodophyta)［刊，中］/严兴洪（上海水产大学，上海200090），马少玉//水产学报，—2007，31(1).-112～117 从已获得的4种坛紫菜优质高产品系中，筛选出抗高温的优良品系YZ-3。在28 ℃和29 ℃下培养15 d后，YZ-3品系的壳孢子成活率分别达73.2%和52.6%，分裂率分别为100%和82.8%；而对照组野生型（WT）品系的壳孢子成活率分别只有10.3%和4.6%，分裂率分别为89.7%和65.9%；YZ-3品系的壳孢子成活率和分裂率均远高于WT品系。把在常温(24 ℃)下培养35 d的壳孢子苗，再分别培养在24、28和29 ℃作抗高温试验，培养25 d后发现，YZ-3品系的幼苗平均体长分别增加了33.6、23和15倍，而WT品系的苗平均体长分别只增加了7.7、1.4和0.9倍；YZ-3品系的苗平均体长分别是WT品系的3.8、8.8和7.4倍。在28 ℃和29 ℃组，WT品系幼苗培养15 d就大面积腐烂; 而YZ-3品系幼苗培养25 d也不腐烂。上述结果表明YZ-3品系是抗高温的。图6表3参15 关键词：坛紫菜；叶状体；品系；高温；壳孢子；生长 E-mail：xhyan@shfu.edu.cn     

Pyropia churharii新品系的分离与特性分析

为发掘新的紫菜种质资源,通过对印度产紫菜Pyropia churharii的野生型品系(PCWT)进行人工诱变处理,分离出具有生长和品质优势的新品系PC-Y1和PC-Y2。PC-WT品系的叶状体具有过度释放单孢子和生长缓慢的特性。PC-Y1品系的叶状体基本不放单孢子,藻体呈细长型,生长很快。PC-Y2品系的叶状体放散少量的单孢子,藻体较宽大,生长较快。日龄55 d时,PC-Y1品系的叶状体平均体长为91.30 cm,PC-Y2品系为15.26 cm,而PC-WT品系仅为5.31cm,两个新品系的生长优势非常显著。日龄45 d的叶状体叶绿素a含量,PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系明显比PC-WT品系高;PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白的总含量分别为119.32和102.29 mg/g,分别是PC-WT品系的2.74倍和2.35倍。日龄45 d的叶状体厚度,PC-WT品系为32.48μm,PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系分别为20.86和27.98μm,两个新品系明显比野生型品系薄。贝壳丝状体的壳孢子放散量,PC-Y1、PC-Y2和PC-WT品系分别为101.16、143.44和175.17万个/壳。此外,与野生型坛紫菜相比,PC-Y1品系对高温(29℃)具有更好的耐受性。PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系不仅具有与条斑紫菜相似的特性,如藻体薄、品质好、放散单孢子,而且PC-Y1品系比野生型坛紫菜更耐高温,壳孢子放散量也更大、生长快、成熟晚,具有被大规模栽培的潜力。     

坛紫菜与Pyropia radi种间杂交重组优良品系的选育与特性分析

为获得具明显杂交重组优势的紫菜优良品系,实验以印度产紫菜Pyropia radi野生型品系(Pr-WT01,特点:藻体厚、生长慢、韧性好、壳孢子放散量多)为父本,坛紫菜诱变品系(Ph-HMC5,特点:藻体薄、生长快、韧性差、壳孢子放散量少)为母本进行种间杂交,从杂合丝状体产生的F1叶状体中选出4个综合性状优良的杂交重组品系,HR-6品系为其中的最优良品系。父本品系叶状体的绝对生长率最大值为0.39 cm/d,母本品系为5.24 cm/d,而HR-6品系高达9.27 cm/d,在日龄30~50 d期间,它的平均绝对生长率比母本品系的最大生长率还大。日龄60 d的叶状体平均体长父本品系为13.18 cm,母本品系为85.67 cm,而HR-6品系已达218.57 cm,分别是父、母本品系的16.58倍和2.55倍。日龄35 d的HR-6品系叶状体的叶绿素a含量高达9.43 mg/g,比父、母本品系分别增加了50%和20%;另外,它的总藻胆蛋白含量高达99.62 mg/g,分别是父、母本品系的2.18倍和1.74倍。日龄35 d的HR-6品系的叶状体平均厚度为26.22μm,比父本品系降低了37%,比母本品系增加了30%,叶状体的韧性明显增加。HR-6品系的壳孢子放散总量达167.72万个/贝,分别为父、母本品系的1.13和2.65倍。上述研究结果表明,HR-6品系具有生长快、品质好、壳孢子放散量大等优良性状,表现出良好的生产适用性。     

条斑紫菜优良品系(LC-14)的筛选与特性分析

从条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)绿色突变体和红色突变体种内杂交产生的F_1叶状体中,分离出新品系LC-14。该品系的F_1叶状体在生长速度和品质等方面均显著优于条斑紫菜野生型栽培品系(WT)。日龄70 d的叶状体平均长度和湿重,LC-14品系分别为106.53 cm和3.07 g,分别是WT品系的4.39和10.27倍。培养至第55天,LC-14品系的3种主要光合色素(叶绿素a、藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白)含量分别为9.85 mg/g、52.09 mg/g和23.26 mg/g,分别比WT品系提高了65%、65%和49%,而其藻体的平均厚度(20.89μm)反而降低了32%。此外,LC-14品系的壳孢子放散总量为761.32×10~4 ind/壳,是WT品系的1.28倍。上述结果表明,LC-14品系具有生长快、品质优、壳孢子放散量大的优点,藻体颜色与野生色(棕褐色)相近,是条斑紫菜的优良品系,有望在生产中应用。     

坛紫菜杂交重组品系的选育与特性分析

坛紫菜选育品系(HR-6)具有叶状体快速生长期的前期生长较快,色素蛋白含量高,但成熟较早,生长期短,丝状体的壳孢子放散量较少等特性;坛紫菜另一个选育品系(HR-5)具有叶状体快速生长期的前期生长较慢,色素蛋白含量高,但成熟晚,生长期较长,丝状体的壳孢子放散量多等特性。为改善HR-6品系叶状体成熟较早,壳孢子放散量较少的弱点,本文以HR-6品系为父本,HR-5品系为母本进行种内杂交,从杂合丝状体产生的F1叶状体中选育出了综合性状更加优良的品系(WD-7)。在叶状体的快速生长前期(日龄30~45d),父本品系的绝对生长率为6.68cm/d,母本品系为3.63cm/d, WD-7品系为6.67cm/d;在叶状体的快速生长中后期(日龄46~60d),父本品系的绝对生长率降至5.15cm/d,母本品系则升至7.27cm/d,而WD-7品系高达11.54cm/d。父本品系的叶状体成熟最早,培养35d左右,大部分个体已成熟;WD-7品系遗传了母本品系成熟较晚的优点,日龄55d之后,大部分个体才出现成熟。日龄35d的叶状体平均厚度,WD-7品系为29.87μm,分别比父、母本品系增加了10%和16%,藻体的韧性明显增强。WD-7品系的壳孢子放散总量为183.42万个/壳,分别是父、母本品系的1.17倍和0.57倍。上述结果证实,WD-7品系不仅遗传了父本品系叶状体快速生长期的前期生长较快的特性,同时又遗传了母本品系叶状体成熟晚、生长期长、中后期生长快的优点,壳孢子放散量也比父本品系有所增加,此品系有望被培育成适宜大规模栽培的新品种。     

条斑紫菜两个耐高温品系的耐低盐特性

以条斑紫菜两个耐高温品系(YZ-4和TM-18)为对象,以野生型品系(WT)做对照,分析其叶状体在高温、低盐胁迫下的生长和光系统Ⅱ最大光量子产量(F_v/F_m)的数值,为筛选既耐高温又耐低盐的条斑紫菜抗逆品系提供依据。结果显示,在适宜培养条件(温度18°C和盐度26)下,YZ-4和TM-18叶状体在50～85 d的生长速率快于WT,F_v/F_m和主要光合色素含量均高于WT,各品系的绝对生长率和F_v/F_m之间均具有较高的正相关性。另外,WT叶状体在70 d左右开始形成精子囊时,绝对生长率和F_v/F_m明显下降。在高温胁迫下培养,各品系叶状体的F_v/F_m和绝对生长率均呈下降趋势,且胁迫的温度越高或时间越长,其降幅越大。在24°C高温胁迫35 d后,WT、YZ-4和TM-18的F_v/F_m分别下降了56.7%、43.2%和28.7%。在25°C高温胁迫15 d时,WT的生长完全停滞,而YZ-4和TM-18则分别保持0.51和0.84 cm/d的绝对生长率,说明二者确实是耐高温的。低盐胁迫对叶状体的影响与高温胁迫的类似,在盐度为9的低盐下培养35 d后,WT、YZ-4和TM-18的F_v/F_m降幅分别为46.2%、42.0%和32.0%,三者的绝对生长率分别为0.12、0.10和0.90 cm/d。另外,WT和YZ-4在盐度为5时生长受到明显影响,叶状体在15 d时颜色加深、卷曲变硬并腐烂,而TM-18在相同盐度下培养25 d也未腐烂,F_v/F_m仍高达初始值的72.8%。这表明TM-18在高温或低盐胁迫下的耐受性比WT和YZ-4的都强,其内在原因是叶状体F_v/F_m的降幅较小,间接说明F_v/F_m可作为条斑紫菜抗逆品系选育的新指标。     

坛紫菜优良品系“申福2号”的特性分析与海区中试

以人工选育的坛紫菜优良品种“申福1号”( SF-1)、优良品系“申福2号”(SF-2)和野生型品系(WT)为材料,通过室内培养与海区中试,对SF-2的优良特性和生产适用性进行评估.结果发现,与WT相比,SF-2的叶状体在生长速率、藻胆蛋白含量、藻体厚度及产量上均存在十分显著的优势.在相同的室内培养条件下,SF-2叶状体的绝对生长速率显著高于WT,培养至90d时,其平均长度为(391.6 ±47.37) cm,是WT的10倍.3个品系(种)的叶状体活体吸收光谱在350～750 nm范围内均存在5个明显的吸收峰,SF-1与SF-2之间的各峰值差别较小,但均明显高于WT.SF-2叶状体的藻胆蛋白(PE+PC)含量为(90.81±3.98) mg/g,是WT的1.95倍左右,比SF-1的含量稍高.SF-2叶状体的平均厚度为(31.95±4.16) μm,分别比WT与SF-1薄38.7％和14.0％.SF-2的壳孢子放散量约为28.6万个/壳,比SF-1提高了43.0％,可以满足生产采苗需求.海区栽培的前四水鲜菜重量,SF-2为24 000 kg/hm2,比WT和SF-1分别增加30.1％和6.7％.上述结果证实,SF-2的海区壳孢子放散量可以达到生产要求,叶状体的生长速率、生长期、产量和品质比WT均明显提高,生长优势十分明显.所以,该品系有望在生产上进行大规模栽培.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.