CpG ODN-1670体外处理对中华绒螯蟹血细胞酚氧化酶及其酶原的影响

分别使用5μg/mL、25μg/mL、50μg/mL、75μg/mL和100μg/mL剂量的CpG体外处理中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)血细胞,检测了胞内外酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)活性的相对变化,进一步采用Real Time PCR方法分析了胞内酚氧化酶原(prophenoloxidase,proPO)基因的相对表达情况。结果表明,25μg/mL剂量的CpG ODN-1670可以有效促进酚氧化酶原的表达以及增强胞内外酚氧化酶活性(P0.05),ODN-1670增强酚氧化酶活性的途径是经由促进胞内酚氧化酶原的表达,合成新的酚氧化酶原颗粒实现的。此外,本研究使用几种细胞信号转导的激活剂或抑制剂处理中华绒螯蟹离体血细胞,通过检测血细胞内外酚氧化酶(PO)活性的变化探讨了ODN-1670触发proPO激活系统的信号转导途径,结果表明,其信号转导途径可能包含了G-蛋白介导的蛋白激酶C(PKC)途径,而酪氨酸蛋白激酶(RTK)途径对ODN-1670触发proPO激活系统的活化进行负调控。本研究旨在为深入探讨中华绒螯蟹的免疫功能和防卫机理奠定基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA对中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫因子的影响

将枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtzlis)基因组DNA按5、20和80μg/kg剂量体腔注射中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)(约0.1 mL/只),设注射等体积TE缓冲液为对照组,分别在第1、3、5、7天采样,测定该细菌DNA对中华绒螯蟹的免疫刺激作用。结果显示:注射上述3种剂量的枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA均能不同程度地提高中华绒螯蟹的THC、血细胞呼吸爆发活性和血清PO、ACP活性,试验组蟹的上述免疫指标的活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并以20μg/kg体重剂量的刺激效果最好;但试验剂量的细菌DNA对血清ALP活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

左旋咪唑对中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫功能及抗病力的影响

为测定在饲料中添加左旋咪唑(LMS)对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的免疫调节作用,以0(对照)、100、200和300 mg·kg~(-1)干饲料的剂量将LMS添加于基础饲料中制成颗粒饲料,投喂中华绒螯蟹7 d,然后投喂不含LMS的对照组饲料。在投喂含LMS的饲料之前(0周)和投喂后2、4、6、8周,采样测定中华绒螯蟹的血细胞总量(THC)、不同血细胞数量(DHC)、吞噬活性、呼吸爆发(超氧阴离子的释放)、酚氧化酶(PO)活性和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性;并在投喂含LMS的饲料后的第4周,按1.2×10~7cfu·kg~(-1)体重的剂量,体腔注射接种中华绒螯蟹致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hyrophila)CL99920菌株,记录接种10d后中华绒螯蟹的累积死亡率。结果显示,各LMS处理组的血细胞总量(THC)、透明细胞(HC)数量、吞噬百分率、呼吸爆发、PO活性和LSZ活性均显著地高于对照组(P<0.05);颗粒细胞(GC)数量、血细胞吞噬指数与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);LMS处理组的蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力明显增强。研究表明,饲喂适量的LMS可增强中华绒螯蟹的免疫力和抗病力;在本试验条件下,200 mg·kg~(-1)干饲料的剂量为最适添加剂量。     

L-色氨酸和褪黑激素对中华绒螯蟹血清血糖水平及肝胰腺抗氧化能力的影响

为探究L-色氨酸和褪黑激素(MT)对中华绒螯蟹血糖水平及肝胰腺抗氧化能力的影响。实验选取初始体质量为(16.58±2.20)g的雌性中华绒螯蟹,随机分成8组(L-色氨酸和MT处理各4组),实验周期均为30 d。(1)L-色氨酸饲料投喂实验4组:L-色氨酸所占饲料比重分别为0.36%(基础饲料即对照组)、0.47%、0.73%和1.05%(分别记为1、2、3和4组),30 d后分别测定各组蟹的血糖水平及肝胰腺的T-AOC和SOD活性;(2)MT注射实验4组:每组分别在第1天和15天时注射生理盐水(即对照组,C组)和不同剂量的MT 10–6 mol/只(μM组)、10–9 mol/只(n M组)和10–12 mol/只(p M组)。分别于第1天和15天时,收集血淋巴和肝胰腺,分别测定血糖水平、T-AOC和SOD活性。于第30天时,再次收集血淋巴以测定血糖水平。结果显示:不同含量L-色氨酸对中华绒螯蟹血糖水平无明显影响,其血糖含量约为(4.62±0.20)mmol/L。此外,0.73%L-色氨酸的饲料能显著提高肝胰腺SOD活性(82.86±1.07)U/m L;注射MT仅在第1天时对中华绒螯蟹的血糖水平有促进作用,并呈剂量依赖性的方式升高,其中μM组蟹血糖水平高达(7.56±0.36)mmol/L,其值显著高于C、p M和n M组。此外注射MT在第1天时,对肝胰腺T-AOC和SOD活性也有明显的促进作用。其中,μM组蟹肝胰腺T-AOC和SOD活性均显著高于C、p M和n M组。研究表明,饲喂0.73%L-色氨酸的饲料能够提高中华绒螯蟹的抗氧化能力,但对血糖水平的影响不明显;注射10–6 mol/只MT可以在短时间内(1 d)提高中华绒螯蟹的血糖水平和抗氧化能力。     

尿素对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹非特异性免疫功能的影响

分别用0.24、0.48、0.72、0.96、1.20g/L的尿素溶液饲养中华绒螯蟹幼蟹7d,测定幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(Glutathione-S transferase,GST)的活性和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量.结果表明,随着时间的延长,各浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中上述3种酶的活性逐渐下降,丙二醛含量逐渐上升;随着浓度的增加,3种酶活性有逐渐下降的趋势,但0.24g/L尿素浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性和0.96g/L浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性显著高于其他处理组,这两组中华绒螯蟹血清中丙二醛含量则相应下降.表明尿素浓度增加使得中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内清除脂质过氧化物、过氧化氢和自由基的能力下降,对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内的非特异性防御系统有损伤.     

pH胁迫对中华绒螯蟹5种非特异性免疫指标的影响

测定了不同pH(4.5,6.0,7.5,9.0,10.5)胁迫1、4、7、10d后中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)血细胞呼吸爆发(RP)、血细胞破碎物上清液(HLS)酚氧化酶(PO)、血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的变化.结果表明:在pH胁迫后第1天,pH4.5组...     

溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹血细胞DNA的损伤

为研究溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹的遗传毒性作用,将中华绒螯蟹分为5组进行半静水毒性试验,分别为0μg/L的空白对照组,只添加丙酮的溶剂对照组,以及0.10、0.20、0.40μg/L的溴氰菊酯质量浓度试验组。通过彗星检测的方法,分别测定溴氰菊酯暴露1、2、4、8、12d后中华绒螯蟹血细胞拖尾率及Olive尾距(OTM值)。结果显示,溶剂组在各时间点拖尾率及Olive尾距均同对照组无显著差异(P0.05),表明溶剂丙酮并非造成中华绒螯蟹血细胞DNA损伤的原因。溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹血细胞有较强的DNA损伤作用,1d后0.20μg/L和0.40μg/L组拖尾率和Olive尾距均显著高于对照组(P0.05),此后3个质量浓度组在各时间点均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),至12d后仍未恢复。拖尾率和Olive尾距随着暴露时间增加而上升,呈现明显的时间效应和剂量效应,表明其可以作为评估溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹遗传毒性的敏感指标。     

噻虫嗪对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的亚急性毒性效应

在水温(23±2)℃下，采用63 cm×43 cm×20 cm水族箱和半静态毒性实验法，设(0.00μg/L、28.25μg/L、56.5μg/L、113μg/L和226μg/L)5个噻虫嗪(C8H10Cl N5O3S)浓度梯度，测定了平均壳长(2.78±0.23)cm中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹血淋巴细胞数量、肝胰腺和血淋巴相关免疫酶活性以及肝胰腺和鳃组织免疫和代谢基因表达情况，研究了噻虫嗪对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的21 d亚急性毒性效应，为噻虫嗪在稻田养殖河蟹的合理用药提供理论依据。结果表明：噻虫嗪对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的96 h半致死浓度(LC50)为452μg/L，安全浓度(SC)为45.2μg/L。噻虫嗪暴露第14 d和21 d,113μg/L和226μg/L噻虫嗪组河蟹的血淋巴细胞数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)；第1 d、4 d、7 d和14 d,28.25μg/L噻虫嗪组河蟹超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，第7 d、14 d和21 d,226μg/L组SOD活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)；第4 d、7 d、...     

L-色氨酸和褪黑激素对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)血清血糖水平及肝胰腺抗氧化能力的影响

为探究L-色氨酸和褪黑激素（MT）对中华绒螯蟹血糖水平及肝胰腺抗氧化能力的影响。实验选取初始体质量为（16.58±2.20）g的雌性中华绒螯蟹,随机分成8组（L-色氨酸和MT处理各4组）,实验周期均为30 d。（1）L-色氨酸饲料投喂实验4组：L-色氨酸所占饲料比重分别为0.36%（基础饲料即对照组）、0.47%、0.73%和1.05%（分别记为1、2、3和4组）,30 d后分别测定各组蟹的血糖水平及肝胰腺的T-AOC和SOD活性;（2）MT注射实验4组：每组分别在第1天和15天时注射生理盐水（即对照组,C组）和不同剂量的MT 10^-6 mol/只（μM组）、10^-9 mol/只（nM组）和10^-12 mol/只（pM组）。分别于第1天和15天时,收集血淋巴和肝胰腺,分别测定血糖水平、T-AOC和SOD活性。于第30天时,再次收集血淋巴以测定血糖水平。结果显示：不同含量L-色氨酸对中华绒螯蟹血糖水平无明显影响,其血糖含量约为（4.62±0.20）mmol/L。此外,0.73% L-色氨酸的饲料能显著提高肝胰腺SOD活性（82.86±1.07）U/mL;注射MT仅在第1天时对中华绒螯蟹的血糖水平有促进作用,并呈剂量依赖性的方式升高,其中μM组蟹血糖水平高达（7.56±0.36）mmol/L,其值显著高于C、pM和nM组。此外注射MT在第1天时,对肝胰腺T-AOC和SOD活性也有明显的促进作用。其中,μM组蟹肝胰腺T-AOC和SOD活性均显著高于C、pM和nM组。研究表明,饲喂0.73% L-色氨酸的饲料能够提高中华绒螯蟹的抗氧化能力,但对血糖水平的影响不明显;注射10^-6 mol/只MT可以在短时间内（1 d）提高中华绒螯蟹的血糖水平和抗氧化能力。     

低聚壳聚糖对中华绒螯蟹生长性能、体成分、非特异性免疫及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究低聚壳聚糖对中华绒螯蟹生长性能、体成分、非特异性免疫及抗氧化能力的影响,实验选用个体均匀、初始均重为(16.20±1.30) g的中华绒螯蟹288只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0 (对照组)、25、50和100 mg/kg低聚壳聚糖的实验日粮,正式实验为期56 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,50和100 mg/kg低聚壳聚糖组中华绒螯蟹的饲料系数显著降低,可食内脏指数显著提高;50 mg/kg低聚壳聚糖组降低了中华绒螯蟹肌肉和可食内脏中粗脂肪含量,提高了蟹肌肉和可食内脏中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性;与对照组相比,50 mg/kg低聚壳聚糖组中华绒螯蟹碱性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶的活性显著提高。研究表明,添加低聚壳聚糖能够提高中华绒螯蟹生长性能、非特异性免疫和抗氧化能力,降低机体脂肪沉积,且添加量为50 mg/kg时效果较好。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

头足类耳石微化学研究进展

耳石是位于平衡囊内起平衡作用的一对钙化组织,它是头足类的加速度感应器,记录其生命周期内的生物和生态信息。随着鱼类耳石微化学研究及应用的日趋成熟与完善,头足类耳石的相应研究也逐渐兴起。目前头足类耳石微化学的研究内容主要包括无机和有机大分子、微量元素、同位素、微化学标记等方面,其中微量元素是应用研究的重点,在头足类种群识别、生活史分析及栖息环境重建等方面发挥了重要作用。分析认为,头足类微量元素在与栖息环境尤其水温关系的研究中取得了很好的结果,被认为是测定头足类生活水温的温度计。然而,涉及种群识别、生活史分析以及与盐度和食物关系的研究还不够充分,且多集中于Sr/Ca的研究。因此,建议在今后的研究中要综合多种研究方法按时间和空间序列从日轮水平分析多种微量元素的含量与变化。     

不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养技术的研究

4种不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养结果表明：常温下,A33是最适宜培养的藻种,经4天培养,藻细胞密度可达到114×104cell／ml,细胞生长率达到0．369;其次是A23、A140、A5藻种,细胞生长率分别为0．317、0．314、0．234。控温条件下,4种品系杜氏藻细胞生长速度明显增高,是常温条件下的1．2倍。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。