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1.
简述了环境DNA发展进程,介绍了环境DNA应用领域,包括物种及物种多样性研究、生物量评估、珍稀物种和入侵物种监测。归纳了环境DNA研究方法,样品的采集与保存、eDNA捕获、提取、分析。指出了eDNA技术的优势和存在的问题。提出,在今后的环境DNA研究中,一方面要大力发展并推广eDNA技术;另一方面应尽快制定一个统一的eDNA监测方法标准化框架,将eDNA技术和传统调查方法相结合,才能更好地对水生生物进行监测,在水生生态文明建设中发挥更为重要的作用。  相似文献   

2.
环境DNA(eDNA)技术在水生生态系统中的应用研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
环境DNA(Environmental DNA,eDNA)是指从皮肤、黏液、唾液、精子、分泌物、卵、粪便、尿液、血液、根、叶、果实、花粉和腐烂体等释放出来的、普遍存在的、游离的DNA分子。环境DNA技术是指从环境样品(土壤、沉积物和水体等)中直接提取DNA片段后利用测序技术进行定性或定量分析的方法。近年来随着分子生物学的发展,环境DNA技术已经成为一种新的水生生物调查方法,其主要被用来进行生物入侵的防治、濒危物种的保护、生物多样性的评价以及生物量的评估等。作者综述了环境DNA技术的发展历程、操作流程、在水生生态系统中的应用、优势以及存在的问题,同时对环境DNA在生态学领域中的应用前景进行了展望。  相似文献   

3.
本文分析西藏地区渔业资源保护现状。针对西藏地区渔业资源所面临的各种生态和社会问题,提出相应的保护对策。这些对策包括对部分珍稀濒危鱼种实行迁地保护,加强种质资源保护,建立珍稀特有水产的专项或综合保护区,建立珍稀特有鱼类资源的环境监测体系。另外,经济发展与环境保护并重,加强科研和宣教工作,保护珍稀濒危物种的现有生境,防止外来物种入侵,发展可持续性渔业生产。  相似文献   

4.
长江源在青海境内称通天河,长江源在三江源区水资源、生态资源是最丰富的,有多种长江上游珍稀濒危水生生物。而现在鱼类栖息的环境在被破坏、非法捕捞及外来物种入侵等原因造成长江源生态资源遭受极大的危机。本文对于如何建立保护长江源生态保护做了一系列的建议,包括加大研究监测力度,建立生态和谐的涉水工程,及发动群众的力量共同参与保护珍稀渔业资源等诸多措施。  相似文献   

5.
广西计有龟鳖6科18属28种,占全国龟鳖总种数的70.0 %。区系组成以东洋界种类明显占优势。广西龟鳖具有物种丰富、特有种类多、珍稀濒危物种多、生态类型多样等特点。文章对广西龟鳖的物种多样性特点及保护优先性进行了分析,对其遭受威胁的因素进行了探讨,并提出4项可持续发展对策。  相似文献   

6.
2009年开展了洱海流域水生被子植物区系研究,共发现38科、76属、100种。从科、属、种3个层面看,热带类群占显著优势,这与洱海流域所处的气候带相一致。世界分布种多为建群种和优势种。对比以前的调查结果,洱海流域水生植物资源显著退化,物种多样性显著下降,特别是特有种和珍稀濒危物种匮乏,仅有1种;外来入侵种呈进一步扩大趋势。针对以上特点,预测洱海流域水生被子植物未来从数量和种类上将进一步减少,入侵种危害程度将进一步扩大,对流域的生态保护迫在眉睫。  相似文献   

7.
2009年开展了洱海流域水生被子植物区系研究,共发现38科、76属、100种。从科、属、种3个层面看,热带类群占显著优势,这与洱海流域所处的气候带相一致。世界分布种多为建群种和优势种。对比以前的调查结果,洱海流域水生植物资源显著退化,物种多样性显著下降,特别是特有种和珍稀濒危物种匮乏,仅有1种;外来入侵种呈进一步扩大趋势。针对以上特点,预测洱海流域水生被子植物未来从数量和种类上将进一步减少,入侵种危害程度将进一步扩大,对流域的生态保护迫在眉睫。  相似文献   

8.
<正>危起伟(突出贡献奖)危起伟,博士生导师,长江水产研究所农业部淡水生物多样性保护重点实验室主任。危起伟三十多年来致力于我国水生生物生态和资源保护研究工作,尤其在长江珍稀濒危水生动物,包括中华鲟、白鲟、达氏鲟、胭脂鱼、鲥鱼、秦岭细鳞鲑、川陕哲罗鲑和大鲵等物种的保护生物学、物种保护技术研究以及保护工程实践上,取得了显著的成绩。  相似文献   

9.
外来寄生虫入侵及其对土著宿主的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
生物入侵严重威胁着土著物种和生物多样性,外来物种带来的寄生虫入侵问题也应该引起相应的重视。结合外来寄生虫的入侵案例,阐述了寄生虫的引入、种群建立和宿主转移等入侵过程。通常寄生虫入侵后,致病力会变得更大,有些会直接引起土著宿主的死亡,有些间接引起宿主死亡,有的则引起繁殖力下降,从而降低土著宿主的群落多样性,讨论了寄生虫入侵的管理和控制。  相似文献   

10.
《河南水产》2006,(4):F0003-F0003
大鲵属国家二级保护动物,俗称“娃娃鱼”,是3.5亿年前与恐龙同时代生存繁衍下来的珍稀物种,目前已被列入(濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约)附录,是人类珍贵的“活化石”。河南省卢氏县山高林密,森林覆盖率达70%,山上溪流清澈,潭洞无数,环境幽静,气候适宜,是大鲵繁衍  相似文献   

11.
三都澳大型底栖动物种类组成特点   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
周进  纪炜炜 《海洋渔业》2011,33(4):378-388
根据2009年5月至2010年2月期间共9个航次在三都澳水域采集的底泥样品,分析三都澳大型底栖动物种类组成特点及其与养殖活动之间的关系.结果表明,三都澳水域底泥样品中共出现大型底栖动物119种,其中多毛类动物种类数量优势明显,达65种,占总种类数54.62%;甲壳动物和软体动物也是此水域常见类群,种类数分别为21种(占...  相似文献   

12.
1. Focal species (i.e. indicators, keystones, umbrellas, and flagships) have been advocated for the management and conservation of natural environments. 2. The assumption has been that the presence or abundance of a focal species is a means to understanding the composition and/or state of the more complex community. 3. We review the characteristics of focal species, and evaluate their appropriateness and utility judged against conservation objectives. 4. It appears that indicator species (of both composition and condition) may be of greatest general utility, and that several types of focal species may exhibit useful indicator properties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
The nature of species and the processes in which they participate are subjects of continuing debate among evolutionary biologists. I begin by examining how ichthyologists treat species empirically. Such treatments provide a pattern of species and their relationships over time and space. I suggest that this empirical record points to a predominant mode of speciation: vicariant, Model I, allopatric speciation. I also suggest that species are real and that they are individuals. There is a single species concept, the evolutionary species concept (ESC), that best captures the way we think about fish species. This concept is also well integrated with the manner in which species are treated in Phylogenetic Systematics and with the philosophical concept that species are particulars rather than universals.  相似文献   

14.
根据2013年8月、10月和2014年2月、5月在黄河口及其邻近水域4个航次的调查数据,分析了该海域浮游动物的种类组成、数量变动、优势种、种类多样性及其季节变化。本次黄河口及其邻近水域调查共鉴定浮游动物43种,其中原生动物、毛颚动物、尾索动物和栉水母各1种,刺胞动物8种,浮游甲壳类18种,浮游幼体及鱼卵、仔稚鱼共13种(类)。浮游动物的平均丰度为2115.64 ind/m~3,不计夜光虫的平均丰度为95.93 ind/m~3,其中浮游甲壳类占71.43%。浮游动物丰度存在显著的季节变化,数量高峰出现在春季(5月),其次为冬季(2月)、秋季(10月)和夏季(8月)。毛颚动物强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)和双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bipinnata)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)等桡足类为夏、秋、冬三个季节的主要优势种,夜光虫(Noctiluca scintillans)为春季的绝对优势种。浮游动物群落物种丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H')和均匀度指数(J')的变化趋势一致,表现为夏秋季高,冬春季低。黄河口及其邻近水域浮游动物的群落结构特征具有明显的季节变化;桡足类和浮游幼体是主要类群,对该水域浮游动物的数量变动及种类多样性的变化具有较大影响。  相似文献   

15.
  1. A genetically distinct population of the Maloti minnow Pseudobarbus quathlambae (Lesotho's only endemic fish) is known only from the Mohale catchment, and was formerly abundant in the Senqunyane, Bokong and Jorodane rivers which flow into Mohale Reservoir.
  2. Situated ~4 km downstream of Mohale Reservoir, the Semongkoaneng waterfall has historically prevented larger fish species from moving upstream into areas inhabited by P. quathlambae. After the filling of the Mohale Reservoir in 2003, an inter‐basin transfer (IBT) linking it to Katse Reservoir was opened and in 2006 the smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus, a larger more aggressive species, was recorded in the reservoir, presumably introduced via the IBT.
  3. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) establish whether any additional non‐native fish species were present in the Mohale catchment; (2) ascertain whether L. aeneus has dispersed into the rivers flowing into Mohale Reservoir; and (3) gauge whether the Mohale population of P. quathlambae is in decline. Twenty‐eight sites situated on major rivers flowing into the reservoir, and four sites in the reservoir itself, were surveyed to evaluate changes in fish populations and habitat quality.
  4. Results indicate that P. quathlambae has all but disappeared from its natural range: only five individuals were recorded in the Jorodane and Bokong rivers, and none were recorded in the Senqunyane River – a former stronghold for the species. On the other hand, L. aeneus was recorded in all three rivers and is probably responsible for the decline of the P. quathlambae population, given that there does not appear to have been major deterioration in habitat conditions. Another non‐native fish, the Orange River mudfish Labeo capensis, was recorded in the Mohale catchment for the first time. Urgent conservation action is required to prevent the Mohale lineage of P. quathlambae from becoming extinct.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
More than 22 different species concepts have been proposed. The concepts in general reflect the philosophical outlook, particular expertise, and the groups on which the authors are working. The full‐length papers in this special issue dedicated to species concepts relative to fishes are based on presentations by the authors at the 2001 annual meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists at University Park, Pennsylvania, USA and generated much discussion on the topic of what constitutes a species.  相似文献   

17.
The definition of the species category has stimulated more debate than perhaps any other topic in the biological sciences. There are currently more than 22 different species concepts and the debate continues on which concepts apply to all organisms, which concepts are operational and which concepts should be used in specific circumstances. The first major division of the types of concepts depends on whether one views species as constructs that exist for ordering biodiversity and information retrieval (i.e. classes), or views species as ontological individuals that exist in nature. If species are categories that can be defined, then theoretically, a single species can arise more than once in different places or at different times. If, on the other hand, species are individuals, then they are historical events, monophyletic and each species is unique.  相似文献   

18.
  1. Freshwater fishes have the distinction of being both a highly imperilled taxonomic group as well as one that has produced many invasive species with widespread ecological impacts. Faced with the difficult task of identifying those species with the greatest need for management action, ecologists have turned to using predictive suites of ecological and life‐history traits to provide reasonable estimates of fish invasion and extinction risk. Whether traits associated with invasiveness are the inverse of those associated with imperillment, known as the ‘two‐sides‐of‐the‐same‐coin’ hypothesis, remains unclear.
  2. A global trait analysis (including maximum total body size, longevity, size at maturation, age at maturation, fecundity and egg size) for 6293 freshwater fishes was conducted to examine the trait correlates of species proneness to invasion or extinction. A meta‐analytical procedure was deployed using univariate and multivariate trait analyses that accounted for the effects of shared phylogeny.
  3. Mean trait differences (measured as Hedges' d effect size) were found between invasive and threatened species when compared with native species, thus supporting the two‐sides‐of‐the‐same‐coin hypothesis for freshwater fish. Invasive species were characterized by larger body size, greater longevity, delayed maturation and higher fecundity than threatened species. Furthermore, invasive species were found to display greater trait variability compared with threatened species, suggesting that different traits may be selected at different stages of the invasion process (from pathway entrainment to establishment) whereas more specific trait combinations may predispose species to higher extinction risk.
  4. The present study demonstrated a strong trait basis to global‐scale invasion risk and extinction vulnerability for freshwater fishes. Given that both time and resources are too limited for detailed species‐by‐species assessments, the results suggest that trait correlates provide a reasonable estimate of invasion and extinction risk that can inform more targeted and proactive conservation strategies.
  相似文献   

19.
长江中下游干流环境DNA样本鱼类物种检测的初步研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为开发适用于长江鱼类的环境DNA检测体系,在长江中下游干流24个采样点同步采集水样,抽滤后提取环境DNA,利用线粒体细胞色素B简并引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物克隆测序得到419条序列,通过在Gen Bank核酸序列数据库进行BLAST序列比对确定物种信息,从来源于17个采样点的115条匹配成功的序列中,共检测到10种鱼类序列,代表15种鱼类。  相似文献   

20.
中国渔业生物DNA条形码信息平台构建及应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
构建DNA条形码数据信息系统是规范管理DNA条形码数据和实现数据共享的有效解决方案。项目在采集我国重要渔业生物的凭证标本及相应DNA条形码的基础上,通过统一提交数据的规范格式,实现物种、凭证标本和DNA条形码的三级关联,构建了中国渔业生物DNA条形码信息平台(http://www.fishery-barcode.cn)。该平台数据信息由物种名录数据库、凭证标本数据库和DNA条形码数据库组成,涵盖6020种渔业生物的凭证信息和DNA条形码资源。平台能够提供方便的网络查询,实现未知渔业生物样本的DNA条形码物种鉴定。研究首次构建涵盖我国重要渔业生物的DNA条形码信息平台,通过平台实现国内外数据共享和合作交流,为渔业生物分类、种质资源利用、濒危物种保护和水产品物种物种鉴定提供重要数据资源。  相似文献   

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