致死方式对养殖草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响

采用电子鼻技术和固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术研究了抽血和急杀致死草鱼肉挥发性成分的差异。通过电子鼻检测分析,抽血致死对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分有影响,对红肉部分无影响或影响不大;固相微萃取技术可以有效地吸附草鱼肉中的挥发性成分,经NIST质谱数据库检索和文献对照,抽血致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定出27、29和47种挥发性成分,急杀致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定42、41和43种挥发性成分,可见致死方式对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分影响较大,相对来说对红肉的影响较小;鱼血中确定46种挥发性成分,其中34种为芳香族化合物,相对含量达75.59%。因此,建议草鱼加工或食用前采用抽血致死方式。     

咸鱼中的挥发性风味成分

为了探明咸鱼挥发性气味特征物质,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱联用分析技术,对柳叶鱼、红牙、小黄鱼以及带鱼等4种常见鱼的咸鱼进行萃取和分离鉴定。结果表明,这4种咸鱼的挥发性风味成分的组成和种类各不相同,分别得到105种、89种、88种以及72种挥发性风味物质(匹配度超过80%),以醛类、醇类以及烃类物质为主,总量分别占了这4种鱼的49.99%、53.09%、60.54%以及86.18%。研究表明,咸鱼的特征香气以鱼腥味、青草味-脂肪味为主;咸鱼特征风味物质是3-甲基丁醛、己醛、(z)-4-庚醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基丁醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、庚醇、三甲胺。     

美国红鱼和美国黄花鱼的养殖及历史

<正> 美国南部沿墨西哥湾和佛罗里达海岸一直是海鲜的主要产区,盛产虾、蛤、牡蛎、鳍鱼等。渔获物中一些最名贵的食用鱼隶属于红鱼家族(Sciaenidae),包括美国红鱼(red drum)、斑点鳟(spotted sea trout)、美国黄花鱼(black drum)、鳕鱼(whiting)和石首鱼(croaker)。     

盐碱地池塘养殖美国红鱼试验

在盐碱地池塘中采用主养美国红鱼模式 ,投放 5 0 g/尾规格的美国红鱼鱼种 ,投喂人工配合颗粒饲料 ,经过 1 4 4d的养殖 ,美国红鱼平均体重达到 4 6 2 g/尾 ,平均产量 2 39kg/亩 ,较试验设计的平均体重 35 0g/尾 ,平均产量 2 2 0kg/亩的技术指标分别高出 32 %和 8 6 %,试验获得成功。本试验对美国红鱼的日增重进行了测定 ,并在饲料配制及投喂技术方面进行了探索。     

不同海域不同品种坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)挥发性成分的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术,结合多变量数据分析,对不同品种、不同养殖海域、不同收割期坛紫菜的挥发性成分进行了分析研究。结果显示,栽培在2个海域的2种品种坛紫菜中,共检测到115种挥发性组分,其中,烃类和醛酮类物质的含量和种类占据了极大优势。主成分分析(PCA)显示,坛紫菜的挥发性组分有明显的品种和地区性差异,不同品种间的主要差异组分有8-十七碳烯、1-十七碳烯、壬醛、2-乙烯基-6-甲基吡嗪、辛醛等成分,不同海域的主要差异组分有8-十七碳烯、壬醛、2-乙烯基-6-甲基吡嗪、1-十七碳烯、苯乙烯等。另外,不同收获期坛紫菜挥发性成分的变化跟养殖海域有密切的关系。     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱嗅觉测量联用初探鲢肉的挥发性风味物质

为探明鲢肉挥发性气味特征物质,通过顶空固相微萃取法提取和浓缩了鲢肉中的挥发性物质,并利用气相色谱质谱联用以及气相色谱〖CD*7/9〗嗅觉测量法对气味物质进行了定性分析及气味特征的评价。由8人组成的评价小组通过检测频率法进行嗅觉测量。结果表明,经GCMS分析鉴定得到了29种挥发性气味物质,主要是一些羰基类和醇类化合物,占了总挥发性物质的88%。通过检测频率分析法鉴定出12种化合物具有气味特征,表现为鱼腥、金属、青草、油脂氧化、蘑菇等特征。另外有4种未知物也显示了较强的风味特性,它们协同作用构成了鲢的特殊气味。     

顶空固相微萃取法分析龙须菜干品中的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)对干龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)中挥发性成分的萃取条件进行了优化,并结合气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)进行了成分鉴定分析。结果表明,顶空固相微萃取的最佳萃取条件为利用65 m PDMS/DVB萃取头在60 ℃萃取30 min;经GC-MS分离和鉴定,共检测出87种挥发性成分,其中醛类化合物28种,相对百分含量为75.62%,酮类化合物14种,相对百分含量为10.49%,另有烃类17种,醇类10种,羧酸类5种,酯类5种,其他含硫、含碘及杂环化合物8种,其相对百分含量分别为5.17%、1.65%、5.41%、0.49%和0.74%;相对百分含量较高的物质主要有 己醛(19.99%)、2-庚烯醛(11.25%)、辛醛(7.95%)、反-2-辛烯醛(6.95%)、1-辛烯-3-酮(6.23%)、反-2-癸烯醛(6.01%)、壬醛（4. 43%)、反-2-壬烯醛(4.37%)、庚醛(4.11%)、206-壬二烯醛(3.79%)、203-辛二酮(3.15%)等。总体上看,醛、酮等羰基类化合物和烃类化合物对龙须菜的风味贡献比较大。     

基于电子鼻与HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析不同处理方式腌干带鱼挥发性风味成分

为探究不同生产工艺对腌干带鱼挥发性风味物质的影响,实验采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取—气质联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对新鲜带鱼、传统和发酵腌干带鱼的风味物质进行定性定量分析。结果显示,电子鼻能对不同处理方式腌干带鱼的挥发性风味成分进行有效区分,第一主成分贡献率为96.44%,第二主成分贡献率为2.60%。采用HS-SPME-GC-MS法在新鲜带鱼、传统腌干带鱼和发酵腌干带鱼中分别检测出27、45和56种挥发性物质,醛类、醇类和酮类是构成腌干带鱼挥发性风味差异的主要化合物。研究表明,鱼肉的特征风味物质包括己醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醇、3-甲基丁醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮和三甲胺等。新鲜带鱼以鱼腥味和水果香味为主,传统腌干带鱼以脂肪味、蘑菇—泥土味和水果香味为主,而发酵腌干带鱼的奶油味、青草—脂肪味和水果香味更加浓郁,味觉分布更加均匀。     

气质联用技术分析中国毛虾虾皮贮藏过程中挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取和气-质谱联用技术,测定中国毛虾(Acetes chinensis)虾皮在不同贮藏温度下挥发性风味成分的变化情况,利用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对挥发性物质的组成差异性进行分析。研究表明,受试样品共检测出49种化合物,包括烃类、酮类、醛类、醇类、酯类、酸类以及含氮、硫化合物;主成分分析结果,不同贮藏时间虾皮的特征风味物质组成不同,而两种温度(25℃和37℃)下虾皮的特征风味物质组成基本相同;对虾皮在贮藏过程中的品质变化情况通过聚类分析将其分为4类不同品质特性,研究结果可为虾皮制品加工及贮藏的质量控制等提供科学依据。     

美国红鱼的养殖与病害防治

美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)亦称眼斑拟石首鱼,属鲈形目,石首鱼科,拟石首鱼属,广温广盐溯河性鱼类,外形与大黄鱼、黄姑鱼、白姑鱼较为近似,不同之处是其体色微红,尾柄基部上方有一黑色斑点。该鱼肉质鲜美,成为迄今世界上养殖产量最高的鱼种之一,也是国际上高档的热销水产品,在美国已成为重要的养殖种类。     

Red Drum,Sciaenops ocellatus,Production Diets

Abstract

The replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in fish diets has met with varying degrees of success. Quite often, poor responses to high soybean meal diets are due to a reduced palatability of the diet when fish meal is removed. Recent work has demonstrated that poultry by-product meal can be used as a substitute for fish meal in practical diets for juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), indicating it may have favorable palatability characteristics for this species. The present research was designed to evaluate the replacement of menhaden fish meal with solvent-extracted soybean meal in practical diets containing 20% poultry by-product meal and formulated to contain 44% protein and 10% lipid. Test diets were adjusted for phosphorus and methionine content to ensure that minimal dietary requirements were maintained. The response of red drum (mean initial weight 179 g) to diets containing fish meal ranging from 40 to 5% of the diet, as well as the response to a low fish meal diet supplemented with krill hydrolysate, were evaluated over a 14-week growth period. Final weights (percent gain) ranged from 588 g (237.8%) to 651 g (258.5%), with feed conversion efficiencies ranging from 62.1% to 69.9% and protein conversion efficiencies ranging from 27.8% to 30%. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for diet intake, feed conversion efficiency, protein conversion efficiency, intraperitoneal fat ratio, or weight gain. Significant differences in protein intake and the hepatosomatic index were observed. The present findings suggest that fish meal can be reduced to 5% of the diet by replacing it with solvent-extracted soybean meal as well as methionine and phosphorus supplements. Although diets without poultry by-product meal were not tested, it is presumed that the poultry meal enhanced the palatability of the diets, allowing the replacement of fish meal with soybean meal.     

Dietary Lysine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

The dietary lysine requirement of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus was reevaluated in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, lyophilized red drum muscle was combined with an L-form crystalline amino acid premix to yield diets containing approximately 35% protein on a dry-matter basis. Gradations (0.25%) of L-lysine HCl were added to the basal diet containing approximately 1.0% lysine. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum initially weighing 6–7 g for 8 weeks. Based on growth and feed efficiency data, the lysine requirement (±SE) was determined to be 1.55% (±0.079%) of dry diet or 4.430% of dietary protein. In a second experiment, the lysine requirement of red drum was investigated with diets containing 35% intact protein from zein and red drum muscle. Each of the zein-based diets containing incremental levels of lysine was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum initially weighing 1–2 g for 8 weeks. A crystalline amino acid test diet serving as a control in this experiment significantly outperformed the zein-based diets, and palatability of those diets was questionable due to an obvious change in feeding behavior of the fish. Due to the inferior performance of the fish fed the zein-based diets, the authors were not successful in determining a requirement with these diets. Thus, a lysine requirement of 1.55% of dry diet (4.43% of dietary protein) as determined in the first experiment is recommended for juvenile red drum.     

Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Eight isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of inorganic phosphorus were fed to juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus for an 11 week period. Red drum were maintained in a brackish water (5–6 ppt) recirculating system. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion. However, survival was generally lower for fish fed deficient diets. Phosphorus supplements up to 0.86% increased bone calcium and scale ash, calcium, and phosphorus values. Bone ash and phosphorus were not significantly affected above 0.71% dietary phosphorus. It appears that approximately 0.86% dietary phosphorus is needed for maximum tissue mineralization of juvenile red drum.     

Dietary Threonine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Threonine is an indispensable amino acid required by all animals for normal growth and metabolic functions. An experiment was conducted in a brackish water (5 ± 1 ppt) recirculating system to quantify the minimum dietary threonine requirement of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus . The experimental diets contained 350/0 crude protein from red drum muscle and crystalline amino acids and 3.2 kcal available energy/g diet. Incremental levels of L-threonine were added to the diets and fed to juvenile red drum initially averaging 2.8 g/fish for 8 wk. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the various diets were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected and increased linearly as dietary threonine increased until plateauing around 0.8% of dry diet. Protein efficiency ratio and protein conversion efficiency values for fish fed the different diets also were significantly affected by threonine level and indicated requirement values of 0.8–0.9% of dry diet. Free threonine in plasma also significantly responded to increasing dietary threonine but indicated a slightly higher requirement value of approximately 1.0% of dry diet. Based on these data, the minimum threonine requirement of juvenile red drum was determined to be approximately 0.8% of dry diet (2.28% of dietary protein). This requirement level is similar to values reported for some other fish species. Based on this information diets may be formulated more precisely for aquacultural production of red drum.     

Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus Field Trials: Economic Implications

Abstract.– Although recent changes in coastal fisheries regulations in several Gulf states have renewed interest in the economic potential for culture of red drum S. ocellatus , few decision making tools with up-to-date information on production economics are available. From 1988 to 1995, estimates of investment costs, equipment specifications and typical input utilization in commercial-scale production were developed from field trials involving complete or partial grow-out of S. ocellatus . Operating costs and expected yields were subsequently estimated based on "best-case" data from a 70-wk production trial in which 5–7 cm fingerlings were stocked on 1 July and grown to marketable size by the following November, thus avoiding a second overwintering period and the associated risks of losses from freezing temperatures. To allow an evaluation of potential returns with earlier or staggered stocking dates, however, growth and mortality rates from the 70-wk trial were used in a computer-based simulation to estimate yields and costs associated with a hypothetical growout period beginning 1 April, deemed the earliest suitable date to avoid fingerling mortality resulting from abrupt or extreme cold temperatures. The April stocking simulation projected a preferred market size of 1.4 kg prior to a second overwintering period, with yield increasing from 3,454 kg/ha to 4,203 kg/ha and a reduction in breakeven costs from $5.97/kg to $5.53/kg. Partial budget analysis, based on a current average market price of $5.72/ kg, suggested April 1 stocking could result in a positive net change of $1,679 per ha over July 1 stocking.     

Toxicity of Chelated Copper to Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus1

Acute toxicity of chelated copper to juvenile red drum (x?= 3.1 g) was determined in a static test at 25 C and 8 ppt salinity. The 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC₅₀s were 1.90, 0.84, 0.75, 0.64, and 0.52 mg/L copper, respectively. Effects of temperature and salinity on the 96 h LC₅₀ (0.5 mg/L copper) for juvenile red drum (x?= 5.0 g) were tested at two temperatures, 25 and 30 C, and three salinities, 0.5, 8, and 30 ppt. Temperature significantly affected mortality; mortality in 0.5 and 8 ppt salinities was significantly higher at 30 C than at 25 C. An increase in salinity significantly reduced the mortality of juvenile red drum. Total mortality occurred in 0.5 ppt salinity within 48 h at 25 C and within 12 h at 30 C. Total mortality occurred in 8 ppt salinity within 72 h at 25 C and within 48 h at 30 C. No mortality occurred during 96 h in 30 ppt salinity at 25 C or 30 C.     

盐酸氯苯胍在眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律研究

在水温(28±2)℃、盐度28条件下,采用30mg/kg的剂量口灌法,用HPLC-MS/MS检测研究了盐酸氯苯胍在体质量为(350.15±5.18)g的眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示,单剂量口灌给药后,眼斑拟石首鱼血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,药物在血浆中的达峰时间、血药质量浓度峰值、药时曲线下面积和消除半衰期分别为2.39h、958.78μg/L、33 247.57μg/(L·h)和19.24h;盐酸氯苯胍在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的血药含量峰值分别为156.72、227.68μg/kg和553.44μg/kg,达峰时间分别为2.0、1.5、2.0h;药时曲线下面积分别4664.04、4897.74、17 228.19μg/(kg·h);消除半衰期分别为19.68、24.33、22.81h。按30mg/kg剂量连续5d口灌给药后,鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的药物消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为24.46、35.39、39.60、33.94h。若以10μg/kg为最高残留限量,肌肉作为食用靶组织,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不少于7d。     

美国红鱼大规格苗种培育试验

经6个月室内人工育苗，共培育出约10cm的大规格美国红鱼苗种10.8万尾，其中从仔鱼到全长3cm的苗种成活率为75％，3－10cm大规格苗种的成活率为725。育苗中饵料系列为轮虫（2－20d）、卤虫无节幼体（12－26d）、配合饵粒（14d以后）。     

Tolerance of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus to Rapidly Decreasing Water Temperatures

This study assessed the potential mortality of pond-reared juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus subjected to rapid declines in water temperature simulating cold front activity. Fish acclimated in an earthen pond at ambient temperature and photoperiod were introduced into a recirculating aquarium and biofiltration system when pond water temperatures decreased to 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, and 10 C. Fish were stocked according to size group into 10 aquaria containing filtered pond water at 9 ± 1‰ salinity and temperature matching the acclimation temperature. Fish were acclimated to the aquaria for 3 d, subjected to a 6 C decrease over 24 h, and then held for 72 h. No mortalities were observed in any trial. The results suggest that if juvenile red drum are maintained in water with salinity around 9‰, they should survive the passage of most cold fronts.     

An Estimate of the Dietary Lysine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Quadruplicate groups of juvenile red drum (initial mean weight 2.7 g; 20 fish per replicate) were fed experimental diets containing 35% crude protein and graded levels of lysine for eight weeks. Lysine concentration in the basal diet was 1.2% and was supplied by a combination of peanut meal and shrimp-head meal. The basal diet was supplemented with lysine-HCI to provide 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4% lysine. Each of these diets contained an essential amino acid (EAA) premix. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 1.2 and 2.4% lysine without the EAA premix. Weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) data indicated between 1.2 and 1.6% dietary lysine was adequate. However, serum lysine concentrations indicated 1.6–2.0% lysine was required. Fish fed 1.2 or 2.4% lysine, without the EAA premix, exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency. Results indicated that red drum were able to utilize crystalline amino acids when incorporated into diets containing intact protein and, when lysine was adequate, the proteins were deficient in at least one other essential amino acid. It is recommended that a dietary lysine level of 5.7% of the dietary protein be used in formulating red drum diets.