不同脂肪源对红螯光壳螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活性及其肌肉生化组成的影响

通过在人工配合饲料中分别添加5%的花生油、猪油、鱼油和豆油作为主要脂肪源,以商业饲料为对照,进行8周饲喂实验,研究不同脂肪源对红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)幼虾生长、消化酶活性及其肌肉生化组成的影响。结果显示,不同脂肪源对红螯光壳螯虾幼虾的体长增长率和特定增长率影响不显著(P0.05);但增重率各组间存在显著性差异(P0.05),以豆油组最高,达到2332.93%,花生油组最低,为1839.50%;豆油组肝胰腺指数显著高于其他各组(P0.05),为0.75%。幼虾存活率以豆油组最高(P0.05),达到83.3%,鱼油组较低,仅为56.7%。不同脂肪源饲喂组的肝胰腺胃蛋白酶活力无显著差异(P0.05);脂肪酶活力花生油组显著高于其他实验组(P0.05),为1177.23U/g(prot);淀粉酶活力各组间差异显著(P0.05),由高到低依次为鱼油组、对照组、豆油组、猪油组、花生油组;纤维素酶活力以花生油组较高,为61.14U/(gprot()P0.05)。幼虾腹部肌肉中各种脂肪酸的含量明显受到饲料中脂肪酸种类和含量的影响,饱和脂肪酸含量猪油组显著高于其他组(P0.05);单不饱和脂肪酸以花生油组含量最高,豆油组最低;多不饱和脂肪酸则以豆油组含量最高(P0.05)。在各实验组中,豆油组红螯光壳螯虾幼体具有最高的体质量增长率和存活率,较高的肝胰腺指数和肝胰腺消化酶活力,豆油组幼虾腹部肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸尤其是亚油酸和亚麻酸含量也较高。因此,以豆油作为主要脂肪源能够满足红螯光壳螯虾幼体的生长需要,获得较好的饲养效果,并降低饲料成本。     

饲料中大豆磷脂对红螯光壳螯虾性腺发育期营养物质积累的影响

基础饲料中添加5种不同水平的大豆磷脂(SL):0%(Diet 1),1%(Diet 2),2%(Diet 3),4%(Diet 4)和6%(Diet 5)。饲喂初始体质量为(25.64±1.53)g的红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)雌虾8周,观察其卵巢发育期个体生长、性腺指数等参数的变化,分析卵巢和肝胰腺营养物质积累的快慢以及与营养物质积累相关基因脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)mRNA表达的差异。结果表明:饲料中不同水平的SL对卵巢发育期红螯光壳螯虾的成活率和相对增重率(WG)影响不显著(P>0.05),但饲喂≥2%(SL)饲料的雌虾性腺指数(GSI)显著升高(P<0.05),雌虾的肝胰腺指数(HSI)则随饲料中SL的增加而呈下降趋势(P>0.05);随着饲料中SL的增加,虾肝胰腺中脂滴的体积增大,数量增多,结构更加完整,质地更加均匀,卵巢中脂滴和卵黄颗粒的数量增多,体积增大;同时,饲料中SL的增加促进了FABP在肝胰腺和卵巢中的表达量。综上所述,饲料中的SL对红螯光壳螯虾雌虾卵巢发育具有促进作用,在培育红螯光壳螯虾雌虾亲体过程中,含6.5%鱼油的基础饲料至少补充2%的SL有利于雌虾卵巢的快速发育。本研究旨在为深入研究虾蟹生殖生理学和规模化红螯光壳螯虾早繁苗种生产等提供基础资料。     

眼柄摘除对红螯光壳螯虾生长、性腺发育及体色的影响

为探究眼柄摘除对红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadriarinatus)生长、性腺发育及体色的影响,对6月龄红螯光壳螯虾[体质量(47. 47±3. 48) g]进行了摘除眼柄处理实验。结果显示,4周后摘除双侧眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾体质量为(84. 40±13. 41) g,显著高于不摘除眼柄组[(49. 63±6. 47) g]和摘除单侧眼柄组[(51. 47±4. 08) g](P 0. 05);摘除双侧眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾存活率为60. 0%±4. 8%,显著低于不摘除眼柄组和摘除单侧眼柄组(分别为94. 4%±2. 3%和97. 2%±2. 1%);摘除双侧眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾性腺指数为1. 23±0. 50,显著高于不摘除眼柄组(0. 20±0. 06)和摘除单侧眼柄组(0. 35±0. 08)。利用Image J软件对红螯光壳螯虾体色RGB值分析表明,摘除双眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾体色G值和B值(分别为99. 26±5. 23和98. 40±3. 58)显著高于摘除单侧眼柄组(59. 02±3. 85和44. 07±4. 57)(P 0. 05)。结果表明,眼柄摘除能促进红螯光壳螯虾生长和性腺发育,影响体色变化。     

豆粕替代鱼粉对红螯螯虾幼虾生长、肌肉组成和消化酶活力的影响

为探讨红螯螯虾幼虾的饲料豆粕替代鱼粉的适宜替代量,配制5种不同替代水平(0、40%、60%、80%和100%)的等氮等能饲料,饲喂初重(0.53±0.06)g的红螯螯虾幼虾8周,测定其生长性能、肌肉组成、肝胰腺消化酶活力及抗氧化活力。结果显示,豆粕替代鱼粉对螯虾存活率没有显著影响;与对照组相比,豆粕替代鱼粉的替代量为40%~80%时,红螯螯虾幼虾的增重率和特定生长率没有显著变化;替代量为100%时,螯虾增重率和特定生长率显著下降,螯虾肌肉的蛋白质含量呈现一定程度的下降;豆粕替代鱼粉对螯虾肌肉的脂肪和灰分含量没有显著影响;随着替代量的增加,螯虾肝胰腺胰蛋白酶活力呈现下降的趋势,当替代量为100%时,胰蛋白酶活力显著下降;豆粕替代鱼粉对螯虾肝胰腺脂肪酶、淀粉酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均没有显著影响;替代量为100%时,螯虾肝胰腺总抗氧化活力(T-AOC)显著下降。结果表明,豆粕替代鱼粉的替代量为40%~80%时,对螯虾的生长性能、肌肉组成、消化酶活力和抗氧化活力均没有显著影响,替代量为100%时,显著抑制螯虾的生长、胰蛋白酶活力和T-AOC。根据本试验结果,建议红螯螯虾幼虾饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉的替代量为80%。     

饲料蛋白质水平对红螯螯虾生长、消化酶和抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨饲料不同蛋白质水平对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)生长及生理生化的影响,按照等能量不等蛋白的原则,配置蛋白质水平分别为20%、24%、28%、32%、36%、40%的6组饲料投喂初始体重为(0.35±0.07)g的红螯螯虾幼虾60 d,然后测定各相关指标。存活率随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加逐渐升高(P<0.05)。当饲料蛋白质水平为28%时,特定生长率、肥满度最高,饲料系数最低。饲料不同蛋白质水平对红螯螯虾胃中的蛋白酶活性影响显著(P<0.05),胃蛋白酶活力先升高后下降,32%组活性最大。肝胰腺中的淀粉酶、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化不显著(P>0.05)。谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性随着蛋白质水平的增加逐渐升高(P<0.05)。过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性先升高后降低,腮Na+-K+ATP酶则相反(P<0.05)。36%组和40%组的丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,其次为20%组,均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。结果表明红螯螯虾对饲料蛋白质含量的要求较低,28%即可满足其要求。豆粕含量过高可能会影响其生长。     

饲料脂肪水平对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长性能及肌肉品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲料脂肪水平对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾生长性能和肌肉品质的影响。实验选取600尾初始体重为(4.00±1.00) g的克氏原螯虾幼虾，随机分为5组(L1、L2、L3、L4和L5组)，分别投喂脂肪水平为2.86%、5.11%、7.67%、10.19%和13.02%的等氮实验饲料，养殖周期为60 d。结果显示，随着脂肪水平的升高，特定生长率(SGR)呈先升高后降低的趋势(P<0.05)，饲料系数(FCR)呈先降低后升高的趋势(P<0.05)，L3组的FCR显著低于其余组(P<0.05)；对SGR进行折线回归分析，得出最适脂肪含量为6.82%。饲料脂肪水平对克氏原螯虾肌肉的水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)；随着饲料脂肪水平的增加，肌肉的蒸煮损失率、粗脂肪含量、总多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)和总氨基酸(∑TAA)含量呈上升趋势，L5组的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)显著高于其余组，L5组的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于L1和L2组(P<0.05)；随着饲料脂肪水平的增加，肌肉硬度、弹性、凝聚性和黏性呈下降趋势，且L1~L3组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)，L5组的总鲜味氨基酸(∑FAA)、丙氨酸(Ala)及天门冬氨酸(Asp)的含量显著低于L1组(P<0.05)。综上所述，适宜的饲料脂肪含量可以提高克氏原螯虾幼虾的生长性能和肌肉的营养品质，在本实验条件下，克氏原螯虾幼虾饲料中脂肪的建议添加量为6.82%~10.19%。     

闽西北山区红螯螯虾池塘健康养殖试验

2010年在闽西北山区进行红螯螯虾池塘健康养殖生产试验,经过5个月的养殖,结果8口池塘共产红螯螯虾19095kg,平均单产达0.57kg/m2,养殖成活率64.2%,饲料系数1.31,投入产出比1∶1.69。试验结果表明,池塘养殖红螯螯虾前景广阔。     

不同光周期下红螯螯虾幼虾摄食节律的研究

在不同光周期下对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)幼虾的摄食节律进行了研究。结果显示:红螯螯虾具有明显的日摄食节律,24 L(持续光照)、12 L∶12 D(12 h光照:12 h黑暗)和24 D(持续黑暗)光周期下,其摄食率、摄食量和摄食发生率均在19∶00-21∶00和5∶00-7∶00出现峰值,分别为:13.01%和15.58%、20.82%和14.75%、12.77%和16.89%,属晨昏型摄食。光周期和不同时段对红鳌幼虾摄食无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。     

虾青素对微囊藻毒素MC-LR胁迫下克氏原螯虾的生长、繁殖及免疫力的影响

本文目的旨在研究虾青素对微囊藻毒素MC-LR胁迫下(25μg/L)克氏原螯虾的免疫力及生长繁殖的影响。实验设计四个梯度的饲料中虾青素添加比例分别为(0、5、10、20 mg/g)养殖周期持续8星期。结果表明虾青素显著提高了克氏原螯虾肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和碱性磷酸(AKP)的活力(P0.05)。5g/kg虾青素的添加量即可对SOD酶活具有明显提升(P0.05);10 g/kg的虾青素添加量对AKP的提升最为明显(P0.05);研究还发现虾青素可显著提高微囊藻毒素MC-LR胁迫下克氏原螯虾的存活率和特定生长率(SGR)(P0.05),提高克氏原螯虾雌虾的抱卵量。研究表明虾青素作为一种抗氧化剂适宜于在克氏原螯虾饲料中添加,并且具有提高虾体免疫活力,缓解微囊藻毒素MC-LR对虾体氧化胁迫的作用。     

红螯光壳螯虾组织蛋白酶L基因的克隆及维生素C对其表达的影响

为深入了解红螯光壳螯虾组织蛋白酶L基因的表达特性及维生素C对其表达的影响,实验利用RACE-PCR技术及荧光定量PCR技术,从红螯光壳螯虾肝胰腺中克隆得到组织蛋白酶L基因cDNA全长序列,命名为CqCatL(GenBank登录号:KJ913663),同时检测了该基因在红螯光壳螯虾各个组织及添加了不同浓度维生素C的组别中的表达。结果显示,该基因全长1 810 bp,开放阅读框长度为1 026 bp,编码341个氨基酸残基,预测的分子量和等电点(pI)分别为37.63 ku和5.17。同源性分析结果显示,该基因编码的蛋白与其他虾蟹类有较高的相似性,说明组织蛋白酶L基因在甲壳动物具有较高的保守性。组织荧光定量PCR结果显示,CqCatL基因在红螯光壳螯虾的多个组织中均有表达,其中肝胰腺中表达量最高,其次为血细胞,在肠及触角腺中也有一定量的表达。在基础饲料中添加不同水平的维生素C后,CqCatL基因的表达量也存在明显差异,其中维生素C添加量为400 mg/kg的组别中该基因的表达量最高。研究表明,组织蛋白酶L基因在红螯光壳螯虾的生长发育过程中有重要的作用,且其表达量受维生素C的影响。     

Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐lipid Ratios on Growth Performance,Body Composition,Hepatic Enzyme Activities,and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Juvenile Australian Redclaw Crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid (CHO : L) ratio for the Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens). Specimens were divided into five treatment groups and fed twice a day to apparent satiation with isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with dietary CHO : L ratios of 10.75:1, 5.99:1, 3.60:1, 2.18:1, or 1.33:1. Over the 8‐wk growth trial, redclaw crayfish fed the 2.81:1 and 3.60:1 diets exhibited better weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than specimens fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary carbohydrate, whereas activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary lipid. Dietary CHO : L ratios significantly affected digestive enzyme activities (P < 0.05), except for trypsin (P > 0.05). On the basis of the analysis of growth, FCR, and costs of culturing redclaw crayfish, the optimal growth and costs occurred when the dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels were 290.10 g/kg and 80.70 g/kg, respectively, corresponding to a CHO : L ratio of 3.60:1. These results indicate that a CHO : L ratio of 3.60:1 is optimal for rearing redclaw crayfish and that this species uses carbohydrate more efficiently than lipid.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition,nutrient utilization and hepatic enzymes activities of herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Six isonitrogenous (390 g kg^?1) and isoenergetic (16.2 kJ g^?1) diets with varying carbohydrate : lipid (CHO : L) ratios (202.5–1.74), were fed to triplicate groups of 25 fish in indoor recirculation system. Over 8‐week‐growth trial, best weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein production value (P < 0.05) were observed in fish‐fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 7.5. Fish fed either the lowest (1.7) or highest (202.5) CHO : L ratio tended to produce lower (P < 0.05) growth and feed conversion efficiencies. The values of viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio increased as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. There were no significant differences in whole body and liver crude protein among dietary treatments. Whole body and liver lipid increased as CHO : L ratios decreased. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels increased linearly as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. Activities of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary carbohydrate; however, activities of lipase (LPS) and alkaline phosphatase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary lipid. Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG against dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, 275 g kg^?1 of carbohydrate and 59 g kg^?1 of lipid, corresponding to a CHO : L ratio of 4.7, in a diet holding 390 g kg^?1 of crude protein and 16.3 kJ g^?1 of gross energy, proved to be optimal for grass carp. These results indicated that utilization of dietary lipid and carbohydrate was moderate in grass carp, but the fish were a little more capable of utilizing lipid compared with carbohydrate.     

Optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio for juvenile yellowfin seabream (Sparus latus)

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal carbohydrate‐to‐lipid (CHO: L) ratio for juvenile yellowfin seabream cultured in 340‐L indoor recirculating tanks. Seven isonitrogenous (450 g kg⁻¹ dietary protein) and isoenergetic (14.1 MJ kg⁻¹) diets with increasing CHO: L ratios (0.03–5.09 g: g) were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish with an initial weight of 4.91 g for 56 days. Fish were fed to satiation twice a day and the water temperature ranged between 28 and 31.7 °C during the experimental period. Survival was high in all the groups and was not affected by dietary treatments. Best weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios of 0.29 and 0.72, which were not significantly different from that of 0.03, 1.26 and 1.92, but apparently higher than that of 3.22 and 5.09. Feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein production value (PPV) followed the same general pattern as WG and SGR. Highest level of energy production value (EPV) was found in fish fed diets with CHO: L ratio of 0.72. Proximate compositions of fish whole body and tissues were markedly affected by dietary CHO: L ratios. Whole body, muscle and liver lipid increased as CHO: L ratios decreased, whereas moisture contents were reduced. Dietary CHO: L ratios had no significant effect on protein content in whole body and muscle. Plasma total cholesterol levels of fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios less than 0.72 were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Triacylglyceride levels decreased linearly as dietary CHO: L ratios increased. Viscerosomatic index (VSI) significantly increased as dietary CHO: L ratios decreased. Intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) of fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios less than 1.92 were significantly higher than those fed CHO: L ratios of 3.22 and 5.09. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not vary between the test diets. Based on second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG against dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, 84.1 g kg⁻¹ of carbohydrate and 136.3 g kg⁻¹ of lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 0.62, in a diet holding 450 g kg⁻¹ of crude protein and 14 KJ g⁻¹ of metabolizable energy, proved to be optimal for juvenile yellowfin seabream.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio on growth,feed utilization,body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio (CHO: L) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Five iso‐nitrogenous (450 g/kg protein) and iso‐energetic (19 MJ/kg gross energy) diets with varying CHO: L ratios of 0.68, 1.02, 1.62, 2.61 and 4.35, respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (average 13.8 ± 0.1 g). Results showed that dietary CHO: L ratios did not show any significant influence on survival of golden pompano (p > .05) but significantly affected its growth performance and feed utilization (p < .05). Fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios at 1.62 and 2.61 exhibited the highest final body weight, weight gain ratio, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Fish body lipid and liver glycogen contents were also significantly influenced by CHO: L ratio (p < .05). Hepatic amylase activity increased firstly and then decreased as the dietary CHO: L ratio increased, while lipases activity decreased with increasing dietary CHO:L level. The regression model analysis showed that the most suitable dietary CHO: L ratio (protein 450 g/kg) to reach the highest weight gain ratio is 2.38.     

Growth Rate, Feed Conversion, and Body Composition of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala Fry Fed Diets of Various Carbohydrate-to-Lipid Ratios

Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid (CHO : L) ratios on the growth rate, conversion efficiencies, and body composition were studied in the Indian major carp fry Catla catla, Labeo rohita , and Cirrhinus mrigala. Six isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.46 kcal metabolizable energy/g) semi-purified diets, with CHO: L ratios of 0.02, 0.60, 1.54, 3.38, 8.93, and 43.00 were fed to triplicate groups of fish in 70-L flow-through (1.5–2.0 L/min) indoor circular troughs. Fish were fed to apparent satiation (about 10% body weight), 6 d/wk, twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h for 6 wk. Fish growth rates differed significantly (P < 0.05) with CHO: L ratio in the diets. Maximum weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR %) were observed in C. catla and L. rohita fed a diet with 36% carbohydrate and 4% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 8.93. In C. mrigala , highest weight gain (%) and SGR (%) were noted in fish fed 27% carbohydrate and 8% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 3.38. In all the species, fish fed either diet with the lowest (0.02) or the highest (43.00) CHO: L ratio tended to have significantly lower (P < 0.05) growth and conversion efficiencies. Percentage of dry matter and whole-body lipid of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO: L ratio decreased. However, whole-body crude protein content of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO : L ratio increased. The results of this study indicate that the Indian major carp fry efficiently utilize carbohydrate for energy, and excess dietary lipid resulted in increased lipid accumulation in the body.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile and grower rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratio for juvenile and grower rockfish. Triplicate groups of juvenile (initial mean weight 3.6 g) and duplicate groups of grower (initial mean weight 166 g) were fed the five isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets with the different CHO:L ratios (0.4–5.6 g:g) for 8 weeks respectively. The survival of juvenile and grower was above 93% and was not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratios. Weight gain of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 was significantly higher than that of the fish fed diets with CHO:L ratios of 2.8 and 5.6 (P<0.05). The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of juvenile fed the diet with CHO:L ratio of 5.6 were the lowest among all groups (P<0.05). The daily feed intake of juvenile fed the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 5.6 was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05). The condition factors of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 were significantly higher than that of 5.6 (P<0.05). The crude lipid content of whole body, liver and viscera of juvenile decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, and the opposite was found for the moisture content. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of grower were not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratio. Hepatosomatic and viscerasomatic indexes of grower were significantly influenced by dietary CHO:L ratio (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the lipid content of whole body and viscera of grower. Dietary CHO:L ratios significantly affected the major fatty acid composition of whole body in both juvenile and grower. The contents of 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 linearly decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, whereas the 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents increased. Based on growth, feed efficiency and body composition, the optimal dietary CHO:L ratio was 1.6 for juvenile rockfish fed isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets, and starch could partially replace lipids in the diets with CHO:L ratios ranging from 0.4 to 5.6 for grower.     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐lipid Ratio on Growth Performance,Body Composition,Digestive Enzyme Activities,and Hepatic Enzyme Activities in Juvenile Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios (CHO : L) on growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hepatic enzyme activities of juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 kJ/g gross energy) diets with varying CHO : L ratios (0.07, 0.48, 1.20, 2.19, 4.81, and 10.48) were fed to triplicate groups of large yellow croaker in floating sea cages. Results showed that the highest specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 2.19. Fish fed the lower (0.07 and 0.48) CHO : L ratios tended to produce lower growth (P < 0.05). The whole‐body lipid content significantly decreased, while hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen content, and plasma glucose concentration significantly increased as dietary CHO : L ratios increased (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased with elevated dietary CHO : L ratios (P < 0.05). The increasing dietary CHO : L ratios significantly stimulated the activities of intestinal amylase and hepatic pyruvate kinase and depressed the activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (P < 0.05). Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, 2.38 was determined as the optimal dietary CHO : L ratio for juvenile large yellow croaker.     

不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解能力的影响

本试验研究了饲料中不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解的影响。试验共配制6组等氮等能的半纯合饲料,对应糖脂比分别为2.3,3.0,4.0,5.6,7.7和12.1。将鱼饱食投喂8周,每日投喂3次。试验结果表明,当饲料糖脂比从2.3升高至7.7时,增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和蛋白保留率均显著升高(P < 0.05)；而当糖脂比进一步升高时,其均呈下降趋势,但差异不显著(P > 0.05)；饲料系数的变化趋势与其相反。建鲤幼鱼的脏体比以及全鱼、胴体和肝脏脂肪含量随着饲料糖脂比的降低均显著升高(P < 0.05),而全鱼、胴体和肝脏的蛋白质含量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。肠道淀粉酶活性随着糖脂比的升高显著升高(P < 0.05),而脂肪酶的变化趋势则相反(P < 0.05)。此外,血糖和胰岛素水平、肝糖原含量及肝脏葡萄糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性随饲料糖脂比的升高均显著升高(P < 0.05),血液中总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量则随着糖脂比的降低显著升高(P < 0.05)。根据二次回归模型得出,在等氮等能的饲料条件下,建鲤幼鱼最适宜的糖水平和脂肪水平分别为38.21%和4.69%,对应的糖脂比为8.14。     

Dietary Lipid Requirements for Optimal Egg Quality of Redclaw Crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus

The effect of three crude dietary lipid levels (4, 8, and 12%) on egg quality of the female redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, was evaluated. Three replicate groups of 40 crayfish (mean initial weight ± SD, 23.0 ± 3.0 g) per diet treatment were stocked in 15,000 ‐L tanks, at 28 C. After 75 d of culture, there were significant differences (P < 0.001) in egg area (3.52–3.90 mm²), volume (34.0–39.3 mm³), weight (4.81–5.36 mg), and diameter (2.15–2.27 mm) in response to dietary lipids in the diet. Using the quadratic equation, the maximum responses of these parameters corresponded to lipid levels from 8.60–8.84%. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in survival (82.1–86.9%), final weight (41.0–43.7 g), number of spawning females (18.12–27.38%), and fecundity (9.07–10.31 eggs/g female). Additionally, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in egg mean protein (2306.87 ± 440.08 μg/egg), lipid (441.95 ± 83.23 μg/egg) and carbohydrate (74.81 ± 10.12 μg/egg) contents, and energy (13.49 ± 2.25 kcal/egg). The optimum overall response was obtained for dietary lipid content of 8.7%, which we recommend to optimize egg quality of this freshwater crayfish.     

Optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio for bullfrog Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana

This study aimed to investigate the optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO/L) ratio for bullfrog Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated, containing various CHO/L from 1.20 to 12.11. Bullfrogs were fed six diets for 8 weeks and each diet was tested by three replicates. After the 8 weeks feeding, weight gain and specific growth rate increased significantly as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased, but showed little difference (P > 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios ranged from 1.20 to 2.76. Nitrogen retention was significantly affected by CHO/L ratios, and bullfrog fed with CHO/L 6.10 and 1.82 diets showed the lowest and highest nitrogen retentions respectively. Energy retention increased significantly as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased and bullfrog fed the CHO/L at 1.82 and 1.20 diets showed the highest value. Whole‐body lipid and energy levels both increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased. Moreover, liver lipid content of bullfrog fed CHO/L 1.82 and 1.20 diets were significantly higher than that of other groups. Plasma insulin level significantly increased as the elevation of dietary CHO/L. Malondialdehyde level increased as the CHO/L decreased, and the bullfrog fed the CHO/L 1.20 diet had the highest level. In conclusion, the present results clearly showed the effects of dietary CHO/L ratios on growth; the optimum CHO/L is 2.07 (approximately 22.49% carbohydrate and 10.83% lipid) based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of weight gain.