翘嘴红鲔胃、肠道及肝胰脏主要消化酶活力的研究

对翘嘴红舶胃肠道及肝胰脏的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶3种主要消化酶活力进行初步研究。结果表明：胃、肠道、肝胰脏的淀粉酶的最适pH均为6．0；脂肪酶的最适pH分别为8．0、8．0、7．5；胃蛋白酶最适pH为2．0，肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH分别为7．0、7．5。同时研究了在最适pH条件下，不同反应温度对3种主要消化酶的活性影响。结果表明：翘嘴红刍白淀粉酶在肝胰脏、肠道、胃的最适温度分别为30℃，30℃，25℃；脂肪酶的最适温度分别为40℃，30℃，35℃；蛋白酶的最适温度分别为50℃，50℃，40℃。在一定的温度范围内，3种消化酶的活力均呈先上升后下降趋势。最适反应温度下翘嘴红自自脂肪酶与淀粉酶的活力分布均呈现肝胰脏〉肠道〉胃，蛋白酶活力肠道与胃接近，大于肝胰脏蛋白酶活力。     

温度对翘嘴红鲌消化酶活力的影响

分析了不同反应温度对翘嘴红鱼白3种主要消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:翘嘴红鱼白淀粉酶在肝胰脏、肠道、胃的最适温度分别为30、30、25℃;脂肪酶的最适温度分别为40、30、30~35℃;蛋白酶的最适温度分别为50、50、40℃。在一定的温度范围内,3种消化酶的活力均呈先上升后下降趋势。最适反应温度下翘嘴红鱼白脂肪酶与淀粉酶的活力分布均呈现肝胰脏>肠道>胃,蛋白酶活力在肠道和胃接近,并大于肝胰脏。     

温度和pH值对河鲈消化酶活性的影响

研究了离体状态下河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)体内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶在不同温度和pH时的活性变化。结果显示:在河鲈肝胰脏、肠道、胃3部位,淀粉酶的最适温度均为30℃,最适pH值分别为5.0、7.0、8.0;脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,最适pH值分别为4.0、3.0、6.0;肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶的最适温度为50℃,胃蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃。肝胰脏、肠和胃蛋白酶的最适pH值分别6.0、8.0、2.0。在各自最适温度下,肠道中脂肪酶比活力最高,其次是肝胰脏和胃;肝胰脏淀粉酶比活力最高,其次是肠道和胃;肠道中的蛋白酶比活力最高,其次是胃和肝胰脏。     

温度对沙塘鳢消化酶活力的影响

通过改变反应温度分析了一定pH值下沙塘鳢(Odontobutis obscura)三种主要消化酶活性的变化。结果表明:pH6.0时,沙塘鳢肝胰脏、胃、肠道淀粉酶的最适温度分别为25℃、35℃、25～30℃;肝胰脏和肠道pH7.5时,胃pH2.0时,蛋白酶的最适温度分别为40℃、35℃、35℃;pH7.5时,肝胰脏、胃、肠道脂肪酶的最适温度分别为30℃,40℃,25℃。淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性分布是肝胰脏最高,胃次之,肠道最低;蛋白酶活性分布是胃最高,肝胰脏和肠道稍低。     

不同温度对翘嘴红鲌幼鱼脂肪酶活性的影响

研究了不同温度条件下翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)前肠、中肠、后肠和肝胰脏中脂肪酶活性的变化规律.结果显示,在设定的温度范围内,翘嘴红鲌消化道各段中脂肪酶的活性均随着温度的升高呈现先升后降的变化趋势;翘嘴红鲌肠道和肝胰脏中脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,而肠道中前肠、中肠、后肠中脂肪酶的最适温度分别为44℃、40℃和36℃;翘嘴红鲌脂肪酶活性存在器官特异性,在最适温度下,脂肪酶的活性为肝胰脏＞肠道,在肠道各段则有中肠≈前肠＞后肠,除中肠与前肠脂肪酶活性差异不显著外(P＞0.05),其余各部位之间差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,翘嘴红鲌幼鱼肝胰脏对饲料脂肪的消化起重要作用.     

pH及温度对半滑舌鳎幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

研究了不同pH及温度对半滑舌鳎幼鱼三种主要消化酶活性的影响。实验结果显示半滑舌鳎胃、肝胰腺、肠蛋白酶的最适pH分别是3.0、7.5、8.0;淀粉酶的最适pH分别是8.0、7.5、7.5。随着温度的增加,半滑舌鳎消化酶的活性均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,半滑舌鳎胃、肝胰腺、肠蛋白酶的最适温度分别是50℃、45℃、40℃;脂肪酶最适温度分别是35℃、45℃、40℃;胃和肠淀粉酶最适温度均为20℃;而在15～30℃范围内,肝胰腺均呈现高的淀粉酶活性。不同组织酶活力比较:蛋白酶活力以肝胰腺>胃>肠;淀粉酶活力是肠>胃>肝胰腺;脂肪酶活力以胃>肝胰腺和肠,肠道中以前肠的消化酶活力最高。     

温度和pH对翘嘴红鲌消化酶活性的影响

自湖南西洞庭毡帽湖养殖基地随机采体质量248.50～285.37 g的健康翘嘴红鲌Erythroculter ilishaeformis6尾,在冰盘上快速解剖取肝胰脏、前肠、中肠和后肠提取粗酶液,在-20℃冰箱中冷冻保存。24 h内在25～50℃和pH7.4下,间隔5℃设6个梯度,100℃为对照;在pH6.2、6.6、7.0、7.4、7.8和28℃下,分别测定上述器官各消化酶的活性,为开发翘嘴红鲌饲料及合理投喂提供参考。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,3种消化酶的活性先上升后降低,前肠、中肠和后肠淀粉酶活性的温度接近30℃、肝胰脏淀粉酶活性的最适温度接近40℃;脂肪酶活性最适温度前肠45℃、肝胰脏和中肠40℃、后肠35℃;各部位蛋白酶活性在45℃时最高。在试验pH范围内,3种消化酶的活性也是先升高后降低,上述器官淀粉酶活性的最适pH都接近7.0,最适合上述部位的脂肪酶活性的pH都接近7.4,肝胰脏蛋白酶活性的最适pH接近7.4、各肠段蛋白酶活性的最适pH都接近7.0。     

温度对大泷六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii）消化酶活力的影响

本文研究了温度对大泷六线鱼消化酶活力的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下酶的活力不同。胃、肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适的温度分别为30、30和40℃；胃、肠和肝胰脏淀粉酶最适温度分别为35、40和30℃；胃、肠和肝胰脏脂肪酶的最适温度分别为30、40和30℃。     

温度和pH对美国红鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响

用酶学方法,研究了温度和pH对美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)胃、肠、肝胰脏和幽门盲囊等4部位的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力。结果表明:温度和pH对美国红鱼胃、肠、肝胰脏和幽门盲囊等4部位的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力影响均较显著,蛋白酶最适温度分别为25℃、25℃、30℃和40℃,淀粉酶最适温度分别为25℃、35℃、25℃和25℃;蛋白酶最适pH分别为7.2、6.8、8.0和8.0,淀粉酶最适pH分别为7.2、8.4、7.2和7.2。     

南方大口鲶消化酶的初步研究

对南方大口鲶消化酶活力的研究结果表明,消化系统中,胃pH值为5.5~6.5,前肠pH值6.5~7.0,中肠pH值7.0~7.5,后肠pH值7.0~7.5,胆汁pH值6.5~7.0;不同组织蛋白酶活力强弱顺序为:前肠>中肠>后肠>胃>肝胰脏;淀粉酶活力强弱顺序为:肝胰>前肠>中肠>胃>后肠,单位体重蛋白酶活力有下降趋势,淀粉酶活力有增大趋势;肝胰、胃、肠蛋白酶最适温度分别为33℃、39℃、45℃,淀粉酶最适温度分别为45℃、39℃、41℃;肝胰、胃、肠蛋白酶最适pH值分别为6.6、2.6、7.0;淀粉酶的最适pH值分别为6.2、5.0、7.0。根据南方大口鲶消化酶活力及最适pH值综合判定,南方大口鲶对动物性食物有较强的消化力。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.