舟山渔场银鲳人工授精及孵化

2005-2008年,在舟山海域银鲳(Pampus argenteus)繁殖季节(4-5月),随流刺网或张网捕鱼船出海,捕捞性腺成熟的银鲳,进行人工授精和孵化.人工授精试验采用干法、湿法和半干法,比较受精率和孵化率.通过4年连续测量银鲳成熟卵的卵径、油球径等形态指标,对卵子成熟度进行判别,在水温16.0～18.5 ℃、盐度28.0±0.5的条件下进行孵化.结果表明,以干法受精后间隔3～5 min水洗和半干法受精的方法受精率最高,受精率达18.50%～33.50%,最高达40%;孵化率达到43.83%～51.00%,最高达66%.银鲳成熟卵子的卵径为(1.368±0.082)mm,油球径为(0.550±0.031)mm,油球1个.对影响海捕银鲳亲体受精率和孵化率的环境条件也进行了讨论.     

银鲳人工育苗技术研究

2005~2006年,在舟山海域银鲳繁殖季节(4~5月),随流刺网和张网捕鱼船出海,捕捞性腺成熟的银鲳进行人工授精,把胚胎运回岸上在孵化桶中继续孵化,得到初孵仔鱼并移入水泥池中进行培育。在水温19.0~24.0℃、盐度25.0~28.0的人工育苗条件下培育苗种。饵料为轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和配合饲料,孵化后3 d仔鱼开始开口摄食。银鲳初孵仔鱼~12日龄为仔鱼期,13~40日龄为稚鱼期,41日龄起转为幼鱼期。经50 d培育,获得20~27 mm叉长的银鲳幼鱼。育苗成活率为5%~14%。     

渤海鱼类群落功能群及其主要种类

根据2009年8月和10月对渤海渔业资源的底拖网调查,采用胃含物分析、聚类分析和功能群划分的方法研究了渤海鱼类群落的功能群组成及其主要种类。结果表明,渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落包括7个功能群,分别为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群、底栖动物食性功能群、虾食性功能群、虾/鱼食性功能群、鱼食性功能群和广食性功能群;其中主要功能群为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群和虾/鱼食性功能群;主要种类有小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛、斑、赤鼻棱鳀、银鲳和黄鲫。圆筛藻、中华哲水蚤、太平洋磷虾、长额刺糠虾、中国毛虾、甲壳类幼体、日本鼓虾、六丝矛尾虎鱼、小黄鱼、双壳类和腹足类是当前渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落的主要饵料种类。     

Scuticociliatosis-associated mortalities and histopathology of natural infection in cultured silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus Euphrasen) in Kuwait

Sub-adults of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus), produced and reared in the mariculture experimentation facilities of Mariculture and Fisheries Department of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), suffered 55–70% mortalities due to scuticociliatosis by Uronema sp. The parasitic infestation was noticed during April–May 2005. Affected fish showed varying levels of tissue damage including severe epidermal and dermal necrotic lesions. The disease occurred with the raise in water temperature from 20 to 22 °C during April. Loss of scales, appearance of bleached spots that coalesced to form brownish patches, haemorrhagic and severe dermal necrotic lesions were the major clinico-pathological manifestations. The parasite was found abundantly in the blood, peritoneal fluid and the cerebrospinal fluid, the skin and the gill wet mounts. Extensive fouling, necrotic degeneration of the gill epithelium and deep dermal necrosis resulted in mortality of the infected fish. The parasite was noticed in the lumen of the collecting ducts of the kidney and the alimentary canal. The parasite was also seen distributed extensively in the entire brain causing widespread nerve necrosis. Earliest separation of the clinically normal fish from the affected fish resulted in significantly higher survival. The investigations are of significant importance in view of the mariculture potentials of the fish especially after the success of captive spawning and larval rearing achieved by the KISR.     

The reproductive biology of the baby clam, Marcia opima, from two geographically separated areas of India

A study of the reproductive cycle of the baby clam, Marcia opima (Gmelin) was conducted at two sites along the southeast (Tuticorin Bay) and southwest (Ashtamudi estuary) coast of India from December 1998 to January 2000. Histological evidence showed that baby clam from both the sites showed two spawning seasons. First spawning season was recorded from May to July in the southeast coast. In the southwest coast, the first spawning season was observed through March to May. A second spawning season from September to December was recorded in both the coasts. In the southeast coast, minimum and maximum condition indices were obtained in January 2000 and April 1999 respectively and decreased from May to June and November to January, signifying the two spawning periods. Most of the animals were either in spent or indeterminate gonadal stage from May to August and November to January indicating the active spawning during that months in the southeast coast.     

野生与养殖银鲳消化道菌群结构中产酶菌的对比分析

实验对野生和养殖银鲳胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠菌群结构进行了定性对比分析,并对产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶的菌株进行了鉴定。结果发现,野生和养殖种群的消化道菌群结构存在较大差异,且同一种群消化道各部分之间菌群结构也存在较大差异。尽管养殖和野生银鲳均在幽门盲囊中具有最多的可培养细菌菌株,但野生银鲳消化道内主要菌群为嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)和Pseudochrobactrum,养殖银鲳消化道主要菌群为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas),两种群共有细菌仅一株,即Psychrobacter piscatorii strain VSD503,但其分别存在于野生与养殖种群银鲳消化道的不同部位。在产酶菌株筛选中发现,野生银鲳消化道内分离到16株产酶菌,其中44%可培养菌能产蛋白酶,56%能产淀粉酶,11%能产脂肪酶,56%能产纤维素酶,部分菌株可产2株以上的消化酶,其中产3种以上酶的菌株有5株,且产酶量丰富。相对于野生银鲳,养殖银鲳消化道内分离到22株产酶菌,主要以产蛋白酶和淀粉酶为主,70%可培养菌可产蛋白酶,21%可产淀粉酶,仅Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS可产纤维素酶,无一株菌产脂肪酶,其中只有Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS产3种酶但产酶量相对较少。研究可为银鲳人工养殖中潜在益生菌的筛选提供理论依据。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) spawning in the eastern Bering Sea inferred from egg and larval distributions

Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (pollock hereafter) is a key ecological and economic species in the eastern Bering Sea, yet detailed synthesis of the spatial and temporal patterns of pollock ichthyoplankton in this important region is lacking. This knowledge gap is particularly severe considering that egg and larval distribution are essential to reconstructing spawning locations and early life stages drift pathways. We used 19 yr of ichthyoplankton collections to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of egg and larval distribution. Generalized additive models (GAMs) identified two primary temporal pulses of pollock eggs, the first occurring from 20 February to 31 March and the second from 20 April to 20 May; larvae showed similar, but slightly lagged, pulses. Based on generalized cross‐validation and information theory, a GAM model that allowed for different seasonal patterns in egg density within three unique areas outperformed a GAM that assumed a single fixed seasonal pattern across the entire eastern Bering Sea. This ‘area‐dependent’ GAM predicted the highest densities of eggs (i.e., potential spawning locations) in three major areas of the eastern Bering Sea: near Bogoslof Island (February–April), north of Unimak Island and the Alaska Peninsula (March–April), and around the Pribilof Islands (April–August). Unique temporal patterns of egg density were observed for each area, suggesting that pollock spawning may be more spatially and temporally complex than previously assumed. Moreover, this work provides a valuable baseline of pollock spawning to which future changes, such as those resulting from climate variability, may be compared.     

细鳞鲴卵巢发育的组织学观察

采用组织学方法对细鳞鲴卵巢周年变化和卵母细胞发育进行了观察研究。结果表明,细鳞鲴卵巢发育分为6个时期,卵母细胞发育分5个时相,从第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞开始表现出种的特异性。3月卵巢处于产前发育阶段,4-7月为繁殖期,5-6月为繁殖盛期,8月卵巢基本修整完毕,9-10月为Ⅱ′期发育,11月至翌年2月以Ⅲ期卵巢越冬。细鳞鲴的产卵方式为短期分批同步产卵类型,在一个生殖周期内一般产卵2~3次。     

Unveiling the influence of the environment on the migration pattern of the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) in North‐eastern Atlantic waters

Hydroclimatic variability is one of the main factors that drives inter‐annual changes in fish migration patterns. This study analyses the relationship between climate‐oceanographic factors and migration of the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) in NE Atlantic waters. Geo‐referenced catch data from logbooks of longliners operating in European Atlantic waters from 2002 to 2013 were linked to environmental indices at different temporal and spatial scales. Our results point to a strong influence of temperature at 200 m depth as the key factor along with the upwelling in the Galician (NW Iberian) waters. However, sea surface temperature (SST) indirectly affects the geographical display of Atlantic pomfret migration, and large migrations are observed in scenarios of high SSTs in the migratory area (c. above 14.7°C). Migrations are constrained during years when temperatures are below this threshold. A longer time‐series of annual landings (1950–2013) supports this evidence and highlights the significant influence of temperature at 200‐m depth along with the landings of the previous year. Length frequency distributions suggest an increase in size between consecutive seasons supporting the hypothesis that migration is a feeding strategy and a return to tropical waters of origin for spawning. Our study shows that the temperature of intermediate waters is a key variable in determining the northward migration of the Atlantic pomfret whereas density‐dependence and surface climatic conditions trigger secondary effects on the migration pattern of this species.     

海州湾及邻近海域短吻红舌鳎产卵场的生境适宜性

根据2014年和2016-2018年5-8月在海州湾及邻近海域（33.3°N~35.6°N，119.0°E~122.0°E）进行的产卵场大面调查数据，结合海洋表层水温、表层盐度、水深及流速等数据开展了海州湾及其邻近海域短吻红舌鳎（Cynoglossus joyneri）产卵场生境适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树（boosted regression tree，BRT）模型确定各环境因子的权重，分别采用算数平均法（AMM）和几何平均法（GMM）建立栖息地适宜性指数（habitat suitability index，HSI）模型，并通过交叉验证检验模型的拟合度。结果表明，不同月间海州湾及邻近海域短吻红舌鳎产卵场适宜的环境因子范围相似，但各环境因子所占比重有较大变化。通过交叉验证发现，5月、7月利用几何平均法拟合的栖息地适宜性效果较好，6月、8月算数平均法拟合的效果好。短吻红舌鳎适宜的产卵场分布存在月间变化，5月主要集中在研究海域的南部，6-8月有逐步北移的趋势，且随着产卵群体产卵量的增大，其适宜产卵的生境范围也逐步扩大。本研究表明，栖息地适宜性指数模型能够较好地反映海州湾及其邻近海域短吻红舌鳎的产卵场生境适宜性及其变化情况。