多巴胺拮抗物 pimozide(PIM)或排除剂 reserpine(RES)和促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A)诱导养殖鱼类促性腺激素分泌和排卵的研究

由多巴胺拮抗物PIM或排除剂RES组成的高效新型鱼类催产合剂能有效的诱导主要的淡水养殖鱼类促性腺激素分泌和产卵，其中青鱼催产率为80％，鲢鱼为84％，鳙鱼和草鱼为88％，长春鳊为94％，鲮鱼为96％。试验表明这种催产剂的主要优点是：催产效果高而稳定，可以完全取代鱼脑垂体；对当年第二次成熟和产卵的亲鱼同样有效；有利于保护亲鱼；节省劳力和成本。     

催产激素对半滑舌鳎卵巢生化成分及血浆生殖激素水平的影响

在人工蓄养条件下,对半滑舌鳎注射催产激素(促黄体生成激素释放激素类似物和绒毛膜促性腺激素),研究其卵巢生化成分、血浆生殖激素水平及产卵效果的影响。通过对亲鱼采用不注射、一次性注射、二次注射的3种处理,并采用生化方法和双抗体放射免疫法分别测定了卵巢中总蛋白、粗脂肪、总糖、水分含量和血浆中甲状腺素、促卵泡成熟激素、促黄体生成激素含量的变化。试验结果表明,注射催产激素后的亲鱼,卵巢迅速发育并完成物质积累,其中粗脂肪和总糖含量均随卵巢的发育成熟而显著增高(P0.05),产卵完成后明显下降;总蛋白的含量为6.13%~7.07%;水分含量最高,随卵巢发育成熟,先由78.78%降至64.81%,产后升至72.56%。催产剂注射24h后可使血浆甲状腺素含量显著升高(P0.05),有效时间可持续24h以上,且二次注射有利于维持较高的血浆甲状腺素含量。对照组促卵泡成熟激素和促黄体生成激素含量均持续降低,注射组促卵泡成熟激素含量在24~36h时上升,此后明显下降,促黄体生成激素含量变化对催产激素最为敏感,注射后12h即明显上升,二次注射组的促黄体生成激素含量显著高于其他两组(P0.05)。因此,催产激素注射可促进血浆生殖激素水平升高,且二次注射的作用更为明显。催产激素注射还可显著提高总产卵量、上浮卵量和浮卵率,且二次注射效果亦显著优于一次性注射(P0.05)。     

大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson)人工繁殖及育苗技术的研究

1985～1986年采用海区大黄鱼临产亲鱼采卵,同时利用海区保活鱼及人工苗,通过网箱常温培育或室内越冬强化培育与促熟,培育成熟亲鱼。1987年首获大黄鱼人工催产与自然产卵成功,1989～1990年进行了批量催产。四年中共获受精卵591.32万粒,孵出仔鱼455.53万尾。以二次强化轮虫、乳化鱼油强化卤虫幼体、桡足类、鱼虾贝肉糜等为饵料系列。经室内、外人工培育,计育出幼鱼125.05万尾,获得大黄鱼人工繁殖与育苗的成功。     

亲鱼难产的解救措施

亲鱼难产的主要原因：①亲鱼培育池水中含氧量低，尤其是催产前15-20天，含氧量应不低于3毫克/升。②催产亲鱼选择不当，催产不适时，产卵生态环境不适宜。③催产激素剂量过大，超过常规用量几倍。④催产亲鱼受伤严重。⑤催产水温偏高，超过30℃以上。     

舟山褐牙鲆亲鱼培育与催产技术研究

试验研究了舟山牙鲆人工培育及促熟催产中的技术措施。采用自然海区捕获的牙鲆亲鱼,逐年筛选、精心培育,共获得健康的2~4龄成熟亲鱼300尾(雄鱼200尾、雌鱼100尾),体重1 000~5 000 g。在自然产卵和外源激素HCG(1 500 IU/kg)及LHRH-A3(5μg/kg)的作用下(雄鱼减半),共采卵536.2×104粒,上浮率51.3%,受精率69.5%,孵化率84.2%。与自然产卵相比,激素催产产卵数量多,受精率和孵化率相对偏低;而自然产卵受精率和孵化率高,但产卵不够集中且数量相对较少。     

亲鱼催产把“三关”

<正> 立夏至小满是鱼类催产的最好季节。此时水温适宜,亲鱼成熟好,产卵率、孵化率高,鱼苗下塘的成活率也高。抓住这一有利时机,把握好催产亲鱼选择关、药物使用关、催产管理关是取得催产成功的关键。1 挑选好成熟亲鱼 催产条鱼的成熟质量,决定着催产的效果。选择亲鱼时,一般根据其外部特征     

漠斑牙鲆人工催产和自然产卵的比较

为探索漠斑牙鲆人工催产的可行性,以便在预期时间集中获得苗种,分别于2006年在大连和2007年在江苏进行了人工催产和自然产卵对比试验.试验结果表明,漠斑牙鲆亲鱼自然产卵受精率和孵化率远远高于人工催产,但人工催产可以准确掌握生产时机,在短时间内获得大量受精卵和初孵仔鱼;4龄亲鱼人工催产产卵量、受精率、受精卵孵化率高于3龄亲鱼.人工催产受精率孵化率有待于进一步提高.     

黑脊倒刺鲃人工繁殖技术

采捕于溪河的野生黑脊倒刺Ba，在池塘生态条件下进行人工驯养使其达到性成熟。雌雄亲鱼的成熟率为83.8%和92.1%。采用HCG、LRH－A2等外源激素对成熟亲鱼进行人工催产。催产25组新鱼，获产18组。当水温为20－27℃时，效应时间15－23h，共得卵31500粒。平均催产率和受精率分别为72.0%和62.6%。受精卵在21－31℃水温下孵化，经52－110h仔鱼大量出膜，共孵仔鱼11947尾，育成夏花10956尾，成活率达91.7%。     

提早“家鱼”产卵的主要技术措施

实践证明:从提早亲鱼的培育时间着手,如能使亲鱼性腺在四月上、中旬发育成熟,四月中、下旬催产获得鱼苗,为当年培育大规格鱼种,提高越冬成活率和成鱼高产提供了可靠的保证。利用工厂温热水和地下温泉水培育亲鱼,促使家鱼提早产卵获得成功,但推广受到限制。目前鱼苗生产上可以采用控制水温、亲鱼培育及注射外源激素等技术措施。一、控制水温。温度对性腺的发育、成熟具有显著的影响,它通过改变鱼体代谢强度,加速或抑制性腺发育成熟的过程。为了提高亲鱼培育池的水温,冬季应     

大黄鱼一年两次性成熟发育特征的研究

选择春季产过卵的2^ 龄大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)在网箱中进行隔离培育，秋季从中挑选当年再次性成熟的亲鱼进行人工催产，比较春、秋两季的人工繁殖与仔、稚鱼培育效果，并定期观察卵巢及卵细胞的发育情况。实验表明，春季产过卵的同一批大黄鱼雌鱼，有72．1％的个体当年秋季可再次成熟，有58．8％的个体可以再次产卵，证实养殖大黄鱼具有一年“两熟”的性腺发育特征。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).