鳖“白板病”致病细菌的研究

对福建省福清、莆田和厦门等地区养殖鳖的“白板病”病原菌进行了分离培养、菌种鉴定、人工感染及药敏试验等研究，得知该病的致病菌主要为嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓ ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ）同时还迟缓爱德华氏菌（Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓｉｅｌｌａ ｔａｒｄａ）和普通变形杆菌（Ｐｒｏｔｅｕｓ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）。     

腹水病(Virulent ascitesosis disease)和溃烂病(Ulcer disease)致病病原四联疫苗制备及免疫牙鲆效果评价

腹水病和溃烂病是海水工厂化养殖牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）危害严重的疾病。作者用本实验室分离鉴定的腹水病、溃烂病致病菌-迟缓爱德华氏菌（Edwardsiella tarda，Et）、溶藻弧菌（Vibrio alginolyticus，Val）、杀鲑气单胞菌（Aeromonas salmonicida，As）和同行实验室赠予的鳗弧菌（Vibrio anguillarum，Van）制备灭活菌苗，设计四种不同配比四联疫苗，按正交试验要求，分别腹腔注射接种免疫牙鲆，检测单抗原抗体效价，统计分析筛选出组合合理的四联疫苗，配比为Et：Val：Van：As=2：1：1：2，并进行了疫苗安全性、稳定性评价及免疫牙鲆效果观察。发现该四联疫苗是安全的，稳定的，可在4℃下存放1年以上活性不降低，能有效刺激牙鲆特异性免疫系统产生免疫应答，免疫后7天血清抗体效价明显升高，免疫后14d血清抗体效价达到最高水平，为2^10；人工攻毒试验测定相对免疫保护率为60％。表明，筛选出的牙鲆腹水病和溃烂病四联疫苗安全有效，可同时预防腹水病、溃烂病的发生和流行。     

苏北南部沿海几种蟹类蛋白和同工酶的比较研究

本文对苏北南部沿海中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、天津厚蟹（Ｈｅｌｉｃｅｔｒｉｄｅｎｓｔｉｅｎｔｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、红螯相手蟹（Ｓｅｓａｒｍａｈａｅｍａｔｏｃｈｅｉｒ）和日本大眼蟹（Ｍａｃｒｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）四种常见蟹的眼、肝、肌和卵组织以及中华绒螯蟹和天津厚蟹蟹苗的蛋白和ＬＤＨ、ＡＮＥＡ同工酶进行了比较研究。结果表明，四种蟹的蛋白和同工酶具明显的物种特异性和组织特异性；两种蟹苗的蛋白和同工酶酶谱在谱带数量、迁移率及酶活性上都存在差异。     

河蟹“抖脚”症的病理分析及防治方法初探

我国河蟹人工育苗与养殖技术在近年来日臻成熟与完善，形成了天然海水、半人工海水和全人工海水育苗技术模式，相应也有了围网养殖、池塘养殖、稻田养殖等多种养殖模式，使河蟹人工养殖产量逐年上升。但是自95年在上海崇明首次发现了具有“胸肢颤抖”症状而死亡的病蟹后，至98年在江、渐、皖、沪，以及辽宁盘锦等河蟹养殖主产区，相继发生严重疾病，各地依病蟹的主要临床症状，称为“抖脚病”、“抖肢病”、“腹水病”和“仔蟹上岸”等。从幼蟹（5－10g／只）到成蟹（200－2509／只）皆有发生，发病时间自春季到秋季皆有，随着放养密度越高…     

鳖穿孔病的病原菌及其防治的研究

穿孔病（又称疖疮病、空穴病），为鳖的主要病害之一。由病鳖体内分离出三株细菌，其中二株经感染健康鳖得到与病鳖相同症状。经过病原学检验和毒力感染试验，证明了引起该病的病原菌为气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ）和产碱菌（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｍｅｓｓｐ）。本文介绍了该病的流行病学、病原菌分离、鉴定、毒力感染试验及药物敏感性试验等方面的研究。     

饲料中的钙磷水平对中华绒螯蟹生长与饲料效率的影响

随着中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ，河蟹）养殖的迅速发展，对河蟹的营养生理和配合饲料方面的研究也有较大进展［１～６］，但迄今有关河蟹饲料中适宜钙磷含量的研究甚少，仅见到有关饲料矿物质适宜总量和钙磷含量对河蟹生长影响的初步报告［７］。本试验旨在了解钙磷对养殖河蟹生长和蜕壳的影响，为确定河蟹饲料中适宜的钙磷含量提供依据。１材料与方法１．１试验蟹及管理 试验蟹取自浙江上虞海涂养殖场，体重２９－３３ ｇ。随机分成９组，分别置于９只水族箱中，每箱２０只。箱内放置数块拱形瓦片供蟹栖息。发现蜕…     

配合饲料提高河蟹养成规格试验

河蟹学名中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｕｓ），是我国水产养殖的重要珍贵品种之一。但由于近几年来养殖成蟹的规格一直偏低（一般为 ７５ ｇ左右），严重影响了养殖者的经济收入。为探讨用人工配合饲料提高河蟹养成规格的可能性，１９９７年我们在两口池塘中进行了试验，现报告如下。１材料与方法１．１试验池塘为山东省鄄城县麻寨乡鱼场８排１、２号池，面积均为 ８３０ ｍ２，东西走向，底泥厚 ０．２ｍ左右，水深０．５～０．６ｍ。蟹种入池前，均用漂白粉干池清塘，并加水０．４～０．５ｍ。１．２防逃设施２口试验池均…     

牙鲆腹水病药物筛选及防治措施探讨

从具有典型腹水病症状的牙鲆腹水、肝脏、肾脏分离出病原体,分离纯化后对牙鲆进行人工感染,证明分离病原菌为牙鲆腹水病致病菌。对注射感染患病鱼进行病原菌分离、培养,并进行药物敏感试验,提出有效防治措施。     

河蟹亲蟹促熟培育中纤毛虫病的诊断与防治

通过几种药物对蟹栖拟阿脑虫的敏感性试验及其对河蟹亲蟹毒性的定性分析，确定苯扎溴铵25～30×10－6、福尔马林20～25×10－6、孔雀石绿＋福尔马林（0．05＋20）×10-6为防治河蟹亲蟹纤毛虫病的最佳药物浓度。记述了河蟹亲蟹纤毛虫病的病原体、症状及病因，确立了防治该病的方法。     

聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测养殖对虾的白斑病病毒（WSSV）感染

对虾ＷＳＳＶ病是亚洲对虾养殖业中的一个棘手问题。本研究采用Ｋｉｍｕｒａ引物，用ＰＣＲ技术对不同生长期的中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）进行了ＷＳＳＶ的检测，同时也检测了对虾发病时养殖池中多见的野生厚蟹（Ｈｅｌｉｃｐ ｓｐ．）和柔尾棘虾虎鱼（Ａｃａｎｔｈｏｇｏｂｉｕｓ ｈａｓｔａ）。检测结果表明：分别在检测的５尾亲虾中的１尾，６尾仔虾中的１尾，５尾稚虾中的３尾及所检测的５尾病虾和２只厚     

Development of Digestive Enzymes in California Halibut <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys californicus</Emphasis> Larvae

California halibut Paralichthys californicus is an important commercial species with high aquaculture potential in Baja California Sur, México. To optimize the feeding process using live prey and/or inert diets, we evaluated alkaline proteases, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, lipase, α-amylase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities on starved larvae and larvae fed live prey. Highest activities were observed for alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase in feeding larvae than starved larvae on day 4 after hatching. At day 5, a sizeable increase in all enzymatic activities was detected in feeding larvae. Alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and alkaline phosphatase decreases progressively from day 5 until day 18. At day 18, a slight pepsin activity was observed. This was considered an indicator of the start of digestive system maturation. We concluded that total enzymatic equipment for this species is complete between day 18 and 30 after hatching. Based on this evidence, early weaning from live prey to inert feed would be possible at this time.     

Blood chemistry and acid-base balance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with experimentally-induced acute bacterial gill disease

Rainbow trout were experimentally infected with the causative agent of bacterial gill disease (BGD) (Flavobacterium branchiophilum) via bath challenge. All fish were cannulated with dorsal aortic catheters, had nasogastric tubes sutured in place for feeding, and were maintained individually, in plexiglass boxes with a flow-through water system. Fish were either fed, or unfed during the trial. Acute changes in blood gas, serum biochemistry and clinical parameters were monitored. By 24h post-challenge, BGD-infected trout that had been fed had significant hypoxemia, hypercapnia, increased blood ammonia, hypoosmolality, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and increased cough and respiratory rates when compared to control levels. Unfed BGD-infected trout had similar, but less severe blood gas and clinical changes, and no electrolyte disturbances. The BGD-induced hypoxemia is likely exacerbated by increased oxygen demands brought on by feeding. It is not known what association feeding has with the development of low serum ion levels in BGD-infected trout. This is the first study to report the use of fed fish, as opposed to unfed or starved trout, in obtaining blood chemistry values from indisturbed and cannulated animals.     

南海主要珊瑚礁(鱼旨)科鱼类的组成与分布

1998年3~5月和1999年5~6月,采用手钓、延绳钓和刺网3种作业方式在西沙的浪花礁、华光礁、琛航岛、永兴岛、北礁和南沙的渚碧礁、南薰礁、东门礁、美济礁、赤瓜礁、永署礁、华阳礁等12座珊瑚礁水域进行了2个航次的鱼类资源调查,捕获科鱼类6属25种,渔获量计942尾256.4kg;其中在南沙调查区捕获6属22种,共641尾205.5kg,优势种依次为尾纹九棘鲈、蜂巢石斑鱼、六角石斑鱼、黑边石斑鱼;在西沙调查区捕获6属14种,共301尾50.9kg,优势种依次为尾纹九棘鲈、六角石斑鱼、黑边石斑鱼、蜂巢石斑鱼,同时分析了主要种类尾纹九棘鲈、六角石斑鱼和蜂巢石斑鱼的生物学特征。     

海水养殖源弧菌耐药性调查与分析

对2010年收集自上海、江苏、海南等地海水养殖区域内的184株弧菌进行了耐药率测定和分析,绘制了其对常见药物的耐药谱。结果显示,所有弧菌对喹诺酮类、氯霉素类、磺胺类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类及利福霉素类等常见药物均有不同程度的耐药,对抗生素耐药率分别为新生霉素64.7%、复方新诺明57.6%、恩诺沙星54.3%、利福平54.3%、卡那霉素45.7%,对诺氟沙星、氯霉素类和红霉素的耐药率则维持在较低水平,分别为8.2%、10.3%和9.2%;菌株交叉耐药和多重耐药现象严重,对1种以上药物产生耐药的菌株占总数的100%;对2种以上药物产生耐药的菌株占总数的93.5%;对3种以上药物耐药的菌株占80.4%;对4种以上药物耐药的菌株占49.5%;对5种以上药物耐药的菌株占26.6%;对6种以上药物耐药的菌株亦有3.8%。由此可见,水产细菌的耐药性十分严重,已成为当前渔业细菌性疾病防控的突出问题。     

Pathological changes induced by three myxosporeans in the intestine of cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel)

Pathological changes in cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes , with emaciation disease in Kyushu, Japan were studied histologically. In most cases, diseased fish were heavily infected with at least one of three myxosporeans ( Myxidium fugu , Myxidium sp. and Leptotheca fugu ) and two unidentified hyperparasitic microsporeans, attached to, or in, the intestinal epithelium. Myxidium fugu attached to the surface of the epithelium, caused no noticeable effects on the host tissue, irrespective of its infection with the hyperparasite. Myxidium sp., which proliferated in the epithelium, induced severe pathological changes including accumulation of cell debris between the epithelium and lamina propria and resultant detachment of the epithelium. Leptotheca fugu, another histozoic myxosporean, induced degeneration of the epithelium, associated with massive infiltration of macrophages into the epithelium to encapsulate parasites. When L. fugu was infected with its hyperparasitic microsporean, shortened villi were also observed. This is probably because passage of macrophage-parasite aggregates through the basement membrane of the epithelium severely damaged the epithelial structure. It is evident histologically that, unlike epicellular M. fugu , histozoic Myxidium sp. and L. fugu with or without hyperparasitic microsporeans, were highly pathogenic to host fish. This strongly suggests that they are causative agents of the emaciation disease.     

绍兴市凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘的理化环境和浮游植物

2016年和2017年分别调查了位于浙江省绍兴市滨海新区的12口凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘内的理化环境和浮游植物。结果显示:池塘内盐度变化范围为0~2,溶氧为6.2~13.9 mg/L,pH为7.5~9.8,总氨氮(TAN)为0.00~0.72 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)为0.00~1.70 mg/L,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)为0.18~4.77 mg/L,总氮为1.74~6.08 mg/L,总磷为0.20~2.72 mg/L,总有机碳为1.88~42.57 mg/L,C/N为10~39。池塘内浮游植物种类隶属6门、24科、42属,其中蓝藻和绿藻为优势种。浮游植物生物量为(0.15~2.30)×107cell/L,叶绿素a(Chl.a)为2.62~37.24μg/L。Chl.a与蓝藻生物量显著正相关。NO_2~--N和NO3--N均与pH显著负相关。初步分析认为高pH可能是导致2016年池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾死亡率较高的重要原因,因此采取措施控制蓝藻生物量和水体的p H应有助于提高对虾养殖的存活率。     

草鱼不同混养模式下围隔底泥反硝化、硝化和氨化速率

应用乙炔抑制法测定了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)不同混养模式围隔底泥的硝化、反硝化和氨化速率,以探究草鱼不同混养模式对池塘底泥－水界面N元素动态变化的影响,并为草鱼养殖模式的优化提供必要的参考依据.混养组合分别为一元组（草鱼）、二元组（草鱼+鲢、草鱼+凡纳滨对虾）、三元组（草鱼+鲢+凡纳滨对虾,设2种放养比例）.结果显示:1）草鱼不同混养模式中底泥的反硝化速率范围为0～734.15 μmol/(m2·d),硝化速范围为0～1 209.20 mmol/(m2·d),化速率范围为0～41.25 mmol/(m2·d).2)草鱼不同混养模式底泥的反硝化速率较高,与很多河口和湖泊数值接近；在养殖中期,底泥的硝化速率很小甚至检测不到；底泥的氨化速率呈逐月递增趋势,以三元混养组最高.3）混养组中凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的放养密度越大,草鱼的放养密度越小,反硝化作用出现得越早,但反硝化速率很难保持开始的水平；反之,反硝化作用出现得较晚,并会随着养殖周期的推移迅速升高；放养种类越单一,底泥的硝化速率越低,且鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)放养密度越高,硝化速率越高.从养殖模式优化的角度来看,草鱼三元混养组要优于单养和二元混养组,但三元混养组中两种放养密度各有优劣,有待进一步优化以确定最佳放养比例.     

Pesticide—induced reproductive dysfunction in Indian fishes

Numerous studies are available reporting the effects of pesticides on reproductive activity in Indian fishes. The majority of these reports deals with histopathological changes in gonads and endocrine glands involved in the regulation of reproduction following treatment with different pesticides. Pesticides are reported to cause degenerative changes in gonads and arrest gametogenic processes either by acting directly on the gonads or by interfering with the secretory activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal/thyroid axis that regulates various reproductive events. Secretion of hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), testosterone, estrogens, 17,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone and thyroid hormones are in general lowered, leading to cessation of gametogenesis, vitellogenesis, oocyte maturation, ovulation, spermiation, etc. Adverse effects of pesticides have also been demonstrated on fecundity, fertilization, hatching, and postembryonic development. The effects are highly variable and depend on the nature, dose, and mode of application of the pesticides.     

适温条件下盐度对海刺猬活力、摄食和存活的影响

海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)是海胆中经济价值较高的一种,因其性腺品质较高,具有很大的市场潜力。然而,其生长发育却极易受到环境因素的影响,这也就制约了海刺猬人工养殖的开展。在适温(18.5~23.6℃)条件下,对41‰、38‰、35‰、32‰、29‰、26‰、23‰、20‰、17‰九个盐度下,海刺猬的活力、摄食和存活状况进行了初步的观察和分析。实验结果表明,盐度会对海刺猬的活力、摄食和存活产生影响。在盐度为29‰、32‰、35‰组中海刺猬的状态良好,活力较强;盐度过高或过低,都会抑制海刺猬的摄食。而在出现死亡的各组中,高盐度组(38‰、41‰)出现死亡现象的时间早于低盐组(17‰),同时其存活率低于低盐组。因此,相对于高盐度来说,海刺猬具有一定的低盐耐受力。研究表明,在适温(18.5~23.6℃)条件下,海刺猬的最适盐度为29‰~32‰。