金鱼致病菌的分离鉴定与药敏特性

采用常规方法对患病金鱼(Carassius auratus)内脏组织(肝脏、肾脏、性腺)中致病菌进行了分离鉴定与药敏特性研究。结果显示:实验共分离了8株优势菌,经人工回归感染实验证实其中3株细菌(菌株LK-T、PL-R和PK-T)具有致病性。ATB细菌鉴定仪鉴定结果显示,菌株LK-T和菌株PL-R为温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas so-bria),菌株PK-T为豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas punctata subsp.caviae)。这3株致病菌的主要特征为:革兰氏染色阴性,杆状,对奈替米星、头孢呋肟、头孢拉啶、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、新霉素、先锋必等药物均高度敏感。其中庆大霉素、环丙沙星、新霉素等常规渔药可作为防治用药的依据。     

牛蛙背部肿胀病的病原菌分离与鉴定及药敏实验

在广东广州番禺某牛蛙养殖场发现较为特殊的疾病且传染率和死亡率较高，为查明其致病原，从患病牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)中抽取其背部的积液和对其他病变部位如肝、脾等进行细菌的分离纯化后得到两株优势菌，然后将两株优势菌进行16S rRNA基因测序、进化树构建、革兰氏染色细菌和生理生化实验进行鉴定和分析，结果显示一株菌株GPY923为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila),另一株菌株GPY924为海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae),进行人工感染后表明其具有较强的致病性。药敏试验结果显示嗜水气单胞菌对丁胺卡那、红霉素、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛、青霉素和氟苯尼考敏感，对多种药物耐药；海豚链球菌对林可霉素和头孢呋辛耐药，对头孢他啶中度敏感，其余药物均敏感。     

革胡子鲶出血性败血症病原菌的分离鉴定

从暴发性死亡的革胡子鲶(Clarias gariepinus)中分离出可疑病原菌株2010111403(简称1403),分别采用细菌全细胞脂肪酸鉴定系统、Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统及细菌16 S rDNA序列分析三种方法对其鉴定,结果表明菌株1403为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。分离菌株对健康革胡子鲶致病性测试表明其对革胡子鲶的半数致死剂量(LD50)为6.32×106菌落形成单位(CFU);实验感染革胡子鲶出现与自然发病相似症状,表明菌株1403是引起革胡子鲶发生暴发性死亡的主要致病病原。药敏试验表明,庆大霉素、四环素、阿奇霉素、氟哌酸、先锋霉素等9种抗生素对分离菌株有较强的抑制作用,但分离菌株对复方新诺明、克林霉素、罗红霉素等4种药物表现出耐药性。     

草鱼和银鲫肠道产消化酶细菌的研究

检测了分别从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)肠道中分离的180株细菌的蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的产酶能力。结果显示,两种鱼肠道内可分泌胞外消化酶的细菌包括Aero-monas(气单胞菌属,Aer.)、Vibrio(弧菌属,Vib.)、Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属,Bac.)、Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属,Pse.)四个种属的细菌,Aer.在其中占主要优势,45.71%的Aer.可分泌胞外消化酶。草鱼可分泌上述四种胞外消化酶的菌株共有33株,占肠道菌总数的36.67%;银鲫43株,占47.78%。产酶菌的分布上,草鱼中肠内产消化酶细菌数量显著多于前肠和后肠(P<0.05),前、中、后肠分别是6株、20株和7株;银鲫中肠和后肠数量差异不显著,前肠分布最少。草鱼分泌蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的菌株分别有21株(23.33%)、10株(11.11%)、30株(33.33%)和16株(17.78%)。银鲫肠道内未检测到可分泌纤维素酶的细菌,蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶菌株的数量分别是21株、37株和17株。可见鱼类肠道细菌对食饵消化有重要作用。     

天峡红鮰出血病的病原及其防治研究

从患出血病的天峡红蛔进行了病原菌的分离得出2株细菌,经过人工感染实验确立H-I菌株为致病菌株,并对该菌形态培养特性,生理生化鉴定,确定该菌为豚鼠产气单胞菌.药敏试验该菌对呋哺妥因,氯霉素、丁胺卡那最为敏感,经过生产防治试验取得了较好的效果.     

黑斑蛙歪头病病原米尔伊丽莎白菌的分离、鉴定及特性分析

为查明湖北石首大垸农场养殖的黑斑蛙（Rana nigromaculata）歪头病病原与致病原理，本研究应用微生物分离技术，从病蛙脑、肝、脾和肾脏组织中分离、纯化病菌，采用形态特征、生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列分析进行细菌种类鉴定，通过组织病理学方法分析患病蛙病理损伤，及人工回归感染确定其致病性，并利用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验。结果显示：分离菌（BSH3）与米尔伊丽莎白菌（Elizabethkingia miricola）聚为一支，结合该菌的形态学特征和生理生化特征，综合鉴定为米尔伊丽莎白菌。组织病理切片结果表明分离菌（BSH3）会导致蛙脑组织基质水肿，基质中出现空泡和炎性细胞浸润的现象；肝、脾和肾脏组织出现变性、坏死和炎症细胞浸润。人工回归感染试验显示，菌株可使黑斑蛙出现与自然发病蛙相似症状，半数致死浓度为6.3×10⁴ CFU/mL。药敏试验结果表明菌株已呈现多重耐药性，仅对少数检测抗生素（米诺环素、氟苯尼考、利福平和万古霉素）敏感，根据药敏试验结果及农业部水产用药规定，推荐使用氟苯尼考治疗该疾病。     

两株光合细菌的分离鉴定及其水质净化效果研究

为了筛选能够高效净化水质的光合细菌菌株,采用半固体试管法和双层平板法,从市售光合菌菌液中分离得到2株光合细菌,分别命名为GHJ-1、GHJ-2,对菌株进行了形态学观察、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定,比较了这2株光合细菌对青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)养殖污水的净化效果。结果表明:经鉴定这两株光合细菌为Rhodovulum sp菌株。菌株GHJ-1、GHJ-2对污水进行15 d的净化处理后,硝酸盐去除率分别为91.4%和96.3%;亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为68.9%和82.7%;氨氮去除率分别为56.8%和67.5%;COD Mn的去除率分别为61.7%和42.4%。     

养殖牙鲆致病性弧菌的鉴定及药敏分析

2020年丹东东港市某养殖厂养殖1龄牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)突发病害,表现为腹水病症状。取患病的5尾养殖牙鲆的鳃、肝、脾、肠道、腹水为材料进行细菌分离及纯培养,选择优势菌株通过全自动细菌分析仪及16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行鉴定,结果表明分离纯培养的14株菌(DS200401-DS200414)共鉴定出2种,其中1种为该病的致病菌:弧菌属灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)。随后进行人工感染试验和药敏试验。用12种抗菌药物对3种菌进行药敏试验,结果显示在不同菌株间无明显的敏感与耐药性差异。     

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis Linnaeus)大量死亡原因的初步研究

从发病紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）的内脏团内分离出一株菌SS1，通过人工感染试验，证实其为致病菌。经形态、生理生化等几项指标鉴定，该菌株性状与溶藻弧菌基本相符。药物敏感试验结果表明羧苄青霉、万古霉素、克林霉索、氨苄青霉索、阿莫西林等9种药物对该菌株均有明显的抑制作用。     

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis Linnaeu)大量死亡原因的初步研究

从发病紫贻贝（Mytilus deulis）的内脏团内分离出一株菌SS1，通过人工感染试验，证实其为致病菌。经形态、生理生化等几项指标鉴定，该菌株性状与溶藻弧菌基本相符。药物敏感试验结果表明羧苄青霉、万古霉素、克林霉素、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林等9种药物对该菌株均有明显的抑制作用。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.