元江越鳠的食性研究

研究了越鳠的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学。样本251尾，2008年6月~2009年5月采自云南元江。结果表明：越鳠的食物由水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类等15类组成，水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类的出现率分别为73.8%和64.2%，所占比重分别为40.0%和46.9%，小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫为越鳠的主要食物。随着体长增加，食物类别减少，摄食强度降低；水生昆虫幼虫的出现率降低，成虫出现率增加；体长160 mm以上个体胃中出现陆生昆虫且其出现率持续上升。食物组成的季节变化明显，摄食强度的季节变化不明显。越鳠是一种偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类，主要摄食底层小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫。     

基于捕食者CPUE权重的浙江南部近海龙头鱼摄食习性分析

根据 2019 年 3 月至 11 月在浙江南部近海进行的 4 个航次底拖网调查所获得的 750 尾龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)样本, 采用胃含物分析法, 结合该海域各调查站位龙头鱼的 CPUE, 对其进行了食性分析, 研究了龙头鱼的食物组成、摄食强度及其随季节和体长变化的情况。结果表明, 浙江南部近海龙头鱼摄食的饵料生物有 40 余种, 以鱼类(IRI%=82.29%)和虾类(IRI%=15.77%)为主。优势饵料种类为七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)、细条天竺鲷 (Apogon lineantus)、龙头鱼和中国毛虾(Acetes chinensis)等。龙头鱼各季节摄食的饵料类群存在一定差异, 但均以鱼类为主。春、秋季摄食的鱼类相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)超过了 85%, 在夏、冬季, 还摄食了一定比例的虾类。 龙头鱼摄食强度在春季和秋季较高, 冬季最低。不同体长组龙头鱼食物组成差异明显, 随着体长增加, 饵料中鱼类比例逐渐升高, 虾类比例降低。浙江南部近海龙头鱼存在同类相残现象且主要发生在较大体长组内。     

大亚湾黑棘鲷的摄食习性

为了解黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)在大亚湾生态系统食物网结构中的地位和作用, 2018 年 3 月至 2019 年 1 月逐月在大亚湾采集黑棘鲷样本, 分析黑棘鲷的食性组成、摄食强度、生态位宽度以及食性随季节和体长变化的趋势。结果表明, 大亚湾黑棘鲷饵料生物组成主要包括藤壶、鱼类、贝类、蟹类、虾类、星虫类、头足类、 水生植物等 8 个类群, 相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)表明藤壶是最重要的饵料类群(IRI%为 42.41%), 其次依次是鱼类、贝类、蟹类、虾类、星虫类、头足类和水生植物。大亚湾黑棘鲷全年均有摄食, 摄食强度随季节变化显著, 其中胃饱满指数以春、冬季较高, 夏、秋季较低; 而空胃率则以夏季显著高于其他季节。不同季节食性差异明显, 春季主要以藤壶为食, 夏季主要以鱼类为食, 秋季主要以贝类为食, 冬季则主要以藤壶和鱼类为食, 影响食性组成随着季节变化的主要因子为水温、食物资源的可获得性等; 黑棘鲷体长越长, 越倾向于摄食大个体饵料, 摄食强度也越大, 营养生态位宽度先宽后窄。本研究结果将为今后黑棘鲷的保护和人工养殖提供理论依据。     

秋季额木尔河江鳕的摄食生态

2022年10月，用网目1～3 cm的定置刺网和网目4.0 mm的地笼在额木尔河流域捕获148尾江鳕（Lota lota），体长107.0～372.0 mm，体质量8.91～372.36 g。取其胃含物进行食性鉴定，采用传统胃含物分析法，通过质量百分比、数量百分比、出现频率和相对重要性指数等指标，分析江鳕的食物组成和摄食强度，及其随体长和空间变化特征，为江鳕的资源保护提供参考。结果表明，额木尔河江鳕主要以鱼类、水生昆虫和甲壳类等食物类群为食。江鳕的食物组成随着体长的增加食性明显转换，鱼类的质量百分比逐渐增加，水生昆虫质量百分比逐渐减少。不同体长的江鳕平均饱满指数和空胃率均未随体长而显著变化（P>0.05）。额木尔河流域江鳕的食物组成在空间分布上未出现明显的食性转换，不同空间的平均饱满指数（P>0.05）和空胃率（P>0.05）差异不显著。     

东方对虾（Penaeus orientalis）在长江口外海区的索饵特性研究

东方对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｕｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ）是分布在我国黄渤海及东海北部的重要经济虾类。长江口海区（１６９渔场）受淡水迳流的影响，浮游生物及底栖动物的生物量较高，构成了对虾良好的索饵、肥育、越冬场所。本研究通过周年样品采集（共２１６尾），逐尾进行个体测量和胃含物观察分析，查明了东方对虾在该海区的食物组成和摄食强度季节变化。其食物组成有８大类：硅藻类、原生动物、海绵动物、环节动物、软体动物、甲壳动物、棘皮动物及鱼类。摄食强度以春夏季和秋季为高，但冬季也摄食。在不同的水域（沿岸、近海）和环境（大潮、小潮）下有不同的食物组成，表明东方对虾的食性相当广泛。     

太湖主要鱼类食物组成

根据2004年9-12月和2005年4月的调查,研究了太湖8种鱼的食物组成.结果表明:优势种鲚主要摄食枝角类、占食物个数比例89.77%±13.69%;太湖新银鱼主要摄食桡足类、占个数比例70.11%±10.57%;鲢、鳙主要摄食微囊藻、占食物体积比例90%以上;鲤食物中水生植物约占体积比例70%;鲫主要摄食微囊藻、占体积比例93.99%±3.34%;翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌主要摄食鲚和小型鱼类.分析认为,随着太湖富营养化程度不断加重,以蓝藻为主的浮游植物食性鱼产力在快速增加,但实际渔获量以浮游动物食性鱼类为主.如2003年浮游植物食性鱼产力为10234t、占总鱼产力37.0%.而2004年实际渔获量中浮游动物食性鱼类占80%-90%,浮游植物食性鱼类渔获量仅3637.7t、占10.9%.因此,太湖现有鱼类群落组成和实际饵料构成是不吻合的.不仅如此,浮游动物食性鱼类数量的快速增加对浮游动物形成了巨大牧食压力,这更利于藻类繁殖.太湖鲫几乎完全以微囊藻为食物,可能对蓝藻暴发有抑制作用,应重新评价其对环境的影响.     

贵阳红枫湖鲢、鳙的食性研究

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)是滤食性鱼类,具有净化水体的作用。从2007年开始,贵阳市每年向红枫湖投放500万鲢、鳙进行水体富营养化的治理。为了分析红枫湖鲢、鳙对饵料资源的利用情况,在2010年10-11月研究了鲢、鳙的摄食强度,在2011年5-6月研究了鲢、鳙的摄食强度、食物组成及比例等方面。结果表明:鲢、鳙的总摄食率分别为98.00%、96.93%;冬季鲢、鳙的饱满指数范围分别为44.13～99.79%、46.12～127.00%,春季鲢、鳙的饱满指数范围为53.27～245.14%、49.94～234.32%,鲢、鳙春季的饱满指数显著高于冬季。在食物组成上,鲢的肠道有36种藻类,鳙的肠道有31种藻类。从个数比例来看,鲢、鳙食物中浮游植物占个数组成比例的99%以上,浮游动物很少;但从重量比例来看,浮游动物在鲢、鳙体内分别占(50.993±2.214)%、(90.799±2.321)%。选择性指数E表明鲢对蓝藻门的浮游植物有较大的选择性。     

荻芦溪日本鳗鲡的食性研究

本试验于1987年每月或隔月从福建莆田获芦溪采集日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)共256尾进行该种的食性研究。结果显示鳗鲡为典型的肉食性鱼类。其主要食物为蟹类、虾类和鱼类,次要食物为摇蚊科、蜉蝣目和蜻蜓目等的幼虫。鳗鲡的摄食强度随体长增长而增强,在6—7月份最强,年平均空肠率为24.8%。鳗鲡的食物组成随季节不同和个体大小而有所差异。     

滇池银白鱼食性初步分析

为研究滇池银白鱼(Anabarilius alburnops)的食性,于2016—2019年奇数月份在滇池用机拖网试捕采集银白鱼,对其摄食形态、食物组成和季节摄食强度等进行分析和研究。结果显示:银白鱼食谱较广,食物种类包括浮游植物、浮游动物、鱼类、虾类和水生昆虫等,其中丝藻属、龟甲轮属、溞属等出现率较高。结合摄食器官形态特征分析,认为银白鱼是偏动物性杂食性鱼类。摄食强度方面,春季摄食率最低,仅为50%,夏、秋、冬三季摄食率均达80%以上;饱满指数与摄食率呈现相似的季节变化规律。     

海州湾秋季小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食策略及食物选择性

基于2011年及2013—2015年秋季在海州湾海域进行底拖网调查数据,通过分析733尾小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys spinosus)的胃含物样品,对其食物组成、摄食强度、摄食策略以及食物选择性等摄食生态特征进行初步研究。结果表明,小眼绿鳍鱼摄食饵料生物共有80余种,其中优势饵料种类为细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)、疣背宽额虾(Latreutes planirostris)、双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata)、细条天竺鲷(Apogon lineatus)等。聚类分析结果显示,小眼绿鳍鱼的食物组成无明显体长变化。不同体长组小眼绿鳍鱼的空胃率差异不显著(P0.05),平均胃饱满指数差异显著(P0.05)。广义加性模型(GAM)分析表明,底层盐度、底层水温和纬度对小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食强度有显著影响(P0.05),而体长、经度和水深的影响则不显著(P0.05)。摄食策略分析表明,小眼绿鳍鱼是以虾类和鱼类为主要饵料类群的广食性鱼类。通过计算食物选择性指数发现,小眼绿鳍鱼喜食饵料与实际摄食的主要饵料种类存在一定差异,表明其摄食既具有较强的主动选择性,同时又受到海州湾饵料丰度和可获得性等因素的影响。     

内陆水库放养西伯利亚鲟的食物组成及与底栖动物资源的关系

为了解西部内陆水库放牧式养殖西伯利亚鲟的生产潜力,以甘肃省酒泉市的红砂墩水库为例,调查了水库中底栖动物的资源以及西伯利亚鲟的食物组成和季度摄食量。结果显示:水库中底栖动物12种,其中,腹足类3种,寡毛类3种,水生昆虫3种,甲壳类2种。2龄西伯利亚鲟的食物组成包括调查所得的全部底栖生物,以甲壳类、腹足类、寡毛类和昆虫幼虫为主要食物,随着鲟鱼的生长,秋冬季后开始逐渐摄食小型底栖鱼类。研究表明2龄西伯利亚鲟食谱范围较广,适合在此类水库中养殖。另对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行估算,该水库底栖动物每年提供给鲟鱼生长的鱼产潜力为18.55 t。     

Laboratory investigation of daily food intake and gut evacuation in larvae of African catfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis> under different feeding conditions

Temporary accumulation of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AAS) was measured to estimate food intake and gut evacuation in larvae of African catfish. Fish larvae were fed decapsulated cysts of Artemia containing AAS. In a first experiment it was found that no biosynthesis of AAS occurs in the larvae of this species. In a second experiment, the gut contents of the fish larvae fed were calculated as they changed during development. In a third experiment, the gut evacuation rate of fish larvae was determined during continuous and discontinuous feeding regimes in the first five days after the start of exogenous feeding. Food consumption by catfish larvae increased from 46.5% of their body dry weight (BDW) on day 1 after the start of exogenous feeding to 53.8% BDW on day 3. Thereafter, food consumption decreased to 27.8% BDW on day 5. A similar pattern was observed for gut evacuation, which increased during the first days of exogenous feeding and decreased as fish growth continued. The rate of gut evacuation in a continuous feeding regime was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that under discontinuous feeding. On day 1 post-hatch and 7 h after first food ingestion the fish larvae evacuated 87% of the food in continuous feeding compared with 43% under discontinuous feeding. It was found that gut emptying differs during larval development. Under continuous feeding, on days 1 and 3 post-hatch and 11 h after the first meal 90% of the food was evacuated compared with 71% evacuated on day 5. The advantages and limitations of the AAS method for estimation of food consumption by fish larvae are discussed.     

Feeding ecology of fishes associated with Egeria spp. patches in a tropical reservoir, Brazil

Abstract –  This research characterised feeding ecology of fishes associated with patches of Egeria najas and Egeria densa , two submerged macrophytes, in Rosana Reservoir, Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Fishes were sampled using a 1 m² throw trap in patches of different macrophyte biomass and in three diel periods during a wet season. Fish diet (10 species) was primarily composed of autochthonous items (zooplankton, algae and aquatic insect larvae). Almost all intra-specific diet patterns had moderate to low levels of diet similarity, indicating a high variability in diet. Some species showed no diel patterns in feeding activity, whereas others were primarily diurnal or nocturnal. No differences in feeding activity were observed among habitats of medium and high macrophyte biomasses, and species tended to feed on the same items among these habitats. The most abundant fish species demonstrated low inter-specific diet overlap and appear not to compete for food resources. We suggest that Egeria patches are feeding grounds and shelter for small-sized fish species.     

Effects of Timing of Common Carp Larvae Stocking on Zooplankton Succession in Earthen Nursery Ponds: A Microcosm Simulation

Large‐scale commercial nurseries face problems in obtaining enough zooplankton of adequate species composition and size when fish larvae start to feed. To address these problems a simulation of the effects of timing of fish larvae stocking after pond filling on zooplankton composition was carried out. The experimental system consisted of twelve 130‐L containers, in which zooplankton populations were exclusively autochthonous (hatched from resting eggs in the sediments, not entering with the filling water). Treatments consisted of stocking 2‐d‐old common carp larvae on the fourth and sixth days after water filling and a control without fish. The effects of timing of stocking on fish larvae growth and on zooplankton composition were explored using factor analysis. This enabled the identification of several groups of zooplankters that respond in different ways to predation by fish larvae. FACTOR1 was a general measurement of small rotifer abundance. It showed earlier increase in response to the exposure to fish predation, and toward the end of the experiment indicated that fish also preyed on them. FACTOR2 identified the direct effects of size‐selective fish predation on zooplankton that differed according to timing of fish larvae stocking. FACTOR3 identified benthic rotifers, whose density in the plankton increased as a result of fish disturbance of the bottom sediment and decreased as a result of fish predation, also according to timing of fish larvae stocking. In the studied system no rotifers were present in the filling water and the zooplankton peak of autochthonous populations took a while to develop. Under this zooplankton succession pattern, stocking fish larvae before the rotifer concentration started to increase (Day 4) greatly affected their own food resources. The strong predation pressure exerted on the emergent resource retarded the zooplankton increase for 4 d. It also changed the composition toward smaller species and forced fish to feed on less preferred resources, which resulted in reduced fish growth rate. Stocking fish larvae after the rotifer concentration had started to increase (Day 6) allowed the fish to come across increasing amounts of zooplankton of large‐size species, not requiring the exploitation of small benthic rotifers. This resulted in better fish growth rates. Thus, increased larvae production in commercial nurseries can be achieved by matching fish stocking with the increasing phase of the zooplankton peak.     

Mouth size and predicted food size preferences of larvae of three cyprinid fish species

Mouth size was examined in larvae and juveniles of three cyprinid fish species: grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Rich.) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.). A linear relationship was found between mouth size and the total length of fish, from the initial exogenous feeding stage up to 20–30 mm. Based on the mouth size, the size of the prey which could be consumed was calculated assuming 45° of mouth opening for optimum prey width and 90° for maximum prey width. Food particle size considered to be suitable for commencement of feeding amounted to 50–90 μm for silver carp larvae, 90–150 μm for grass carp larvae and 150–270 μm for bighead carp larvae. These criteria can be applied to moving rotifiers and nauplii as well as to the motionless particles of compound, dry diets.     

Analysis of food preference and competition based on stomach contents of fish species inhabiting fresh and brackish waters in South Korea

We analysed the stomach contents of fish species inhabiting fresh and brackish waters of South Korea to improve our understanding of feeding preferences and competition among them. The stomach contents of 54 fish species contained 237 genera, 187 families, 84 orders, 37 classes and 25 phyla. Faunal food items included 164 genera, 129 families, 47 orders, 23 classes and 16 phyla. Floral food items were relatively limited, comprising 73 genera, 58 families, 37 orders, 14 classes and nine phyla. The most consumed faunal food item was Chironomidae (Diptera), whereas the most consumed floral food item was Fragilariaceae (Fragilariales). The 54 fish species were classified into six groups using hierarchical and nonmetric multidimensional analysis based on their food preferences: Group 1 (G1) fishes were zooplanktivores; group 2 (G2) fishes mainly consumed Malacostraca, Maxillopoda and other fishes (e.g. Osmeriformes); groups 3 (G3) and 4 (G4) consumed Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria and Bacillariophyta; and groups 5 (G5) and 6 (G6) consumed macroinvertebrates. Network analysis was used to link fishes with their food items. The highest hub score for food items was for macroinvertebrates, including Diptera (13.9), Ephemeroptera (11.1) and Trichoptera (8.2). Niche breadth analysis represented the diversity of food items among the feeding groups (G1–G6). Food item diversity was high for planktivores (G1 and G3) and omnivores (G4). Conversely, the dietary diversity of carnivores (G2) and insectivores (G5) was limited. Competitive relationships between fishes, as represented by the niche overlap in G5 (insectivores), were higher than those between other groups.     

Food selection of burbot (Lota lota L.) larvae reared in illuminated net cages in mesotrophic Lake Maróz (north-eastern Poland)

Feeding and food selection of burbot (Lota lota L.) larvae reared in illuminated cages were studied. The experiment was carried out in mesotrophic Lake Maróz, in north-eastern Poland, for 6 weeks in two successive years. The initial stocking density was 1,250 larvae (20 DPH) per cage. Food selection according to the zooplankton groups (Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda) and length classes was expressed by the Strauss linear selectivity index (L). Zooplankton species composition in the lake was similar in the two seasons of the study and organisms shorter than 0.5 mm prevailed in the plankton. The mean number of prey found in burbot alimentary tracts increased from about 40 up to over 200 during the course of the study. A very large inter-individual variation in the amount of food organisms consumed by fish was noted. Analysis of the values of the Strauss food selectivity index shows that at the beginning of the first year of the experiment, burbot larvae preferred copepods, most numerous in the environment at that time; later, fish tended to select cladocerans. In the second year of the study, fish more often ate copepods, irrespective of their quantities in the environment. During the whole study, reared burbot larvae did not eat rotifers, even when they were numerous in cages. Similarly to the rotifers, the smallest planktonic organisms, measuring up to 0.5 mm in length, were typically neglected by fish, while the 0.6–1.0 mm group was most frequently selected. There were also considerable individual differences between particular burbot specimens in their food preferences.     

Growth,survival and fatty acid composition of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) larvae fed on artificial diet alone or in combination with Artemia nauplii

Black catfish (Rhamdia quelen) is a species of interest for aquaculture in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding R. quelen larvae on either only an artificial diet or in combination with Artemia nauplii (AN) on larval performance and fatty acid composition. For 12 days, larvae were fed from first feeding (3 days after hatching, TL = 5.88 ± 0.23 mm) with artificial food only or a combination of artificial food and AN (co‐feeding). At the end of the trial, total length of co‐fed larvae was significantly higher than that of larvae fed solely artificial food (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in survival rates. Co‐feeding microdiet with a small amount of AN significantly affected larval fatty acid composition. Lipid and fatty acid composition of food and larvae revealed the importance of n‐3 fatty acids for growth of black catfish larvae and that, as most freshwater fish, R. quelen larvae can elongate and desaturate linolenic acid to n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Results suggest that R. quelen larvae can be fed from first feeding on microdiets as unique food source, although better larval performances are obtained by co‐feeding with a small amount of AN.