坛紫菜品系间杂交藻体选育及经济性状的初步研究

坛紫菜品系间杂交藻体选育及经济性状的初步研究=A preliminary study on cultivation of the crossbred Porphyra haitanensis thallus and their economic characteristics［刊，中］/陈昌生（集美大学水产学院，厦门361021）,徐燕,纪德华,谢潮添,王玉中,王凤霞,柳佩娟//水产学报，—2007，31(1).-97～104 为了获得杂交的坛紫菜优良品系，本实验对野生型坛紫菜(♀)和经过人工诱变选育获得的红色型(♂)的坛紫菜进行杂交获得丝状体；丝状体促熟培养后获得杂交子一代叶状体，从子一代中挑选出5种具有一定生长优势和其它经济性状的藻体（品系A、B、C、D、E）；对其分别进行体细胞克隆和丝状体培育，获得大量子一代和子二代。对子一代和子二代进行生长性状测定和选育，并进行抗逆性和藻胆蛋白及叶绿素的测定。初步筛选出生长性状好、品质优的子二代4个品系B2、C2、D2、E2，而且4个品系的藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白和叶绿素含量也明显高于对照组，其中D2 的RRPE含量高达61.71‰，最低的品系E2为44.64‰，比对照组高一倍以上；在31 ℃下培养，品系C2第5天叶片中部才开始出现个别针尖般烂点，藻体基部正常，表现出一定的耐高温特性。品系B2具显著的生长优势和抗高温特性，品系D2、E2具有一定抗低氮、磷的特性，其中E2在低氮磷培养1～3 d，瞬时增重率为25.2％，平均日增长量为1.20 cm·d-1，在4～6 d瞬时增重率和日增长量分别接近30.0％和2.0 cm·d-1；通过坛紫菜不同品系的杂交、单细胞克隆和丝状体细胞育苗技术相结合可以有效的对坛紫菜杂交藻体的优良性状进行筛选，逐步达到选择育种的目的。图7表8参12 关键词：坛紫菜； 杂交育种； 酶解； 丝状体； 抗逆性； 优势 E-mail: cschen@jmu.edu.cn     

坛紫菜与Pyropia radi种间杂交重组优良品系的选育与特性分析

为获得具明显杂交重组优势的紫菜优良品系,实验以印度产紫菜Pyropia radi野生型品系(Pr-WT01,特点:藻体厚、生长慢、韧性好、壳孢子放散量多)为父本,坛紫菜诱变品系(Ph-HMC5,特点:藻体薄、生长快、韧性差、壳孢子放散量少)为母本进行种间杂交,从杂合丝状体产生的F1叶状体中选出4个综合性状优良的杂交重组品系,HR-6品系为其中的最优良品系。父本品系叶状体的绝对生长率最大值为0.39 cm/d,母本品系为5.24 cm/d,而HR-6品系高达9.27 cm/d,在日龄30~50 d期间,它的平均绝对生长率比母本品系的最大生长率还大。日龄60 d的叶状体平均体长父本品系为13.18 cm,母本品系为85.67 cm,而HR-6品系已达218.57 cm,分别是父、母本品系的16.58倍和2.55倍。日龄35 d的HR-6品系叶状体的叶绿素a含量高达9.43 mg/g,比父、母本品系分别增加了50%和20%;另外,它的总藻胆蛋白含量高达99.62 mg/g,分别是父、母本品系的2.18倍和1.74倍。日龄35 d的HR-6品系的叶状体平均厚度为26.22μm,比父本品系降低了37%,比母本品系增加了30%,叶状体的韧性明显增加。HR-6品系的壳孢子放散总量达167.72万个/贝,分别为父、母本品系的1.13和2.65倍。上述研究结果表明,HR-6品系具有生长快、品质好、壳孢子放散量大等优良性状,表现出良好的生产适用性。     

坛紫菜杂交重组品系的选育与特性分析

坛紫菜选育品系(HR-6)具有叶状体快速生长期的前期生长较快,色素蛋白含量高,但成熟较早,生长期短,丝状体的壳孢子放散量较少等特性;坛紫菜另一个选育品系(HR-5)具有叶状体快速生长期的前期生长较慢,色素蛋白含量高,但成熟晚,生长期较长,丝状体的壳孢子放散量多等特性。为改善HR-6品系叶状体成熟较早,壳孢子放散量较少的弱点,本文以HR-6品系为父本,HR-5品系为母本进行种内杂交,从杂合丝状体产生的F1叶状体中选育出了综合性状更加优良的品系(WD-7)。在叶状体的快速生长前期(日龄30~45d),父本品系的绝对生长率为6.68cm/d,母本品系为3.63cm/d, WD-7品系为6.67cm/d;在叶状体的快速生长中后期(日龄46~60d),父本品系的绝对生长率降至5.15cm/d,母本品系则升至7.27cm/d,而WD-7品系高达11.54cm/d。父本品系的叶状体成熟最早,培养35d左右,大部分个体已成熟;WD-7品系遗传了母本品系成熟较晚的优点,日龄55d之后,大部分个体才出现成熟。日龄35d的叶状体平均厚度,WD-7品系为29.87μm,分别比父、母本品系增加了10%和16%,藻体的韧性明显增强。WD-7品系的壳孢子放散总量为183.42万个/壳,分别是父、母本品系的1.17倍和0.57倍。上述结果证实,WD-7品系不仅遗传了父本品系叶状体快速生长期的前期生长较快的特性,同时又遗传了母本品系叶状体成熟晚、生长期长、中后期生长快的优点,壳孢子放散量也比父本品系有所增加,此品系有望被培育成适宜大规模栽培的新品种。     

坛紫菜诱变育种的初步研究

近十几年来,坛紫菜品种退化、产量降低、质量下降,本实验通过诱变处理,筛选和培育优质高产的坛紫菜新品系.坛紫菜野生丝状体经一定剂量60Co-γ射线辐照后,子代叶状体发生了变异,经大量培养后筛选出紫色突变体(3号Ⅰ)和经济性状优良的个体(7号Ⅰ和7号Ⅱ),通过体细胞酶解和单克隆技术快速获得诱变选育纯系,并对其主要经济性状进行了研究.其主要特征:[1]7号Ⅰ:叶片宽[(2.99±0.61)cm]、生长快(30cm以上的藻体长度平均日增长量可达6.51cm,比对照组快55.3%)、耐高温(29℃正常生长,比对照组高2℃以上)、总藻胆蛋白含量高(104.86mg·g-1干品,比对照组高39.0%);[2]7号Ⅱ:藻体窄、生长快(30cm以上的藻体长度平均日增长量可达4.26cm,比对照组快58.7%)、叶片薄(藻体中部厚度仅为22.5～27.5μm,比对照组薄29.6%)、总藻胆蛋白含量高达104.24 mg·g-1干品,比对照组高39.4%);[3]3号Ⅰ:藻体紫色,叶片薄,藻体中部厚25.0～32.5μm;[4]7号Ⅰ和7号Ⅱ在生产上应用,产量分别达309.6kg·666.6m-2和291.5kg·666.6m-2,比对照组高37%和29%.     

坛紫菜优良品系的选育与特性分析

利用体细胞克隆技术,从象山湾采集回来的坛紫菜叶状体的体细胞再生群体中筛选出细长型生长快的叶状体,再次进行体细胞克隆,从它的体细胞再生体中再次选育出生长最快的叶状体,依此法连续筛选3次,最后获得一个快速生长的优良品系(XS-1),其F1代的叶状体在生长速度、成熟期、3种主要光合色素含量等方面明显优于野生型品系(wt)。在相同条件下培养80d,XS-1品系的F1代叶状体平均体长达128.8cm,是wt品系的10.45倍;XS-1品系的F1叶状体群体的成熟高峰出现时间比wt品系推迟20d;在波长350～750nm之间,两个品系的叶状体活体吸收光谱中均出现5个吸收峰,但XS-1品系的各峰峰值均远高于wt品系;XS-1品系的叶状体总藻胆蛋白含量高达80.4mg/g,比wt品系提高了188%,而它的Chl.a含量比wt品系提高了32%;XS-1品系的叶状体平均厚度为32.2μm,比wt品系减少15%。研究结果表明,XS-1品系是一个生长快、颜色和品质好、遗传稳定的优良品系,有望在生产中得到应用。     

高温静水胁迫培养对坛紫菜品质的影响

以坛紫菜耐高温型品系Z-61 F4代叶状体为实验材料,野生型坛紫菜（WT）叶状体为对照,研究了常温（21℃）静水和高温（30℃）静水培养不同天数（0、2、4、6、8、10 d）后,坛紫菜藻体中光合色素含量、粗蛋白含量、总氨基酸含量和4种主要呈味游离氨基酸含量等品质指标的变化情况。结果表明,常温静水培养对坛紫菜耐高温型品系的品质没有显著影响,甚至短时间的常温静水培养还有利于提高野生型品系藻体的品质;但高温静水培养会显著降低耐高温型品系和野生型品系的品质,只是耐高温型品系的品质下降速度要慢于野生型。此外,本研究还发现,耐高温型坛紫菜品系还可以通过调节藻体细胞内别藻蓝蛋白（APC）和游离氨基酸的含量来增强自身对高温胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究结果为全面认识坛紫菜的抗逆性机理提供了基础资料,同时也为后续坛紫菜抗逆新品种的选育提供了理论指导。     

坛紫菜薄叶新品系选育及经济性状的比较

对坛紫菜人工杂交和选育的Z-26、Z-61和Z-81品系的F2、F3代的经济性状进行比较,旨在选育优良的薄叶新品系。实验结果表明,（1）Z-61新品系藻体薄,厚度约为26～32μm,培养期间经两次剪收,厚度增长不明显,日平均增厚0.32～0.35μm/d;Z-81藻体厚度为36～40μm,比Z-61厚38～50%,剪收后厚度增长明显,日平均增厚0.60～0.70μm/d,经两次剪收后藻体厚度可达52μm;Z-26新品系厚度为30～42μm,剪收后厚度日增长介于Z-61和Z-81新品系之间,为0.37～0.55μm/d;（2）Z-61的F3代在低氮、磷培育液培养8d,藻体虽然发黄但未死亡,移至含有氮、磷的正常培养液中培养2～3d,色泽和生长均可恢复正常;Z-81F3代和Z-26F3代在低氮、磷下生长较Z-61F3代慢,恢复时间需要3～5d;（3）Z-61F2代第1次剪收时的藻胆蛋白含量较Z-26、Z-81品系高30.2%～34.4%,叶绿素a含量比Z-81高13.8%～44.7%。以上研究结果可为选育薄叶型坛紫菜,提高坛紫菜的质量和经济效益奠定基础。     

坛紫菜品系间杂交分离色素突变体及其特性的初步研究

以野生选育的坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)为母本,诱变选育全棕红的品系为父本进行杂交实验,从杂交子代大量叶片中,筛选出1株褐黄色素突变体、1株翠绿色与野生色相嵌的嵌合体和1株褐绿色与野生色相嵌的嵌合体。通过酶法分离突变体的营养细胞,单性生殖获得丝状体;分别使丝状体成熟并放散壳孢子,然后单株培养和筛选获得褐黄、翠绿和褐绿色子代叶状体。实验进行50 d。结果:(1)褐黄色突变体藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白含量低;孢子囊枝的细胞较小,且大量形成时间比亲本晚15 d;幼苗培养初期日平均生长量仅为(1.22±0.28)cm,当叶片长到60 cm左右时生长优势逐步凸显,日平均生长量可达(7.50±1.18)cm;(2)翠绿色丝状体容易成熟,发育方式特殊,营养藻丝不经过藻丝加粗阶段,直接由球形细胞发育成孢子囊枝和壳孢子囊;翠绿色叶状体藻红蛋白含量低,仅有(5.513 0±1.049 6)mg/g(干品);叶状体生长快速,60 cm长的藻体日平均生长量高达(11.95±2.33)cm;(3)褐绿色突变体藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白这3种色素蛋白和叶绿素的含量均较低;藻丝细胞短且细,叶状体生长速度较慢。     

Pyropia churharii新品系的分离与特性分析

为发掘新的紫菜种质资源,通过对印度产紫菜Pyropia churharii的野生型品系(PCWT)进行人工诱变处理,分离出具有生长和品质优势的新品系PC-Y1和PC-Y2。PC-WT品系的叶状体具有过度释放单孢子和生长缓慢的特性。PC-Y1品系的叶状体基本不放单孢子,藻体呈细长型,生长很快。PC-Y2品系的叶状体放散少量的单孢子,藻体较宽大,生长较快。日龄55 d时,PC-Y1品系的叶状体平均体长为91.30 cm,PC-Y2品系为15.26 cm,而PC-WT品系仅为5.31cm,两个新品系的生长优势非常显著。日龄45 d的叶状体叶绿素a含量,PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系明显比PC-WT品系高;PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白的总含量分别为119.32和102.29 mg/g,分别是PC-WT品系的2.74倍和2.35倍。日龄45 d的叶状体厚度,PC-WT品系为32.48μm,PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系分别为20.86和27.98μm,两个新品系明显比野生型品系薄。贝壳丝状体的壳孢子放散量,PC-Y1、PC-Y2和PC-WT品系分别为101.16、143.44和175.17万个/壳。此外,与野生型坛紫菜相比,PC-Y1品系对高温(29℃)具有更好的耐受性。PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系不仅具有与条斑紫菜相似的特性,如藻体薄、品质好、放散单孢子,而且PC-Y1品系比野生型坛紫菜更耐高温,壳孢子放散量也更大、生长快、成熟晚,具有被大规模栽培的潜力。     

主推品种紫菜

[品系来源]自然野生或养殖性状良好的紫菜.上海水产大学利用自然的野生坛紫菜叶状体,通过人工诱变、体细胞克隆和单陛生殖等技术,获得坛紫菜的变异细胞,将变异细胞单个分离并培养成完整叶状体,选育出性状稳定的优良坛紫菜新品系,如"申福1号"、"申福2号"等.     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。