糙海参胚胎和幼体发育的形态观察

为提高糙海参育苗技术,研究描述了糙海参从受精卵发育到稚参的形态变化,在显微镜下测定了受精卵、胚胎和幼体的大小,确定了糙海参胚胎发育的过程。结果表明,通过利用阴干、流水刺激法对成熟亲参进行人工催产,得到大量的受精卵,其受精率为90%以上。糙海参胚胎和幼体发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、旋转囊胚期、原肠期、初耳状幼体、中耳状幼体、大耳状幼体、樽形幼体和稚参等阶段;在平均水温29℃,平均盐度34条件下,糙海参受精卵经3 h发育形成囊胚,4 h进入旋转囊胚期,5 h进入原肠期,19 h完成胚胎发育变态为耳状幼体;并经过7 d的生长与发育进入樽形幼体;第15天变态为稚参。观察发现,多精入卵现象则会导致胚胎发育不正常,最终使胚胎发育停止并死亡。在糙海参幼体发育过程中,大耳状幼体期幼虫臂的大小及其球状体的形成均可作为判断其幼体发育健康状况的重要指标:幼虫臂越大,球状体出现率越高,其幼虫的变态率和成活率也越高。对比发现,位于糙海参尾部的突出结构——尾突,为仿刺参和新西兰刺参所没有,这一结构差异同时导致了其骨片位置也不同;并且,糙海参胚胎和幼体与其他种类的海参在发育时间上存在一定差异。     

黄河三角洲地区刺参胚胎及幼体发育形态观察

为提高刺参育苗技术,通过人工催产,对黄河三角洲地区养殖刺参的胚胎和幼体发育过程进行了研究,观察了刺参从受精卵发育到稚参的形态变化,在显微镜下测定了受精卵、胚胎和幼体的大小。试验结果:利用阴干流水刺激法对成熟亲参进行人工催产,其受精率达95%以上;在水温22℃、盐度30、pH 7.8的条件下,受精卵经7～9 h发育成囊胚,12 h进入旋转囊胚期,22 h进入原肠期,42～48 h完成胚胎发育,变态为耳状幼体,经10 d的生长发育进入樽形幼体期,经16 d变态为稚参。结果表明,刺参幼体的健康状况与其水体腔和胃部的生长发育状况密切相关,水体腔和胃部发育良好,有利于幼体的变态,提高存活率。     

花刺参胚胎和幼体发育的形态观察

为提高花刺参育苗技术,对花刺参自受精卵发育到稚参的形态变化进行了观察研究,详细描述了胚胎发育各个时期的形态特征。通过阴干、流水刺激法对成熟亲参进行人工催产,得到大量的受精卵。在水温27~30℃及盐度33.0~35.0室内水泥池进行花刺参幼体培育。花刺参受精卵经5h发育成囊胚,7h进入旋转囊胚期,9h进入原肠期,31h完成胚胎发育变态为耳状幼体,并经10d的生长发育进入樽形幼体,第20d变态为稚参。由结果可知,花刺参的幼体的健康状况与其水体腔和胃部生长发育状况密切相关,水体腔和胃部发育良好,花刺参的健康状况则佳,有利于幼体的变态与存活。     

几种单胞藻饵料对刺参耳状幼体烂胃的影响

刺参(Stichopus japonicus)属于楯手目(Aspido- chirota)、刺参科(Stichopodidae)、刺参属(stichopus)。刺参有明显的变态生活史,由受精卵卵裂经囊胚期→原肠期→小耳状幼虫→中耳状幼虫→大耳状幼虫→樽形幼虫→五触手幼虫→稚参→幼参→成参(廖玉麟, 2001)。其中小耳状幼体、中耳状幼体、大耳状幼体统称为耳状幼体。耳状幼体是刺参整个生命周期中短暂而唯一的一个浮游生活阶段,幼体浮游一般需10天左右,之后变态为樽形幼体改为底栖生活,浮游时期幼体     

蚂蚁岛海域刺参浮游幼体发育过程研究

该试验研究了蚂蚁岛海域周围水质环境因子和刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)浮游幼体的发育过程、丰度以及分布情况,结果表明:刺参浮游幼体的生长发育周期大约为15 d,大致变态过程可分为:受精卵—囊胚期—原肠期—小耳状幼体—中耳状幼体—大耳状幼体—樽形幼体—五触手幼体—稚参;刺参浮游幼体总丰度的最大值为每立方米8 756.50个;刺参浮游幼体的平均丰度为每立方米139.86～327.35个;东、西蚂蚁岛南部海域刺参浮游幼体明显高于北部。     

黄河三角洲刺参苗种繁育技术

为摸清黄河三角洲地区刺参繁育特性,提高刺参育苗技术,在显微镜下观察、测量了胚胎和幼体的大小及胚胎发育过程。结果表明,在水温22±0.5℃,盐度(30±0.5)‰、pH 7.8条件下,利用阴干、流水刺激法可成功进行人工催产。受精卵经42h完成胚胎发育变态为初耳状幼体,7d左右发育为大耳状幼体,体长为760.0~970.0μm;10d左右生长发育为樽形幼体,16d变态为稚参。     

刺参主要卵黄蛋白MYP1、MYP2在不同幼体发育阶段、成体组织及温度胁迫条件下的相对定量表达

为探讨温度胁迫对刺参基因表达的影响,从已构建的刺参耐寒基因筛选cDNA文库中选取差异基因主要卵黄蛋白(major yolk protein,MYP):MYP1和MYP2,利用实时荧光定量PCR研究了其在刺参胚胎发生和个体发育9个阶段(受精卵、囊胚期、原肠期、小耳状幼体、中耳幼体、大耳幼体、樽形幼体、五触手幼体和稚参)、成体7种组织(呼吸树、体腔液、肠、纵肌、体壁、雄性性腺和雌性性腺)、长时温度胁迫(20℃、4℃,30 d)和低温短时胁迫(7℃、4℃、1℃、-2℃,12 h)成体肠组织中的表达量。结果发现,MYP1和MYP2表达模式基本相同:(1)在胚胎发育阶段樽形幼体时期开始表达,随后的阶段持续表达,到稚参阶段表达量最高;(2)在7种组织中,肠中的表达量最高,在体腔液中基本不表达,其余组织中均有表达;(3)在长时(30 d)温度胁迫下,肠组织中MYP表达量由高到低依次为4℃、12℃、20℃,且在4℃的表达量为20℃的6倍左右;(4)在低温短时胁迫(1℃、-2℃,12 h)条件下,肠组织中MYP表达量受到显著抑制,约为常温条件下的一半。研究表明,MYP在刺参胚胎发育的樽形幼体阶段开始合成,成体合成部位主要为肠,水温过低会抑制其表达。     

不同发育期的幼体和不同规格刺参消化道中四种消化酶的活性

测定了刺参耳状幼体、樽形幼体、五触手幼体、稚参、3种规格幼参和成参[体质量分别为(82.349±1.532)g、(147.639±2.031)g和(179.866±1.609)g]消化道中蛋白酶、淀粉酶、褐藻酸酶和纤维素酶的活性。试验结果表明,耳状幼体至樽形幼体蛋白酶活力下降,之后,快速上升。稚参蛋白酶活性显著高于幼体。相反,从耳状幼体至稚参,淀粉酶的活力逐渐升高,至稚参达最大值。幼体期褐藻酸酶逐渐上升,至五触手幼体达峰值,然后下降,稚参降至最小值。幼体纤维素酶活性一直很低,变化不大,但稚参的纤维素酶活性增强。幼参和成参的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力随着个体发育而逐渐上升,而褐藻酸酶的活性却随着个体的生长而缓慢下降,稚参达最小值。成体的纤维素酶活性低而稳。4种消化酶中,蛋白酶活力最高,纤维素酶最低。     

仿刺参铁蛋白ferritin基因的序列分析及表达

通过构建仿刺参cDNA文库,获得铁蛋白全长cDNA序列。该基因序列全长792 bp,5′非翻译区长133 bp,开放阅读框长522 bp,编码173个氨基酸,3′UTR长137 bp;预测蛋白分子量为20 ku。5′UTR具有一个高度保守的铁离子应答元件。仿刺参ferritin氨基酸序列具备脊椎动物ferritin的亚铁氧化酶活性中心所特有的保守结构。该序列与海参的同源性最高,达84%,与其它无脊椎动物如:海星、鲍、牡蛎、海葵、线虫、小龙虾和果蝇的同源性为74%~34%;与脊椎动物ferritin重链亚基同源性高于轻链亚基。系统进化分析表明,仿刺参的ferritin与大部分无脊椎动物聚为一支。利用半定量RT-PCR检测,ferritin mRNA在仿刺参未受精卵、受精卵、多细胞期、囊胚期、原肠期、小耳状幼体、中耳状幼体、大耳状幼体、樽型幼体、五触手幼体、稚参11个发育阶段和幼参的体壁、体腔细胞、肠道和呼吸树中均表达。Quantitative real-time PCR结果显示, ferritin mRNA在未受精卵至原肠期表达量低,从小耳状幼体至稚参表达量显著增高;在幼参的不同组织中,ferritin mRNA在呼吸树中的表达量显著低于其他3种组织;幼参注射LPS后,4种组织中ferritin mRNA表达量与注射前无显著差异。     

刺参樽形幼虫期高死亡率原因浅析

刺参樽形幼虫是刺参发育过程中继耳状幼虫以后的一个变态期。刺参在进入樽形幼虫期后,原来的纤毛运动逐渐减弱。个体的活动能力也因此而逐渐减弱。个体由原来的浮游生活逐渐过渡到底栖生活,这一时期由于幼体     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.