饲料中不同维生素A含量对花鲈生长和血清生化指标的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,糊精为糖源并添加氨基酸混合物配制精制基础饲料,通过向基础饲料中添加维生素A醋酸酯使饲料中的维生素A含量达到0、1 000、2 000、4 000、8 000和16 000 IU/kg(实测含量为245、1 005、1 835、3 781、7 583和15 273 IU/kg),配制出6种等氮等能的实验饲料(饲料1～6).以花鲈为实验对象,在室内流水系统中进行为期9周的生长实验,探讨精制饲料中不同维生素A含量对花鲈生长和血清学生化指标的影响.结果表明:摄食不添加维生素A组(饲料1)饲料的花鲈在养殖后期表现出较高的死亡率,并出现眼球浮肿、膨胀、鳍基充血以及鳃盖扭曲等维生素A缺乏症,而在其他维生素A添加组(饲料2～6)并未出现类似症状.体成分分析表明:饲料中不同维生素A含量会显著增加花鲈体脂肪含量,但对蛋白质和水分的含量没有显著影响.对花鲈血清指标分析表明:饲料添加维生素A含量会显著增加花鲈血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(TC)含量,但显著降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力.采用折线模型,当以增重率为评价指标时,花鲈对饲料中维生素A的需求量为1 934.8 IU/kg;当以肝脏维生素A含量为评价指标时,花鲈对饲料中维生素A的需求量为3 546.6 IU/kg.     

饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黑鲷幼鱼生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)生长性能、脂质过氧化及肝组织结构的影响.分别以新鲜鱼油(过氧化物值 POV,1.27 meq O2·kg-1油)与氧化酸败鱼油(POV,45 meq O2·kg-1油)为脂肪源配制等蛋等能的两种配合饲料,投喂平均体重18.9 g的黑鲷幼鱼9周.结果显示,氧化鱼油显著降低了黑鲷幼鱼的增重率(WG)、饲料效率(FE)及蛋白质效率(PER)(P＜0.05).饲料中添加氧化鱼油导致鱼体蛋白质含量极显著降低(P＜0.01)、肝脏与肌肉中脂肪含量显著升高(P＜0.05),而对鱼体、肝脏及肌肉中的水分及灰分含量无显著影响(P＞0.05).氧化鱼油组肝脏中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照组,而维生素E含量则显著低于对照组(P＜0.05). 饲料中添加氧化鱼油显著影响黑鲷肝脏内主要抗氧化酶活性,氧化鱼油组肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);组织学结果显示氧化鱼油组肝脏出现明显病变,细胞核多集中在肝细胞边缘,肝细胞变大. 统计分析表明,氧化酸败油脂显著降低了黑鲷的生长性能,加重了组织中脂质过氧化的程度,并导致肝脏组织发生病变.     

复合微生态制剂对花鲈非特异性免疫力及抗病力的影响

将复合微生态制剂以0(control)、500mg/kg(PR-500)和3000mg/kg(PR-3000)的添加量加入到花鲈(Lateolabraxjaponicus)基础饲料中,在饲喂42d和84d后分别取样,以血清溶菌酶活力、替代补体活力(ACH50)、头肾巨噬细胞杀菌力及呼吸爆发活力为判据,确定微生态制剂对花鲈非特异性免疫力的影响;用鳗弧菌Vibrio anguillarum对饲喂84d后的花鲈进行攻毒实验,测定累积死亡率,以确定微生态制剂对花鲈抗病力的影响。结果表明,饲喂84d时,实验组的特定生长率(SGR)较对照组有增高的趋势,但与对照组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲喂42d时,实验组花鲈的血清溶菌酶活力与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);84d时,实验组的溶菌酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。饲喂42d与84d时实验组花鲈的替代补体活力(ACH50)与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);饲喂84d时,实验组花鲈巨噬细胞的呼吸爆发活力与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);PR-3000组花鲈的巨噬细胞杀菌力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组花鲈的头肾巨噬细胞数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。攻毒实验结果显示,对照组花鲈最早出现死亡;攻毒后第27~32h期间,对照组花鲈的累积死亡率显著高于实验组(P<0.05)。     

饲料中添加螺旋藻对花鲈生长性能、消化酶活性、血液学指标及抗氧化能力的影响

采用螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)添加量分别为0 (对照组)、1%(T1)、2%(T2)、3%(T3)、4%(T4)和5%(T5)的6组实验饲料,养殖均质量为(25.49±0.20) g的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus) 8周,研究其对花鲈生长、消化酶、血液学指标及抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,添加螺旋藻可显著提高花鲈特定生长率和增重率,并显著降低饲料系数(P0.05);螺旋藻可以提高花鲈肠道蛋白酶活性(P0.05),但对淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均无显著影响;T3、T4和T5组的白细胞数和血红蛋白浓度、T4和T5组的红细胞数均显著高于对照组(P0.05);T4和T5组的总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05);T4和T5组的溶菌酶活性、免疫球蛋白M和补体4浓度显著高于其他组(P0.05),T3、T4和T5组的总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),T3、T4和T5组的丙二醛浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上,花鲈饲料中螺旋藻的适宜添加量为4%～5%。     

饲料中添加酪酸菌对宝石鲈生长性能的影响

为了研究在饲料中添加不同浓度的酪酸菌(Clostridium butyricum)对集装箱循环水养殖的宝石鲈(Scorturm barcoo)生长性能、肠道消化酶活性及肝脏抗氧化性的影响,分别向基础饲料里添加浓度为0.1%,0.5%和1%酪酸菌饲喂宝石鲈。结果显示:添加浓度0.5%酪酸菌试验组终末体质量显著高于对照组(P0.05),肠道胰蛋白酶,淀粉酶活性最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),且该试验组宝石鲈总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(CAT)等抗氧化指标显著高于对照组(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。标明酪酸菌最适宜添加浓度为0.5%。     

植物甾醇对加州鲈生长性能、形体指标、肌肉成分及肝脏生化指标的影响

该试验旨在研究植物甾醇对加州鲈生长性能、形体指数、肌肉成分及肝脏生化指标的影响。选取初始体质量为约36.4 g的加州鲈540尾,随机分为6组,分别投喂植物甾醇添加量为0、10、20、30、40、50 mg/kg的饲料,每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,养殖60 d。结果表明:(1)各试验组加州鲈增重率、蛋白质效均高于对照组,饲料系数均低于对照组,其中30、40和50 mg/kg组增重率、蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(2)植物甾醇对加州鲈肌肉的水分﹑粗蛋白和粗脂肪没有显著性影响(P0.05),但显著提高了加州鲈肌肉的粗灰分和肥满度(P0.05),显著降低了其脏体比、肝体比(P0.05)。(3)饲料中添加植物甾醇显著降低了肝脏丙二醛含量(P0.05),显著提高了肝脏超氧化物歧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性(P0.05),但对过氧化氢酶的活性无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲料中添加适量的植物甾醇能促进加州鲈生长,并降低饲料系数;增加其肥满度,提高加州鲈的抗氧化能力。根据该试验的结果,加州鲈饲料中植物甾醇添加量应在30 mg/kg以上。     

β-葡聚糖对花鲈免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

通过室内循环水养殖试验和氨氮急性应激试验,研究了饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对花鲈免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。选用体质量为(8.35±0.17)g的花鲈720尾,随机分成6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂基础饲料和添加200、400、600、800、1000mg/kgβ-葡聚糖的试验饲料。6周生长试验结束后,对花鲈进行非离子氨质量浓度为3.29mg/L的氨氮应激试验,持续时间为96h。结果显示,与对照组相比,400~800mg/kg组免疫球蛋白M含量显著升高(P0.05),各添加组补体3含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。400~800mg/kg组血清碱性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组血清酸性磷酸酶活性、200~600mg/kg组血清一氧化氮含量显著高于对照组和其他添加组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,400mg/kg组血清总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P0.05),400~800mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05)。各组血清过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。应激后,200~600mg/kg组碱性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组和600mg/kg组酸性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组总抗氧化能力与对照组相比显著升高;400mg/kg组和600mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著降低。试验结果表明,饲料中添加适量β-葡聚糖能提高花鲈的免疫和抗氧化水平。     

饲料维生素E水平对黑鲷鱼抗氧化能力和鱼肉货架期的影响

探讨了饲料维生素E水平对黑鲷抗氧化酶活力和肉品质的影响.300尾平均初重为(350±12)g黑鲷随机分成3组,放入9个网箱.饲料中添加3个水平的维生素E(250、500和1 000 mg/kg α-生育酚乙酸酯),饲养8周.结果发现:(1)随着饲料中维生素E添加量的增加,黑鲷血清SOD、CAT酶活力明显上升,其中VE 1 000组最高,VE 1 000和VE 500组显著高于VE 250组(P＜0.05);(2)饲料维生素E含量对血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力没有显著影响(P＞0.05);(3)鲜活黑鲷肌肉氧化代谢产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量3个组间没有显著差异(P＞0.05);(4)黑鲷冷藏第3、6、9天,高水平维生素E(VE 500和VE 1 000)组肌肉MDA含量显著低于低水平维生素E组(VE 250)(P＜0.05).     

牛磺酸对花鲈生长性能、消化酶活性、抗氧化能力及免疫指标的影响

采用牛磺酸添加量分别为0(N0)、0.4%(N1)、0.8%(N2)、1.2%(N3)和1.6%(N4)的5组试验饲料,投喂均质量(7.2±0.07)g的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)56 d,研究其对花鲈生长、消化酶活性、抗氧化能力及免疫指标的影响。结果显示,牛磺酸可提高花鲈的特定生长率、增重率和摄食率,其中N2、N3和N4组均显著大于对照组(P<0.05);牛磺酸可显著提高全鱼的粗蛋白含量并降低粗脂肪含量(P<0.05);牛磺酸可显著提高花鲈肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性(P<0.05);牛磺酸添加组的红细胞和白细胞数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),N2、N3和N4组的血红蛋白浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);牛磺酸添加组的溶菌酶活性、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和补体4(C4)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);牛磺酸可显著提高花鲈肝脏总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低丙二醛浓度(P<0.05)。线性回归分析结果表明,以增重率为目标,花鲈对牛磺酸的最适需求量为0.85%。     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等.通过配制以100％鱼油(FO)、70％鱼油和30％大豆油(FSO)、30％鱼油和70％大豆油(SFO)、100％大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响.结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P＜0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P＜0.05).血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低.相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P＜0.05).肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高.研究表明,豆油替代30％和70％鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响.     

Preliminary use of cashew kernel oil in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings diet: comparison with fish oil and palm oil

International Aquatic Research - The present study was performed to investigate the effect of fish oil (FO), palm oil (PO), and cashew kernel oil (CKO) as the dietary lipid sources on the growth...     

Cod liver oil: feed oil influences on fatty acid composition

The influence of feed oils on fatty acid compositions of cod liver oils was examined to investigate how fatty acid profiles are modified, and to provide estimates of feed oil compositions needed to give liver oils meeting production guidelines [3–11% 18:2n−6, 7–16% 20:5n−3 (EPA) and 6–18% 22:6n−3 (DHA)]. Attention was directed to examination of cod liver oil contents of n−6 and n−3 fatty acids, the essential fatty acids. Data, mostly taken from published work, were subjected to regression analysis to investigate the relationships between the percentages of fatty acids (18:2n−6, total n−6 fatty acids, 18:3n−3, 20:5n−3, 22:6n−3 and total n−3 fatty acids) in feed oils and their percentages in liver oils.     

Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.     

大连湾新港石油管道爆炸溢油对保护区影响跟踪评价

通过对三山岛海珍品资源保护区和老偏岛玉皇顶海洋生态保护区进行跟踪监测,分析和评价"7.16大连湾新港石油管道爆炸溢油事故"发生较长时间后保护区的海洋生态环境健康状况,评估溢油事故对保护区海洋生态环境的影响,为政府和相关部门提供决策支持。监测和分析结果表明:调查海域石油类、COD、无机氮等水质指标均符合保护区水质要求,沉积物数据反映出石油污染造成的累积效应并不严重,浮游生物数量和生物量均处于正常水平,说明三山岛和老偏岛海洋生态保护区海域生态状况良好,受溢油事故影响已基本消除。     

鱼油挥发性成分分析和脱除方法

采用改进的动态顶空技术捕集、浓缩鱼油挥发性成分，并通过GCMS分析鉴定其中45个成分，结果表明。其中14个为饱和、不饱和醛类，8个为饱和、不饱和酮类。这些物质被认为是形成鱼油异味的主要成分。通过GC分析评价鱼油储藏过程中的感观变化和氧化，结果表明，GC分析的总峰面积能够指示鱼油的气味强度和氧化程度，并和感官检验结果一致。凹凸棒黏土处理鱼油取得较好脱色脱臭效果，其脱色脱臭效率分别为86．2％和84．1％。     

海鞘油脂的提取及其氧化稳定性研究

分别用乙酸乙酯和超临界CO2提取海鞘中的油脂，并对它们的氧化稳定性进行研究。结果表明，超临界CO2提取的海鞘油脂纯度高，EPA和DHA含量均高于溶剂法提取的油脂，而且具有更好的氧化稳定性，40℃氧化诱导期可达13．9h(柄海鞘)和15．9h(玻璃海鞘)。在其中加入抗氧化成分，发现丹参和荔枝草的乙酸乙酯提取物对海鞘油脂具有很好的抗氧化活性，加入0．04％乙酸乙酯提取物，可使海鞘油脂的氧化稳定性提高8～10倍，而且这些抗氧化成分对溶剂法提取的油脂的抗氧化活性更高。     

石油污染对海洋生物的影响

海洋环境中的石油污染源包括自然和人为2种类型,人为污染是造成海洋污染的主要原因。石油由于物质组成、化学结构和分子量的差异对海洋生物造成的毒害也不尽相同。海洋中的各种生物对石油污染的耐受力也显示出明显差异,研究表明,底栖生物的耐受力最强,一些植物也能在较短的时间内恢复到污染前的水平,鱼类和浮游动物对这种毒害较为敏感,但部分污染区渔场出现反常现象令人迷惑。     

Replacing palm oil for soybean oil in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), feed

Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric semi-purified feeds containing various levels of palm oil (0,1, 2 and 3%) as a replacement for soybean oil were fed to three replicate groups of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings, mean initial weight 5.5 g, in 45-l aquaria for 5 weeks under controlled laboratory conditions. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and the chemical composition of the fish bodies did not vary significantly (P > 0.05). These results indicate that palm oil could replace soybean oil in feeds for O. niloticus fingerlings without any negative effect on the fish growth or body composition under these conditions.     

Economic feasibility of high Omega-3 soybean oil in mariculture diets: A sustainable replacement for fish oil

ABSTRACT

The growth of global aquaculture has put intense pressure on sources of fish oil and fishmeal for aquafeeds. The nutraceuticals industry has added further pressure on fish oils with high Omega-3 fatty acids. GM soybeans could provide substitutes in high Omega-3 soybean oil (STA oil), as well as soy protein concentrate (SPC). This article examines the technological and economic feasibility of substituting STA oil for one-half the fish oil in the diet of Seriola rivoliana, a species often destined for sushi markets. Previous studies have shown that the substitution results in no change in flesh quality or consumer acceptance. We find that the two feed technologies result in essentially identical growth pattern and feed consumption. Economic feasibility depends upon the price of STA oil being lower than the price of fish oil. Based on our market analysis, we estimate that STA oil will enter the market at a price about two-thirds of the fish oil price. The estimated cost savings at these prices are small, a 2.8% reduction in feed costs and 0.9% reduction in total costs. However, the potential global market for STA oil could be as much as 252 thousand metric tons annually, which would require soybean production equivalent to that from 1.63% of current U.S. soybean area.     

The potential of soya oil industry products as oil alternatives in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet

This study investigated the effects of different soya oil products on growth, nutrient digestibility, and fatty acid composition of muscle in rainbow trout. The products’ ingredients were soap stock, fat powder, crude oil, and refined soya oil as a control. Four experimental diets were formulated by addition of 12 % of each of the four ingredients to a basal diet. Replacement of refined soya oil by the soya oil products did not influence growth performance until 8 weeks (P > 0.05). This replacement, however, reduced fat digestibility in rainbow trout (83.7 vs. 73.3–79.8 %; P < 0.05). Dietary inclusions of fat powder and crude oil led to larger values of protein digestibility than those of refined soya oil and soap stock (P < 0.05). The compositions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of the muscle were similar, but linoleic acid concentration (LA, 18: 2n-6) increased in fish muscle fed refined soya oil compared to the other diets (37 vs. 30–31 %; P < 0.05). Arachidonic acid (ArA, 20: 4n-6) concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed both fat powder and soap stock than those fed the other diets. In conclusion, refined soya oil can be replaced by soya oil products in rainbow trout diet with no negative impacts on the growth. However, fish fed on diet containing refined soya oil had higher concentration of LA and lower density of ArA. It appears that rainbow trout is capable of digesting soya oil products though the digestibility rate reduced slightly with an increase in saturated fatty acid content.