莱州湾水域鱼类生物完整性评价

采用莱州湾水域鱼类生物完整性指数评价生态系统健康状况,为该水域的生态修复和渔业资源的可持续管理提供科学依据。2016-2017年在莱州湾采用底拖网开展鱼类资源调查,共捕获鱼类52种。参照1982-1983年的历史资料确定评价标准,从鱼类种类组成与丰度、繁殖共位群和营养结构等角度,筛选适用于莱州湾水域鱼类生物完整性(Fish index of biological integrity,F-IBI)评价的指标体系,得到鱼类总种类数、冷温性鱼类比例、中上层鱼类种类数比例、平均单位网次渔获量、多样性指数、产浮性卵鱼类比例、产粘着性卵鱼类比例、低耐污鱼类种数比例、广食性鱼类比例、底栖动物食性鱼类比例、浮游动物食性鱼类比例和杂食性鱼类比例等12个参数指标。根据评价指标体系计算F-IBI,结果显示:莱州湾水域的F-IBI得分为30,其完整性等级为“差”,表明莱州湾水域生态健康状况差。建议采取面源污染控制和基于生态系统保护的渔业管理恢复莱州湾水域生态系统健康。     

太湖鱼类生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

2018年冬季(12月)在太湖设置24个采样点,用网目12cm、7cm和3cm的浮、半沉和沉刺网和网目1.6cm的地笼相结合采集鱼类样本,参考历年渔业监测结果,选取4个参照点,筛选5大类27个候选参数,构建太湖鱼类生物完整性指数体系(Fish Index of Biotic Integrity,F-IBI),评价太湖水质状况。在太湖共采集鱼类1765尾,1门1纲6目8科28属37种,总重94017.7g。2018年冬季太湖鱼类的优势种类为刀鲚Coilia ectenes taihuensis,优势度为43.23%,重量优势种类为鲤Cyprinus carpio,优势度为37.57%。该体系包括鱼类总物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、肉食性鱼类个体百分比、鱼类总个体数、产粘性卵鱼类物种数百分比、借助贝类产卵鱼类物种数百分比、中等耐污鱼类个体百分比,共7个参数。等级和评分为:"优",F-IBI≥4.36;"良",4.36F-IBI≥3.27;"中",3.27F-IBI≥2.18;"一般",2.18F-IBI≥1.09;"差",F-IBI1.09。结果显示:西部湖区和湖心区为"一般";南部湖区和梅梁湾为"中";竺山湾为"中"～"优";东部湖区和贡湖湾为"良"～"优"。F-IBI结果与水生态健康指数(M-IBI)、物理生境指数(PHI)的相关性好,而与水质参数的相关性不高,这表示鱼类为湖泊顶级生物类群,活动能力强,其状况反映出水体物理、化学、生物等多种环境要素的综合结果,建议M-IBI将F-IBI纳入,以丰富水生态健康体系。     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的水源地评价

通过历史资料和现场调查(2009年9月和2010年8月),对大中型水库水源地鱼类生物完整性(F-IBI)评价指标体系进行研究。根据研究区域的鱼类区系和水库生态系统特点,经过备选参数的筛选,构建了12个参数的F-IBI指标体系,并利用该评价体系对5座水库(编号A～E)的水生态健康程度进行了评价。结果表明,B、C和E3个水库F-IBI得分为42、48和46,生物完整性评估等级均为"好";D水库F-IBI得分为32,评价为"一般";A水库F-IBI得分26,评价为"差"。评价结果与5座水库的I、II类水质达标率的分级结果大致相同,表明该F-IBI评价体系应用于浙江省水源地评价具有较好的可靠性。     

伊犁河流域鱼类生物完整性指数构建初探

为了评价伊犁河流域的健康状况,应用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)建立了伊犁河流域河流生态系统健康评价体系。2012年-2014年在伊犁河流域设置了6个采样断面,进行鱼类资源调查。从36个候选指标中筛选了8个核心指标用于构建伊犁河流域F-IBI评价体系。通过分析评价,结果显示有1个采样断面处于极好的健康状态,3个处于好的健康状态,2个处于一般状态。伊犁河流域生态系统健康整体上处于好的水平。基于FIBI体系的健康评价结果与其他方法评价结果基本一致,这表明构建的F-IBI体系对伊犁河流域的健康状况评估具有良好的适用性,可作为伊犁河流域水环境监测的一种有效手段。     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数评价红水河梯级水库的生态系统健康状况

应用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)评价红水河梯级水库的生态系统健康状况。在各水库设置样本采样点,测定鱼类主要表型特征及水质主要理化因子,筛选并构建F-IBI评价体系。使用1、3、5赋值法计算各水库的IBI分值以评价各水库的生态健康状况。研究表明,红水河七座水库中,天生桥水库生态系统的状况表现为"较差",岩滩水库为"健康"状态,其余各水库健康状况为"良好"。总体上,红水河水系生态系统健康状况为"较好"。     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的黄河口近岸渔业水域健康评价

黄河口水域为典型的河口生态系统，构建黄河口近岸渔业水域鱼类生物完整性指数（F-IBI）评价指标体系，分析鱼类生物完整性，为河口典型渔业水域的生态修复和渔业资源可持续管理提供科学参考。基于2020年在黄河口近岸水域利用底拖网进行的鱼类资源调查，分别以1982—1983年和2013—2014年的调查数据为参照点，从种类组成与丰度、繁殖共位群和营养结构等方面筛选了14个评价指标，构建了黄河口近岸水域鱼类生物完整性指数（F-IBI）评价指标体系，采用1、3、5赋值法计算鱼类生物完整性指数，用以评价黄河口近岸渔业水域的健康状况。结果显示，与20世纪80年代初相比，黄河口近岸水域鱼类生物完整性水平“差”；与2013—2014年相比，黄河口近岸水域鱼类生物完整性水平为“好”。这表明，较20世纪80年代初，近40年来黄河口近岸水域生态健康状况下降严重，处于较差的水平；但与2013—2014年相比较，2020年黄河口近岸水域生态健康状况变化不明显。过度捕捞、环境污染、黄河入海径流量锐减等因素致使黄河口水域鱼类栖息环境恶化，资源结构破坏，生物完整性降低，生态健康状况下降。     

应用鱼类生物完整性指数评价北运河河流健康

评估北运河水系生态状况，为判别北运河水系水生态恢复成效提供参考。2020 年5月、8月调查了北运河13个采样点的鱼类及生境状况，采集到鱼类20种，分属3目9科18属。采用F-IBI评价北运河健康状况。选择人类活动干扰较轻的点作为参照点，从物种种类组成与丰富度、营养结构、耐受性和敏感性、繁殖共位群以及鱼类数量等5个方面构建F-IBI候选指标体系，然后依据分布范围检验、敏感性分析和相关性检验，筛选出F-IBI 核心指标体系，包括鱼类物种数、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、鲤科物种数百分比、漂流性卵鱼类个体数百分比、沉性卵鱼类个体数百分比、黏性卵鱼类个体数百分比、外来物种数量所占比例。采用比值法计算各采样点F-IBI值，并将其划分为“优”“良”“中”“一般”和“差”5个健康评价等级，评价各采样点健康状况。评价结果表明：北运河健康状况整体为中等偏上，其中7.69%的采样点健康状况为“优”，23.08% 的采样点健康状况为“良”，53.85%的采样点健康状况为“中”，15.38%的采样点健康状况为“一般”。北运河水生态治理取得一定成效。     

筑坝河流鱼类生物完整性研究——以珠江流域红水河为例[收稿日期：2021-08-30

基于红水河流域开发特点和鱼类群聚组成特征，构建红水河鱼类生物完整性评价指标体系，评价梯级开发对红水河不同生境类型的鱼类生物完整性的影响。河流参照状态和基准值由1982—1994年鱼类历史监测数据分析得到；监测值是2013年调查的鱼类数据；现状值为2018年鱼类数据。针对红水河鱼类区系特点和高强度水电开发特征，选取总种类数占期望值比例、鲤科鱼类所占比例、鲿科鱼类所占比例、鲇科鱼类所占比例、耐受性鱼类个体所占比例、渔获物中出现的科数所占比例、杂食性鱼类个体所占比例、底栖动物食性鱼类个体所占比例、顶级肉食性鱼类所占比例和外来种个体所占比例等10个指标构建红水河IBI指标体系。结果表明：2013年25个采样江段的IBI值为38 ~ 80分，均值62分。其中，24%的江段生物完整性等级为“好”；32%的江段生物完整性等级为“一般”；44%的江段生物完整性等级为“差”。从生境类型来看，支流生物完整性明显优于水库、库尾回水区。此外，现状数据评价的结果为：2018年红水河IBI值为64分，高于2013年均值62分，生物完整性均处于“一般”等级。     

秦岭黑河流域鱼类群落结构及其历史变化

秦岭黑河是西安市主要水源地, 其水生生态环境直接影响西安市乃至周边地区的社会稳定与可持续性发展。 为分析秦岭黑河鱼类群落结构特征及其历史变化, 揭示生态环境改变对鱼类群落的影响, 本研究结合历史资料和实地调查, 于 2018 年和 2019 年的 1 月、5 月、7 月和 11 月对黑河流域进行调查。研究共采集鱼类 7020 尾, 隶属 3 目 5 科 16 属 17 种, 其中鲤形目(Cypriniformes)最多, 占种类总数的 82.35%。在生态类型方面, 产黏性卵、杂食性和底栖性鱼类在黑河鱼类中占多数, 分别为总种类数的 76.47%、64.71%和 64.71%。流域中鱼类优势种为拉氏鱥 (Phoxinus lagowskii)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)。鱼类多样性指数范围分别为物种数(S)(12~17)、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H′)(1.55~1.88)、Pielou 均匀度指数(J)(0.56~0.66)和 Margalef 丰富度指数(D)(1.54~2.15), 同时通常夏季鱼类多样性指数最高。通过聚类分析和 NMDS 分析可得, 黑河鱼类可划分为Ⅰ~Ⅲ共 3 个群落, 其中群落Ⅰ由水库生境鱼类组成, 群落Ⅱ和Ⅲ由峡谷生境鱼类组成。ABC 曲线分析显示, 不同季节中数量优势度曲线都高于生物量优势度曲线, W 统计值范围为–0.146~ –0.181, 秋季最高, 其次为冬季和春季, 夏季最低。与历史资料相比, 2010 年代和 20 世纪 80 年代的鱼类调查结果相似性指数为中等不相似(0.46)。研究结果表明, 秦岭黑河流域鱼类群落结构发生了显著变化, 推测水库建设和生境破坏是导致其变化的主要原因。     

黄河口及其邻近水域鱼类生物完整性评价

根据2013—2014年在黄河口及其邻近海域进行的鱼类资源底拖网调查数据,并结合20世纪80年代和90年代的历史资料,依照黄河口水域鱼类区域组成特征,从鱼类种类组成、繁殖共位体、鱼类耐受性和营养结构等方面提出了12个评价指标,初步构建了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性指数评价指标体系,并制定了评价标准,根据不同年代数据之间的差距分3个层次赋值打分,研究了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性及其年代际变化。结果表明,20世纪80年代初期黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性表现为"极好"水平;90年代处于"差"水平;2013年处于"极差"的水平。与20世纪80年代初期相比,黄河口及其邻近水域的鱼类生物完整性呈下降趋势,人为因素对生态环境干扰较大,过度捕捞等造成黄河口水域鱼类种类减少甚至消失,黄河口水域生态健康状况下降。     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Recruitment strategy of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan

The recruitment strategy of swimming crabs, Portunus trituberculatus, was investigated by field observations and numerical experiments in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan. Calculated dispersal patterns of zoeal and megalopal stages in a three-dimensional numerical model reproduce observed patterns accurately. The temporal change of vertical migration patterns between the 1st and 2nd zoeas and the 3rd and 4th zoeas plays an important role in the process of recruitment of P. trituberculatus from spawning ground to nursery ground.     

Effect of transfer time,temperature, and size on burrowing capacity of juvenile clams,Mulinia edulis,from hatchery

Studies under laboratory and field conditions have shown that juvenile Mulinia edulis clams measuring 5–15 mm are able to tolerate transfer times of over 24 hr and burrow successfully. Burrowing generally followed an asymptotic curve over time, with a rapid initial phase for smaller juveniles, which slowed over time. In laboratory conditions, at low temperatures (8°C), juvenile burrowing was initially rapid (50–70% at first 2 min). In summer temperatures (15.5°C), the burrowing capacity of three sizes of juvenile clams was tested. Size determines differences in burrowing dynamics, where juveniles of 8.9 mm shell length (SL) take longer to burrow than smaller juveniles (4.9 and 6.3 mm SL). For longer transfer times in laboratory conditions (>12 hr), burrowing was slower. The results indicate a faster burrowing rate in smaller (<10 mm) juvenile clams than in larger ones. Transfer times over 24 hr in field experiments show burrowing levels of over 50% after a 60‐min evaluation, with larger juveniles (>10 mm) requiring longer for burrowing. Based on our results, we suggest sending seeds out to grow in natural environments at SL <10 mm, temperatures below 12°C, and transfer times shorter than 12 hr. These results are valuable for improving future transfer techniques from hatchery to growout for small‐scale aquaculture of this new native species in South America.     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Hatchability, and Growth of African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus,Eggs and Larvae

Abstract

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae were studied. Eggs were incubated at 27-29°C in 2,4,6,8, and 10 ppt sodium chloride. Rate of embryonic development was delayed in all salt solutions by 15, 15,28 and 30 minutes, in 2,4,6, and 8 ppt sodium chloride, respectively, when compared with the control group (0% salt); total mortality occurred at 12 hours after gastrula stage in the 10 ppt concentration. Percentage hatching was 45.1,47.7, 59.5,49.2, and 26.6% while percentage deformity was 10.4, 16.1, 52.0, 28.6, and 71.6% in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt salt treatments, respectively. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the hatching percentage and in deformity percentage between 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of yolk absorption was significantly faster in the control and 2 ppt salt treatments, but slower in 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of increase in length was slower with increasing salinity. The optimum salinity for African catfish eggs and was between 0-2 ppt and acceptable up to 6 ppt. The results suggest that increasing salinity delayed hatching and development of African catfish eggs and larvae, respectively, as well as increased the deformity of the larvae.