金钱鱼性腺发育及其组织结构观察

采用常规石蜡切片,H.E染色研究了金钱鱼性腺发育及组织结构特征.结果显示,2+龄的金钱鱼性腺发育成熟.金钱鱼精巢为管型,可分为:精原细胞增殖期、精母细胞生长期、精母细胞成熟期、精子细胞变态期、精子成熟期等5个时期.从Ⅱ期精巢起,金钱鱼精巢的成熟系数(GSI)为0.2％～1.5％,精巢成熟系数在发育到精子细胞成熟期(Ⅴ期)达到峰值,肝重指数(HSI)在精子细胞变态期(Ⅳ期)达到峰值.金钱鱼卵巢的卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时相,相对应的卵巢发育亦分为5个时期.从Ⅱ期卵巢起,金钱鱼卵巢的成熟系数为1.2％～14.9％,在发育到Ⅴ期时达到峰值,HSI在Ⅳ期达到峰值.Ⅱ时相卵母细胞出现卵黄核和滤泡膜.Ⅲ时相卵母细胞中开始出现油滴,卵黄颗粒.Ⅳ时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒与油滴的数量迅速增多.Ⅴ时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,在卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒与油球之间在数量上没有明显的差异.根据切片观察,Ⅴ期卵巢中,除了Ⅴ时相卵母细胞外,还有一定数量的Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ时相卵母细胞,卵母细胞发育呈现非同步型.并且发现在多数产完卵后的卵巢中,除空的滤泡外亦存在一定数量的Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期卵母细胞,因此推测,金钱鱼的产卵类型为分批非同步产卵类型.     

阿根廷滑柔鱼夏季产卵种群繁殖力及其卵母细胞的生长模式

根据2012年12月~2013年3月渔汛期间我国鱿钓渔船在西南大西洋公海海域作业时采集的阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)夏季产卵种群样本,选取19 ind胴长180~266 mm、体质量90~283 g样本的卵巢和输卵管,进行繁殖力及其卵母细胞生长模式的分析研究。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼夏季产卵种群潜在繁殖力为25.38×103~134.77×103cell卵母细胞,生理性发育期和性腺成熟期个体潜在繁殖力大小基本一致。输卵管载卵量性腺成熟期时为潜在繁殖力的4.04%~24.75%,产卵繁殖期时为潜在繁殖力的3.27%~30.10%。潜在繁殖力与胴长呈幂函数关系,相对繁殖力和潜在繁殖投入指数与胴长没有显著的相关关系。卵巢卵母细胞长径0.08~1.81 mm,输卵管成熟卵子长径0.94~1.68 mm。生理性发育期和性腺成熟期,卵巢卵母细胞呈双峰值区间分布,峰值区间分别为0.45~0.65 mm和0.95~1.35 mm(或0.55~0.75 mm和1.15~1.45 mm)。产卵繁殖期,卵巢卵母细胞呈单峰值区间分布,峰值区间为0.45~0.65 mm。研究表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼夏季产卵种群卵巢卵母细胞发育为批次同步成熟模式,每次排卵后潜在繁殖力及其排卵量逐渐减少。     

大眼鳜鱼（Siniperca kneri）卵巢发育的组织学研究

本文根据247尾大眼鳜鱼周年性腺材料，对卵巢发育中各个时期卵母细胞的形态特征和卵巢发育周期以及产卵类型等进行了组织学研究。指出大眼鳜鱼卵巢中各卵母细胞发育为非同步性，在一个生殖周期中至少有两次成熟期，属于分期分批产卵类型，     

广东鲂性腺发育组织学研究

利用组织学方法,对珠江下游野生广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)性腺进行了显微观察和研究,描述了其卵巢、精巢的结构特征以及各类型生殖细胞形态。结果显示,广东鲂属于一次性产卵类型,卵巢发育类型为部分同步型。其卵巢为细线或条状,卵巢发育经历卵原细胞期、单层滤泡细胞期、卵黄泡期、卵黄充满期、成熟期和退化期。卵细胞发生经历3个阶段:卵原细胞、初级卵母细胞和次级卵母细胞;卵巢初级卵母细胞中核仁外排现象出现在第2时相末期至第3时相早期;精巢呈线状或直棒状,精巢为叶状型结构。精细胞发生经历5个阶段:精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞及精子;繁殖季节精子充满于精小叶内,精小囊消失。     

半滑舌鳎卵巢发育的组织学和形态数量特征研究

采用组织学方法系统研究了人工养殖条件下半滑舌鳎亲鱼卵巢的组织发育周年变化特征.结果表明,卵母细胞发育可分为6个时相,卵巢发育分为6期.卵巢不同发育时期都由不同类型的卵母细胞组成,半滑舌鳎为非同步分批多次产卵类型.周年发育过程中,6月龄前的鱼卵巢发育处于第Ⅰ期;9～12月龄卵巢可发育至第Ⅱ期;12月龄半滑舌鳎性腺可发育达到Ⅲ期,并一直保持至24月龄.3龄雌鱼达到性成熟,卵巢可发育至第Ⅳ期;随着水温和光周期的调控,卵巢发育进入成熟期(Ⅴ期),发生水合现象是卵母细胞成熟并准备排卵的信号;产卵结束后卵巢退化至第Ⅵ期,排出的卵母细胞退化吸收,以Ⅲ期卵巢越冬后,卵巢退化至Ⅱ期并持续至下一个繁殖周期.人工养殖条件下,卵巢内存在卵母细胞闭锁现象.性腺周年发育过程中,性腺指数(GSI)在性腺达到成熟期时达到峰值,产卵结束后性腺快速退化,GSI值各月份差异显著(P<0.05),亲鱼性腺重量在卵巢发育成熟过程中一直处于生长状态.亲鱼肝脏指数(HSI)在产卵前7～8月份(性腺达到成熟期前30 d左右)达到最大,表明7～8月份是性腺进行卵子发育、卵黄能量储备的重要时期,亲鱼在产卵前通过积极摄食储备体内能量,肝脏在卵母细胞卵黄积累方面具有重要的生理作用.肥满度(CF)值在繁殖盛期10～11月份达到最大,表现出与GSI类似的变化趋势.     

黄海鳀鱼的卵巢发育

采用组织切片方法和常规目测法对黄海鯷鱼的卵巢发育特征进行了研究，描述了卵巢各发育期的特征，对不同发育期卵巢内卵母细胞的发育时相组成、卵径分布、卵巢两叶及其前、中、后部发育的差异情况进行了分析。结果表明，鯷鱼卵母细胞发育不同步；Ⅱ期卵巢由1～3时相卵母细胞组成，2时相卵母细胞在数量上占优势（66．39／6）；Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ期卵巢均由1～4时相卵母细胞组成，其主要区别在于4时相卵母细胞所占比例不同，其中Ⅳ期卵巢中最高（34．8％），Ⅲ期次之（28．69／6），Ⅵ期最低（17．8％）；Ⅴ期卵巢由1～5时相卵母细胞组成，已发育成熟的5时相细胞所占比例最高（29．8％）；卵巢由Ⅲ期到Ⅴ期的发育过程中，主要是3、4时相卵母细胞向4、5时相的发育，1、2时相细胞所占比例基本不变。卵母细胞的粒径分布呈明显的峰、谷特征，这与以前对该问题的“浅锯齿状分布”认知有明显不同；Ⅲ和Ⅵ期卵巢内的卵径（长径）呈单峰分布，优势粒径组均为0．5～0．6mm；Ⅳ和Ⅴ期卵巢呈双峰分布，优势粒径组分别为0．2～0．3mm、0．7～0．8mm和0．5～0．6mm、1．1～1．2mm；V期卵巢两个优势卵母细胞群在粒径分布上彼此分离，粒径较大的群内均为水合卵母细胞，呈现出明显的分批产卵特征。鯷鱼卵巢左叶大、右叶小，右／左重量比值为0．71，95％置信区间为（0．67，0．75）；卵巢叶间和叶内部位间卵母细胞的发育状态无显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

拟穴青蟹丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶（MAPKK）基因的克隆与表达分析

采用qRT-PCR、RACE等方法,获得了拟穴青蟹丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(MAPKK)基因cDNA全长序列。该基因全长1 558 bp,开放阅读框长度为1 224 bp,编码407个氨基酸残基。同源分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白与昆虫的相似性高达70%,推测MAPKK基因在节肢动物具有较高的保守性。经荧光定量PCR检测,MAPKK基因在拟穴青蟹多个组织中有表达,且在脑神经节和卵巢中表达量较高。在拟穴青蟹卵巢发育过程中,MAPKK基因在卵巢发育期(Ⅲ期)表达量最高,发育期为卵母细胞快速生长期,推测MAPKK具有促进卵母细胞快速生长的作用。     

曼氏无针乌贼的卵子发生及卵巢发育

采用组织学方法对人工养殖曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)卵子发生、卵巢发育周期进行组织学、细胞学观察。根据细胞大小、胞核形态及卵母细胞与滤泡细胞的关系,将曼氏无针乌贼卵子发生划分为卵原细胞期、卵母细胞期、成熟期和退化吸收期4个阶段,并阐述了各期卵母细胞的组织学特征。曼氏无针乌贼卵子发生过程具有种的特异性,大约孵化出膜12 d的乌贼可见有卵原细胞,此后进入增殖期。卵母细胞属于典型的滤泡型,发育过程中同时存在同步性与异同步性;卵母细胞无初级卵膜,只有次级卵膜和三级卵膜,次级卵膜由滤泡细胞分泌,三级卵膜由输卵管腺、缠卵腺以及墨囊分泌物共同构成。通过对卵巢的外观形态和组织学观察,将曼氏无针乌贼卵巢发育划分为6个时期。     

外源性促性腺激素诱导日本鳗鲡卵子发生和卵巢发育成熟的机制

用兔抗促黄体素生成素受体(LHR)或称绒毛膜促性腺激素受体(CGR)、雌激素受体(ER)和孕激素受体(PR)的抗体对LHR,ER和PR进行免疫组织化学定位。目的在于揭示外源性促性腺激素(鲤鱼脑垂体提取物,CPE和人绒毛膜促性腺激素,hCG)诱发日本鳗鲡卵子发生和卵母细胞成熟的内分泌机制。结果表明,注射激素前后卵巢发育和卵子发生出现了十分显著的变化。卵巢组织学切片观察显示激素处理前鳗鲡卵巢发育处于卵黄发生早期,卵母细胞平均直径(220±0.01)μm。第一次注射这两种激素后10d,实验组卵母细胞中卵黄核分散在核的周围,核仁数量显著增加,多达18～20个左右,而对照组8～10个。第3和4次激素处理后,卵母细胞发育进入卵黄发生早-中期至中期,卵黄颗粒数量增加。第6和7次激素处理后,卵母细胞进入卵黄发生中后期到成熟期,卵母细胞胞质中充满卵黄颗粒,胞径和核径增加,分别为(570±1.39)μm和(128±1.19)μm,而对照组没有变化。其次,免疫组织化学染色结果显示LHR、ER和PR均定位在鳗鲡卵巢中卵母细胞胞质、核膜、核质、卵被膜和体细胞上。这里值得指出的是,从第3次和第4次激素处理后,这三种受体的定位各有特点,L...     

波纹龙虾卵巢的解剖学与组织学研究

试验结果表明,波纹龙虾卵巢呈H状,位于消化道的背面,随着卵巢的发育颜色依次为乳白色、淡橙色、橙色和橙红色.卵子发生分为4个时期(8个亚期):增殖期(卵原细胞期)、卵黄合成前期(束状期、染色质核仁期)、卵黄合成期(油球期、卵黄板形成前期、卵黄板形成期、成熟前期)和成熟期;卵巢发育分为6个时期:增殖期、发育期、成熟前期、成熟期、排卵期和恢复期.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).