三角帆蚌活化蛋白激酶C受体1基因(HcRACK1)的克隆及表达分析

为了探究RACK1基因在三角帆蚌免疫系统中的调控机制,采用RACE技术克隆得到三角帆蚌RACK1基因(命名为HcRACK1)的c DNA全序列,并对该序列进行分析。结果显示,HcRACK1基因全长为1249 bp,其中开放阅读框957 bp,编码318个氨基酸。蛋白质结构域分析显示HcRACK1含有RACK1家族特有的7个WD40结构域。运用荧光定量PCR技术分析HcRACK1在正常组织中及受到嗜水气单胞菌侵染和重金属镉暴露后相关组织表达量的变化。结果显示,HcRACK1在各个组织中均有表达,其中闭壳肌中表达量最高;嗜水气单胞菌侵染后,HcRACK1在血淋巴中的表达量逐渐上升,24 h时达到峰值,随后下降;暴露在100μg/L浓度的重金属镉中,HcRACK1在肝胰腺中的表达量逐渐上升,在第3天达到峰值;血淋巴在第2天达到峰值,随后下降;鳃中HcRACK1的表达量无明显变化。上述结果表明,Hc RACK1与细菌及镉引起的机体的氧化应激反应有关,并能参与到机体的免疫反应中。     

Cd胁迫对泥蚶Cd积累及相关生理代谢的影响

为了探讨镉(Cd)胁迫对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)体内重金属 Cd 含量积累、相关酶活力变化及基因表达水平的影响, 本研究将泥蚶暴露于 Cd 质量浓度为 0 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.5 mg/L 的海水中, 对其软体部 Cd 含量, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和三磷酸腺苷酶(ATP)的酶活力, 丙二醛(MDA)含量以及 ATP 结合盒转运子 A 家族(ABCA3)、 金属硫蛋白(MT)、ATP 合酶(ATP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)基因表达等指标的变化进行分析。结果显示, Cd 胁迫后泥蚶软体部 Cd 含量明显增加, 呈现明显的时间–剂量效应；Cd 胁迫后 0.05 mg/L 和 0.1 mg/L 质量浓度组中鳃和外套膜 Cd 含量显著高于其他组织(P＜0.05), 0.5 mg/L 组内脏团 Cd 含量最高。Cd 胁迫后泥蚶内脏团中 SOD 酶和 ATP 酶活力及 MDA 含量前期呈上升趋势, 后期呈现下降趋势, 且均高于对照组。Cd 胁迫后 ABCA3、SOD、MT 基因表达上调, ATP 合酶基因的表达与对照组相比没有显著变化。胁迫后泥蚶软体部 Cd 大量增加, 诱导机体产生氧化应激反应, 泥蚶通过调整自身酶活力和相关基因表达水平的变化, 减少 Cd 胁迫产生的氧自由基对自身的毒害作用。     

重金属离子Cd2+对泥蚶鳃及肝脏细胞显微和超微结构的影响

研究了镉(Cd)的各个不同暴毒浓度(5,15,45,90μg/L)对泥蚶鳃和肝脏组织显微结构的影响,及高浓度暴毒情况下对泥蚶鳃和肝脏组织超微结构的影响。实验处理时间为96 h。结果发现,随着暴毒浓度的升高,鳃丝内腔隙肿胀,内有血细胞堆积,最后鳃丝出现断裂融合,其上的呼吸上皮细胞脱落,超微结构发现鳃上皮细胞中出现黑色嗜锇性物质,且次级溶酶体和线粒体数量都增加,最后细胞内出现空泡现象;Cd对肝脏显微结构的影响不大,仅出现了黄色沉积物,超微结构表明,肝细胞内亦出现了嗜锇性物质,次级溶酶体亦大量增加,这些现象与鳃丝内出现的情况一致,且肝细胞核还出现变形皱缩,甚至产生空泡,细胞出现了不可逆的损伤。最为敏感的线粒体和内质网没有出现损伤现象,研究推测可能是由于机体内Cd诱导产生的抗氧化活性酶作用的结果。     

褶牡蛎金属硫蛋白基因的克隆及组织表达分析

金属硫蛋白是一类广泛存在于生物体中的低分子质量、富含半胱氨酸、高度诱导性的内源金属结合蛋白。采用RACE技术,首次获得了褶牡蛎金属硫蛋白基因的全长cDNA序列。该序列全长500bp,由长54bp的5′非翻译区,122bp的3′非翻译区和324bp的开放阅读框组成,共编码107个氨基酸。该蛋白序列中半胱氨酸含量丰富(28%),不含芳香族氨基酸,富含金属硫蛋白典型的Cys-X(1-3)-Cys结构,存在软体动物等无脊椎动物金属硫蛋白特征序列,是金属硫蛋白家族成员。荧光定量PCR法,测定褶牡蛎体内3种组织(内脏团、鳃、外套膜)中金属硫蛋白mRNA组织特异性表达以及重金属(Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+))慢毒胁迫效应。结果表明,金属硫蛋白mRNA在褶牡蛎内脏团中相对表达量最高;褶牡蛎内脏团金属硫蛋白mRNA表达量与重金属胁迫时间呈现出一定时间效应关系,从胁迫开始至7d表现为正调,而7~10d开始为负调,Cd~(2+)胁迫和Zn~(2+)联合Cd~(2+)胁迫下金属硫蛋白mRNA表达量显著增加,最大表达量为对照组的42.5倍(Cd),Zn~(2+)联合Cd~(2+)胁迫表现为拮抗作用。本试验结果为生产实践上在多种重金属污染下应用金属硫蛋白作为生物标志物监测水域污染状况,保护水生生态环境提供了依据。     

Pb2+对泥蚶鳃、肝脏等组织结构的影响

为了进一步了解重金属Pb对贝类的毒性毒理影响,研究了4个暴毒浓度(5、15、45和90μg/L)Pb2+对泥蚶鳃和肝脏组织显微结构的影响,及其中2个高浓度组Pb2+暴毒对泥蚶鳃和肝脏组织超微结构的影响,处理时间为96 h。结果显示,低浓度组Pb2+造成泥蚶鳃丝脱离其相连的软骨组织;高浓度组Pb2+使其鳃丝呼吸上皮细胞出现脱落,鳃腔肿胀、内有血细胞堆积,鳃丝断裂;超微结构分析发现,随着浓度的升高,鳃上皮细胞中次级溶酶体和线粒体数量均增加。Pb对泥蚶肝脏组织的显微结构影响仅见高浓度组肝小管附近有黄色物质沉积,消化管界限缺失,超微结构表明随着浓度的升高,肝细胞内沉积大量的黑色嗜锇性物质,次级溶酶体亦大量增加,细胞胞质及细胞核出现空泡,最后将导致细胞坏死,造成肝细胞永久性损伤。结合其他重金属毒性研究可发现,重金属引起的病理学变化并不具有金属特异性,主要还是氧化胁迫造成的氧化损伤。研究推测,生物体的抗氧化体系在重金属解毒中发挥了重要作用。     

泥蚶胰岛素生长因子1受体基因的cDNA全长克隆及表达分析

为了研究IGF1R基因在泥蚶生长、发育过程中的调控作用,本研究基于泥蚶转录组文库的EST,利用SMART RACE技术首次克隆获得泥蚶IGF1R基因(Tg-IGF1R)c DNA全长序列,该序列全长为5793 bp,开放阅读框为4638 bp,编码1546个氨基酸。经生物信息学分析发现,该基因5′端非编码区为810 bp,3′端非编码区为345 bp,Tg-IGF1R蛋白分子量为176.01 ku,等电点为6.04,包含4个Ⅲ型纤粘连蛋白结构域,1个半胱氨酸富集区和1个酪氨酸激酶结构域,属于亲水性跨膜蛋白质。氨基酸多重比对显示Tg-IGF1R蛋白序列与人、非洲爪蟾、斑马鱼的相似性分别为45.2%、45.6%和45.4%。利用q RT-PCR技术检测了Tg-IGF1R基因在泥蚶成体不同组织及幼体不同发育时期的表达情况,发现该基因具有广泛的组织表达性,在所检测的6个组织(血液、闭壳肌、斧足、鳃、内脏团和外套膜)中均有不同程度的表达,其中血液中的相对表达量最高,并与其余5个组织间存在显著性差异,推测Tg-IGF1R以信号分子的形式参与多种组织细胞的生命过程。Tg-IGF1R基因在泥蚶个体发育过程中的9个时期均有表达,且高表达主要集中在原肠胚期,其次是担轮幼虫期和稚贝期,说明Tg-IGF1R基因可能在早期发育阶段参与了某些器官的形成。     

施氏鲟促卵泡激素受体基因cDNA的克隆、表达及调控

为研究促卵泡激素受体基因(FSHR)在施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)性腺分化过程中的表达、分布及调控作用,采用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和RACE技术克隆得到施氏鲟促性腺激素(FSHR)基因的全长cDNA序列,并对其编码氨基酸序列的特征、基因表达及调控作用进行了分析。结果显示:施氏鲟FSHR基因的cDNA全长为2696 bp,编码661个氨基酸,属于含有信号肽、跨膜结构且分泌到细胞外的疏水性蛋白。氨基酸同源性及进化分析表明,施氏鲟与小体鲟(A.ruthenus)FSHR序列一致性最高,亲缘关系最近。PCR结果显示,FSHR mRNA的表达具有广泛性,各组织中均有表达,但在性腺、垂体中的表达量较高,显著高于其他组织中的表达量。LHRH-A注射实验显示:不同浓度组中,施氏鲟性腺组织中FSHR mRNA的表达量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;与对照组相比,1μg/kg组在诱导3 d时性腺组织中FSHR mRNA的表达量达到最高,极显著高于3μg/kg和5μg/kg组。与性腺组织中FSHR mRNA表达模式不同,垂体中FSHR mRNA的表达呈升高后降低趋势,3μg/kg组在注射后第3天达最大值。综上结果表明,LHRH-A可通过调控FSHR的表达参与施氏鲟的早期性腺发育。     

魁蚶HIF-1α基因结构特征及对低氧胁迫的响应

低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-induciblefactor,HIF)是低氧信号传导途径中的关键因子,在动物低氧应答反应中发挥重要作用。为探讨魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii) HIF-1α基因结构特征及在低氧胁迫下的应答规律,本研究以魁蚶转录组数据库中的部分序列为基础,通过cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplication of cDNA ends, RACE)技术克隆获得了魁蚶HIF-1α基因cDNA全长序列(命名为SbHIF-1α),并检测了其mRNA的组织分布和低氧胁迫下的表达规律。序列和结构分析显示, SbHIF-1α基因cDNA全长为2741 bp,其中包括2136 bp的ORF,编码711个氨基酸,含有HIF保守的HLH、PAS-A、PAS-B和PAC结构域,预测蛋白分子量为80.8kDa,理论等电点为5.57;SbHIF-1α与所选其他物种HIF-1α的序列相似度为56%～95%;系统进化分析显示SbHIF-1α与软体动物的遗传距离最近。qRT-PCR结果显示,在魁蚶的血淋巴、鳃、外套膜、斧足、闭壳肌和肝胰腺6个组织内均能检测到SbHIF-1α基因,在血淋巴中表达量最高,鳃次之,与其他4个组织都存在显著差异(P0.05)。海水溶解氧(DO)为0.5 mg/L、2.5 mg/L、4.5mg/L的低氧胁迫下,每个组织中SbHIF-1α都积极响应,其中血淋巴和鳃比其他四个组织的响应程度大;血淋巴中, DO为0.5 mg/L胁迫4 h后, SbHIF-1α的表达量较对照组即达到极显著差异(P0.01),胁迫64 h后,表达量达到最高,是对照组的519.43倍;每个组织对不同浓度DO处理响应结果表明,3个处理浓度中0.5mg/L处理对SbHIF-1α激活程度相对较大。本研究明确了SbHIF-1α的基因结构特征、时空表达特征及对低氧胁迫的响应规律,丰富了海洋贝类HIF基因的研究资料。     

军曹鱼Ig μ重链的全长克隆及在各组织中的定量分析

采用同源克隆和RACE技术,克隆了军曹鱼Igμ重链的cDNA全序列,并通过荧光定量技术分析其在组织中的表达。军曹鱼Igμ的cDNA全长1933bp,3的非编码区域(UTR)为164bp,5UTR为26bp,开放阅读框为1743bp,编码580个氨基酸,分子量为64.831ku,理论等电点6.6。推测的军曹鱼Igμ全长氨基酸序列与已报道的鱼类的相似性最高为60%,最低为30%,同两栖类的相似度在30%~33%,同其他高等的动物相似度不足30%。较保守的CH4区和鱼类相似性在64%~71%,同其他生物的相似度仅为31%~33%,具有较强的物种特异性。军曹鱼Igμ中存在半胱氨酸和色氨酸的保守位点以及FR2骨架区的GKGLEW和在FR3的YYCAR保守序列。Igμ链基因在健康鱼体中除了肾以外在其它各组织中均有表达,在肠中的表达量最高。经鲨鱼弧菌刺激48、96、192h后,在采样的各个组织中均有表达,心脏、鳃、肠道在刺激后48h表达量明显增加,脾脏、胃和脑0h时的表达量较高,肝脏、头肾以及肾脏192h后表达较显著。从时间上看,黏膜免疫屏障最先抵御外来抗原,其后,依次是肝脏、肾、头肾产生免疫应答,说明系统免疫在长时间的抵御外来抗原时发挥着重要作用。     

斜带石斑鱼IgM、IgZ和IgD重链基因的克隆

应用RACE方法获得斜带石斑鱼膜结合型免疫球蛋白M(membrane-bound immu-noglobulin M,mIgM),膜结合型免疫球蛋白D(mIgD),分泌型免疫球蛋白Z(secretory immu-noglobulin Z,sIgZ)的重链基因。斜带石斑鱼膜结合型IgM重链恒定区包含3个恒定区结构域(μ1,μ2,μ3)以及两个跨膜外显子(TM1,TM2),TM1外显子与μ3结构域末端相连接。氨基酸序列相似性分析结果显示,斜带石斑鱼mIgM各恒定区与牙鲆mIgM恒定区相似性最高,为53%~78%。mIgD的cDNA全长为3 375 bp,开放阅读框包含3 006 bp,其恒定区由1个μ1外显子,7个δ外显子以及跨膜区组成。斜带石斑鱼IgD恒定区与鳜IgD各恒定区氨基酸序列相似性最高,δ1~δ7的相似性分别为75.5%、75.8%、65.4%、76.6%、88.1%、90.6%、82.8%,TM结构域为82.7%。sIgZ的基因结构与其他硬骨鱼类sIgZ的结构相似,包括4个外显子和3个内含子,内含子长度分别为222、129和458 bp。利用半定量PCR分别检测了这3种基因在斜带石斑鱼各器官/组织中的表达,发现mIgM在头肾、肾脏、脑、脾脏、肠、鳃、心脏和胸腺中均有表达;mIgD的mRNA在头肾、肾脏以及胸腺中有较高的表达,在肠中表达量较低;sIgZ mRNA主要分布于淋巴组织如头肾、肾及脾脏中,而在鳃、心脏和胸腺中的丰度较低。     

AFLP-based genetic linkage map of marine shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis

This paper presents the genetic linkage map of the Chinese shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis constructed with 472 AFLP markers. A hundred F₁ progeny from an intercross between a female from the new variety “Yellow Sea No. 1” and wild caught male used for the mapping study. Two separate maps were constructed for each parent. The female linkage map consisted of 197 marker loci forming 35 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 2191.1 cM, with an average marker space of 13.5 cM. The male map consisted of 194 marker loci mapped to 36 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 1737.3 cM, with an average marker spacing of 11.0 cM. The level of segregation distortion observed in this study was 12.2%. The estimated genome length of P. chinensis was 3150.3 cM for the female and 2549.3 cM for the male, respectively. The observed genome coverage was 69.6% for the female and 68.1% for the male map. The linkage maps constructed in this study provide basic information for further linkage studies on Chinese shrimp, and more importantly, the construction of the maps are part of the work of the genetic breeding programs which will be used for growth discovered in the QTL analysis of P. chinensis.     

Composition in essential and non-essential elements of early stages of cephalopods and dietary effects on the elemental profiles of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae

During the present study, we aimed at providing a first look at the elemental composition of the early stages of cephalopods as an approach to their elemental requirements in culture. Essential and non-essential elemental profiles of the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, the European squid Loligo vulgaris and the common octopus Octopus vulgaris laboratory hatchlings and wild juveniles were analysed. In addition, for O. vulgaris we determined elemental profiles of mature ovary, eggs in different stages of development and followed possible effects of four dietary treatments during paralarval rearing, also analyzing elemental content of the live preys Artemia nauplii and Maja brachydactyla hatchling zoeae. Content was determined for essential (As, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Rb, S, Sr, Zn) and non-essential (Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Hg, Pb) elements. The content in non-essential elements found in hatchlings and juveniles of the three species analyzed here seems to be far lower in comparison with subadult and adult stages of coastal cephalopods. In the octopus eggs, the non-essential element concentrations remained globally low compared to hatchlings and juveniles indicating the absorption of these elements along the ontogenetic development. The elemental composition of the octopus ovary and of the eggs, hatchlings and juveniles of the three cephalopod species analyzed here showed a high content in S. As expected, the calcified internal shell of the cuttlefish, rich in Ca and Sr, originates the main difference between species. It is remarkable the richness in Cu of hatchling octopus, that may indicate a particular nutritional requirement for this element during the planktonic life. The reared octopus paralarvae feed on Artemia nauplii, a prey with relatively low Cu content, showed nearly half Cu content that the “natural” profile of octopus hatchlings or wild juveniles. This suggests a dietary effect and/or an indication of the poor physiological stage of the Artemia-fed paralarvae. At the present, the percentage of essential element absorption by food or seawater is unknown for cephalopods and should be determined in the future to understand their feeding requirements in culture.     

Susceptibility by amberjack (Seriola dumerili), yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata) and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Neobenedenia girellae (Monogenea) infection and their acquired protection

This study investigated: 1) susceptibility differences to infection by Neobenedenia girellae (Capsalidae) between amberjack Seriola dumerili (Carangidae), yellowtail S. quinqueradiata and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Paralichthyidae); 2) growth and egg production of N. girellae on each fish species; 3) acquired protection of each fish species against this parasite. The number of N. girellae on S. dumerili was significantly higher than on S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus when these fishes were exposed to oncomiracidia in the same aquarium. Neobenedenia girellae growth on S. dumerili was fastest and, thus the number of eggs laid by parasites on S. dumerili was greater than on the other two species. Seriola dumerili and P. olivaceus, which were previously infected with N. girellae and treated by freshwater bath, acquired partial protection against re-infection by N. girellae. The relative re-infection of three S. dumerili individuals out of eleven individuals was markedly low compared with the initial infection, and the relative initial infection and re-infection on two P. olivaceus out of eleven individuals was markedly low. The results of this study could be useful to control N. girellae infections when cultivating S. dumerili, S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus.     

Recruitment and effects of Discocotyle sagittata (Monogenea) infection on farmed trout

Farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta were monitored over 3 years for infection with the blood-feeding gill fluke Discocotyle sagittata. Parasite transmission is seasonal: new infections take place during summer/autumn, and transmission is generally negligible during winter/spring. There are 2 sources of infection for naïve fish-of-the-year: limited invasion when fish are in the raceways by riverborne larvae originating external to the farm; and internally, within the farm, when 0+ fish are transferred to ponds previously occupied by older cohorts of infected fish. Thereafter, infection levels continue to increase in rainbow trout primarily through transmission within the farm. Prevalence rose to 100% in 1+ fish by the end of their second summer. In O. mykiss, mean abundance reached 194 worms/host for 1+ fish (up to 489 worms/host) and 160 worms/host for 2+ fish. By contrast, in S. trutta, parasite prevalence never exceeded 85% and, after the first year's invasions, infection levels decreased over time: in 1+ and 2+ brown trout, parasite mean abundance was < 4 (maximum 15) worms/host. We present evidence of the detrimental effects of D. sagittata on the host: high burdens are associated with pale gills, decreased body condition and host mortality. Parasite burdens become overdispersed during the warmer part of the year, as prevalence and mean abundance increase. However, the degree of parasite overdispersion decreases over winter; we cannot distinguish whether decreased aggregation is due to parasite losses from infected fish (including immune-mediated parasite mortality) or parasite-induced host mortality.     

4种岩礁性鱼类视网膜感光细胞和最小分辨角的比较

运用组织学方法,对铠平鲉、花斑平鲉、大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼的性成熟个体视网膜光感受细胞和最小分辨角进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼视锥细胞的排列方式为4个双锥细胞围绕一个单锥细胞构成正方形或者菱形镶嵌结构,铠平鲉和花斑平鲉的双锥细胞排列成行,单锥细胞随机分布于4个双锥细胞之间;分析认为,大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼视锥排列方式更复杂,单锥细胞与双锥细胞的比值(SC/DC)更高,推测其具有更好的色觉。(2)铠平鲉和花斑平鲉视柱细胞与视锥细胞的比值(R/C)大于7∶1,而大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼的R/C小于3∶1;推测铠平鲉和花斑平鲉更适合在夜间活动,而大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼属白天活动的鱼类。(3)铠平鲉、花斑平鲉、大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼视锥细胞密度最高处分别位于视网膜的腹-颞(V-T)区、腹区(V)、腹-颞(V-T)区和背-颞区(D-T),与各自的生活习性和摄食行为相适应。(4)4种岩礁性鱼类的成熟个体中,铠平鲉的最小分辨角最大,其次为花斑平鲉和大泷六线鱼,斑头六线鱼的最小分辨角最小。分析认为,即使是同样栖息于礁区的鱼类,其视觉特征也存在差异,这或许可以为岩礁区选择性渔具的开发提供一些有益的参考。     

太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM基因荧光定量PCR方法的建立及初步应用

为研究太平洋鳕发育早期特异免疫系统形成的机制,通过RAG1和IgM基因的转录水平衡量特异免疫系统的发育特点.根据GenBank中RAG1和IgM的序列信息,分别设计1对特异引物,从太平洋鳕头肾中扩增得到RAG1和IgM的基因片段.将所获基因片段分别插入到克隆载体pMD18-T中,从而构建太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM基因的质粒标准品.建立并优化太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM基因绝对荧光定量PCR方法.为进一步验证该方法的可靠性,分别利用绝对定量和相对定量检验目的基因在太平洋鳕早期发育过程不同组织内的表达差异.以优化后的绝对荧光定量PCR方法检测不同发育时期太平洋鳕RAG1和IgM的表达情况.结果显示,RAG1的回归方程为y=-3.266x+33.77,回归系数R2=0.996;IgM的回归方程为y=-3.119x +27.61,回归系数R2 =0.998.绝对定量和相对定量结果在基因转录趋势上显现出一致性,即RAG1基因在胸腺和头肾中表达,且在胸腺中的表达量显著高于头肾中的表达量,在肝脏和脾脏中无表达;IgM基因在胸腺、头肾、肝脏和脾脏中均有表达,其中脾脏中表达量最高,其次是头肾.RAG1基因在太平洋鳕发育早期的表达水平很低,到61日龄(days posthatching,dph)至95 dph表达量显著提高;IgM基因在早期表达水平同样很低,到33 dph至61 dph才有明显表达,在95 dph时表达量显著提高.研究表明,本实验方法可靠,特异性较强,可成功对目标基因转录水平进行检测.     

吉富罗非鱼与奥利亚罗非鱼自繁与杂交 F1遗传特性与抗病力分析

以吉富罗非鱼与奥利亚罗非鱼为繁育亲本,采用完全双列杂交繁育4组F1,将初始规格基本一致的4组罗非鱼饲养100 d后,运用“加性-显性”遗传分析模型,分析了4组F1罗非鱼8个生长相关性状杂种优势、遗传效应以及与性状间的相关性.结果表明:(1)F1群体平均优势为0.129 4～0.368 4.除尾柄长超亲优势较大外,其他性状的群体超亲优势较小或表现出负向超亲优势.(2)8个性状的广义遗传率(HB)为0.714 2～0.995 3,表明加性效应和显性效应对性状的遗传变异影响极显著(P＜0.01).除尾柄长外,其他性状的狭义遗传率(HN)介于0.469 4～0.737 9,表明加性遗传方差在表型方差中所占比率较高.(3)体质量、全长、体长、体高、体宽、头长、尾柄长、尾柄高性状之间表型相关在0.776 6～0.999 7范围内,而遗传相关在0.994 1～1.000 0之间,表明这些性状间都存在极显著的正相关.取样结束后,采用3.95×106 CFU/mL的海豚链球菌菌液进行腹腔感染,吉富罗非鱼自繁组F1代12 h后出现死亡,而奥利亚罗非鱼自繁组F1192 h后才出现死亡.384 h后,吉富罗非鱼自繁组F1死亡率为40％,正反交组F1分别为20％和23.3％,奥利亚罗非鱼自繁组F1死亡率最低,为6.67％.研究结果表明,除尾柄长外,杂交F1的其他性状不具备超亲优势,然而杂交可以提高选育后代的抗病力.     

半滑舌鳎StAR基因克隆及其在不同组织的时空表达分析

利用半滑舌鳎性腺转录组测序获得的StAR基因部分序列,设计RACE引物,克隆了半滑舌鳎StAR基因的cDNA序列,全长为1 294 bp,5'端UTR为132 bp,3'端UTR为310 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为852 bp,共编码283个氨基酸。将半滑舌鳎StAR基因与其他物种StAR基因进行氨基酸同源性分析,结果显示,半滑舌鳎StAR与塞内加尔鳎、大口黑鲈、花鲈、金头鲷的同源性都达到了85%,与虹鳟、斜带石斑鱼及日本鳗鲡的同源性分别为81%、83%和76%。雌、雄鱼不同组织StAR基因的表达分析表明,StAR基因在雄鱼性腺中高表达,在雄鱼的肝脏、脑及心脏中表达量较低,而在雄鱼的其他组织中不表达;在雌鱼肠中不表达,在其他组织(卵巢、肝脏、脾脏、脑、垂体、肌肉、心脏、肾脏)中微量表达。荧光定量PCR分析不同组织与不同时期性腺表达谱表明,雄鱼性腺中StAR基因的表达量显著高于雌、雄鱼其他各组织(P0.05),提示StAR基因对雄鱼精巢发育起重要作用。雄鱼不同时期表达谱分析结果显示,StAR基因在66天前的精巢中不表达,在150天时表达量急剧增加,至2龄时表达量最高,3龄时表达量下降,说明该基因在精巢发育成熟过程中起重要作用。原位杂交结果显示,StAR基因主要在雄鱼精巢的精子细胞中表达,而在雌鱼的卵巢中不表达。研究表明,StAR基因在半滑舌鳎精巢发育中发挥作用,且可能在精子形成中发挥重要作用。     

鱼蚌混养对池塘水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响

2012年4月26日—2012年12月12日通过在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中放养不同密度的三角帆蚌,研究不同三角帆蚌放养比例对鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响。实验中,鲢鳙放养比例统一为3∶7,总密度为1.5尾/m3。三角帆蚌放养密度则设置4个水平,分别为单养鲢鳙鱼池塘(0只/m3),低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(0.8只/m3),中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.0只/m3)和高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.2只/m3)。结果显示,混养三角帆蚌池塘的水化指标(TP、PO4-P、NH3-N、NO2-N和NO3-N)均显著低于单养鱼池塘。中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘除NH3-N和化学需氧量(COD)与低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘无显著差异外,其他各项水化指标均显著低于其他3个池塘,并且极显著低于单养鲢鳙鱼池塘。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘藻类平均密度均极显著高于鱼蚌混养池塘,其中在鱼蚌混养池塘中浮游植物密度与三角帆蚌密度成负相关关系。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘的浮游植物生物量均极显著低于中、高密度鱼蚌混养池塘,并且显著低于低密度混养池塘。浮游植物生物量与三角帆蚌密度成正相关关系,鱼蚌池塘中绿藻和裸藻的生物量在养殖过程中上升显著。低、中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘三角帆蚌存活率均显著高于高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘;低密度混养池塘中蚌湿重、壳长及壳宽相对增长率均为最大,显著高于中、高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘。研究表明,养鱼池塘混养三角帆蚌不仅能改善养殖池塘的水质,还能控制藻类数量,促使绿藻和裸藻等大型藻类的生长,提高养殖水体浮游植物的生物量总量,最终还能有效提高三角帆蚌的存活率及生长率。从改善水质,藻相结构,蚌成活率及生长等指标角度考虑,在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中,三角帆蚌最佳放养密度为1.0只/m3。     

Distribution of a fish pathogen Listonella anguillarum in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus hatchery

The present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of Listonella anguillarum in a Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) hatchery. A total of 2704 isolates were obtained from the developing fish, live diets and artificial feeds of Japanese flounder and their rearing water, 439 of which were identified as L. anguillarum by the combining incubation on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS) agar at 35 °C overnight with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for the VAH1 hemolysin gene. L. anguillarum was detected in all seven rotifer samples, with densities of 2.5 × 10³ to 4.6 × 10⁶ colony forming units (CFU) g^− 1. Both the analyzed samples of Nannochloropsis oculata contained this bacterium at densities of 1.6 × 10⁴ to 1.4 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1. L. anguillarum was detected in only one of four samples of Artemia nauplii with a density of 4.8 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1 (35%) and it was not detected in the two analyzed artificial feed samples. L. anguillarum was detected in 11 of 18 specimens of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder at densities of 5.0 × 10¹ to 7.4 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1, while it was not detected in the two analyzed egg specimens of Japanese flounder. These results indicate that L. anguillarum associated with the developing Japanese flounder is likely derived from rearing water and live diets such as rotifers. Further, it is strongly suggested that L. anguillarum is a transient bacterium of the intestinal microflora for the Japanese flounder but is a permanently indigenous one for the Japanese flounder hatcheries.