微生态制剂在水产养殖业中的应用(连载二)

2、复合微生物制剂:是一类多菌种的微生物制剂。在光合细菌研究的基础上,随着研究的不断深入,又开发出许多优于光合细菌的产品应用于水产养殖业。(1)益生素:是一种全面改善水质的微生物制剂,其主要成分有芽孢杆菌、枯草杆菌、硫化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌等多种微生物。它能分解水中的有机物,降解氨态氮、亚硝酸盐、硫化氢等,改善池底的厌氧环境,抑制水体中藻类过量繁殖,保持养殖水体微生态平衡。益生素中的硝化细菌能将水体中的亚硝酸盐转化为硝酸盐;反硝化细     

菌藻联合调控氨氮新技术

随着淡水养殖集约化规模的扩大,水体氨氮的控制成为水质控制的关键。本文由水体的氮循环过程阐述r养殖水体氨氮积累的成因及危害,简单介绍了利用生物控制水体氨氮方法,并提出了菌藻联合调控新技术。1水体的氮素循环构成氮循环的主要环节是：生物体内有机氮的合成、氨化作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用和固氮作用。自然水体中的氮来自水生动植物尸体及排泄物的积累及腐败,含氮有机化合物通过营腐生细菌分解成氨氮、硫化氧等小分子无机物,然后由各种自养型微生物主要为硝化细菌的作用,转化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐,这3种氮素一方面被藻类和水生植物吸收,另一方面硝酸盐在缺氧条件下被反硝化细菌通过脱氮作用将硝态氮转化为氮气逸出水体,大气中的氮被固氮菌利用重新回到水体。     

自养反硝化研究进展及在循环水养殖系统中的应用

细菌反硝化过程是一种经济有效的硝酸盐去除方法,传统理论认为反硝化细菌是异养厌氧的,但最近自养反硝化细菌的发现,特别是脱氮硫杆菌的发现,引起了人们的极大兴趣。就自养反硝化研究进展及其在循环水养殖系统中得到应用的可行性作一概述。     

影响水产微生物制剂使用效果的因素(转载+个人分析)

1、环境因素大部分微生物制剂使用于非可控的养殖水体,环境因素(如:溶解氧,碱度,温度,p H值等和天气状况)会对微生物制剂的使用效果产生一定的影响。1.1溶解氧水体溶解氧的高低,会影响到好氧菌生长速率和氧化分解污染物的效率。目前微生物制剂中芽孢杆菌为好氧菌(或兼性),硝化细菌为严格好氧菌,使用含有这类活菌的产品,一定要保持水体足够的溶氧,才能维持细菌快速繁殖和对污染物的有效分解。以硝化细菌为例,每毫克氮经过整个硝     

养殖水体中微生物全程自养脱氮初步研究

利用3种微生物对养殖水体的不同脱氮特性,研究了微生物对养殖水体的全自养脱氮.结果表明,水温25～30 ℃、pH 7.0～7.3及最大DO 3.5 mg/L时,光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以1:1的接种水平,养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为85.4%、89.5%,可以很好地实现对养殖水体的全自养脱氮.     

自养硝化过程去除循环水养殖系统水体中氨氮的研究进展

氨氮是养殖水体主要的控制指标,自养硝化过程将水体中的氨氮经亚硝酸盐转化成硝酸盐,是水体中氨氮最常见的一种转化途径,也是循环水养殖系统中常用的氨氮控制方式。根据国内外关于循环水养殖水体中自养硝化过程的研究报道,结合养殖水体特征,分析了利用固定膜式自养硝化过程控制养殖水体氨氮的优势和劣势、水产养殖过程中影响自养硝化效率的因素以及在实际使用过程中的注意事项,对自养硝化过程的建立进行重点介绍,为实际应用提供参考。     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。     

硝化毛球和底沙对硝化细菌脱氮效果的影响

本实验模拟工厂化养殖模式建立养殖水体净化装置,研究硝化毛球和底沙对硝化细菌净化效果的影响,结果表明:装载硝化毛球、铺设底沙和只投加硝化细菌制剂的三个实验组对养殖水体水质具有一定的净化效果,氨氮、亚硝氮等指标均低于空白组。其中装载硝化毛球的实验组氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间大量生长繁殖,形成优势,使养殖池氨氮、亚硝酸盐浓度维持在较低水平;铺设底沙的实验组对硝化细菌净化水质效果影响不大。装载硝化毛球的实验组,水质最清澈,无异味,养殖池底部无残渣碎屑,青虾生长状况良好,增重最多。     

循环水养殖系统中几种常用的固定膜式生物过滤器

采用循环水养殖系统实现养殖用水的重复利用并进行封闭式生产,被认为是一种环境友好的水产品获取方式。自养硝化过程将氨氮经由亚硝酸盐氮转化成硝酸盐氮,是目前封闭式循环水养殖系统中最普遍的一种氨氮控制途径。固定膜式生物过滤器为硝化细菌提供附着基面,形成生物膜,是常用的自养硝化实现方式,也是循环水养殖系统核心的水处理单元。可根据生物膜载体与水流的接触方式或载体流经滤器的水体中的位置分为几种类型。本文综述了滴滤式、浸没式、流化床、移动床等循环水养殖系统中较常用的几种生物过滤器,分析其优缺点并进行比较,同时结合具体案例进行生物过滤器的设计举例,为循环水养殖系统的构建提供参考。     

好氧反硝化技术处理水产养殖废水研究进展

好氧反硝化脱氮理论的出现,弥补了传统生物脱氮的不足。文章综述了好氧反硝化技术的研究进展及其在水产养殖污水处理中的应用,分别从微环境、生物化学和酶系统3个方面综述了好氧反硝化细菌作用机理方面的研究;概述了碳源、溶氧、碳氮比等环境因素对好氧反硝化效率的影响;总结了好氧反硝化反应器、固定化细菌以及外加碳源等好氧反硝化技术在水产养殖废水处理中的应用;突显了好氧反硝化在去除硝酸盐氮、从整体上调控氮的优势。好氧反硝化技术在水产养殖废水处理中优势显著,是水产养殖废水处理的有效途径。该技术在实际应用中还存在许多问题,仍需进一步研究。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。