野生和养牡蛎种群的比较摄食生理研究

１９９５年４￣５月在山东省荣成市桑沟湾用模拟现场流水法对该湾野生和养殖太平洋牡蛎种群不同大小个体的摄食生理进行了比较研究。实验结果表明，野生和养殖太平洋牡蛎种群在滤水率、选择率和吸收率等方面无明显的差异，但在保留率和摄食率等方面有明显的差异。这说明野生种群能比养殖种群更好地过滤下并摄入海水中的颗粒物。根据实验数据，用计算机模拟得出了野生和养殖牡蛎种群的滤水率与个体体重的关系为：ＦＲｗ＝２．８８２３     

条纹石鮨摄食强度与代谢及能量收支间的关系

设日摄食率为０．４％、１．５％、４．０％三种水平,分别测定条纹石鱼旨Ｍｏｒｏｎｅｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ幼鱼的代谢及能量的收支情况。处于饱食（日摄食率４．０％）及维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）下,该鱼代谢率增加的峰值分别于摄食后３ｈ及７ｈ内出现,为静止时代谢水平的２．１０倍和２．４６倍,ＳＤＡ（特殊动力作用）持续时间均为２１ｈ,ＳＤＡ总耗能量分别占摄入能的１３％和３５．８％。条纹石鱼旨在饱食时的转化效率Ｋ（湿重）为２０．８５％。三种摄食水平下条纹石鱼旨的能量收支方程分别为：饱食状态（日摄食率４．０％）时,１００Ｃ＝８．４Ｆ＋７．８Ｕ＋１３．０ＳＤＡ＋３６．９（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ）＋３３．９Ｇ;维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）时,１００Ｃ＝７．８Ｆ＋４．１Ｕ＋３５．８ＳＤＡ＋５２．３（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ）,其中Ｇ＝０;减重状态（日摄食率０．４％）时,（Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ）／（Ｃ＋Ｐ１）＝６７．３％,其中Ｃ＋Ｐ１＝１４．４Ｃ＋８５．６Ｐ１,Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ＝１．８Ｆ＋８．１Ｕ＋５７．４Ｒ。     

栉孔扇贝生殖活动前后的滤食和生长

在桑沟湾用模拟现场流水法对栉孔扇贝的摄食生理进行了比较研究。结果表明，栉孔扇贝在进行生殖活动前后滤水率无明显的差异，但进行生殖活动前的摄食量较大。尽管栉孔扇贝的滤水率和摄食量随着个体的增大而增加，它的吸收率却与个体大小无关。在３００￣６００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ的水流范围内栉孔扇贝的滤水率没有明显的变化，水流小于３００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时扇贝的滤水率则明显降低。根据实验数据，用计算机模拟得出了栉孔扇贝在生殖活动前     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究 Ⅰ.温度、体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系,而与温度呈正相关关系,并符合下列模式, Ｑｏ ＝ ２ ．０１５ Ｗ－ ０ ．６３５（ Ｒ ＝ － ０．９６９, Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １４） 和Ｑｎ ＝ ０ ．０６９ Ｗ－０ ．３６９（ Ｒ ＝ ０．７５４ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １３）。在摄食状态下,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高,分别提高了７５ ．３ ％ 和４０３ ．７ ％ ,表明在摄食状态下蛋白质的代谢明显增加     

黑Jun的最大摄食率与温度和体重的关系

在实验室条件下测定了黑Ｊun（Ｓebastodes fuscescens）的最大摄食率,并探讨了体重和温度等因子的影响。在１５℃条件下,最大摄食率（Ｒmax）与体重（Ｗ）的相互关系为： Ｒmax＝２６６２．８０Ｗ＾－０．３９３２（Ｒ＝０．９３６４）。在温度为１１、１５、２２、２５℃的条件下,最大摄食率分别为１１９．０１、３２８．６３、２８７．１０、２２６．９７Ｊ/g．d,二者的相互关系为：Ｒmax＝－９６７．０３＋１４１．１４Ｔ－     

南方大品鲶仔鱼的生长和摄食的初步研究

本文研究了南方大口鲶仔鱼的生长和摄食。研究结果表明，南方大口鲶仔鱼在０－１５日龄内，全长与日龄之间呈线性要关，Ｌ＝４．４８４９＋１．７８９２Ｔ，体重与日龄呈幂函数相关Ｗ＝３．２６６４ｅ＾０．３２２１Ｔ。个体之间的生长差异较为明显。变异系数由０日龄的５．５９升至１５日龄的９．９５。日增重率增日龄的增长呈双峰抛物线下降曲线，８－１３日龄仔鱼对鲤鱼水花和水丝蚓的摄食系数分别为４．７６和４．０２，地鲤鱼的     

南方大口鲶仔鱼的生长的摄食

本文研究了南方大口鲶仔鱼的生长和摄食。研究结果表明,南方大口鲶仔鱼在０－１５日龄内,全长与日龄之间呈线性相关,Ｌ＝４．５８４９＋１．７８９２Ｔ,体重与日龄呈幂函数相关Ｗ＝３．２６６４ｄｅ＾０．３２２１Ｔ。个体之间的生长差异较为明显,变异系数由０日龄的５．５９升至１５日龄的９．９５,日增重率随日龄的增长呈双峰抛物线下降曲线,８－１３日龄仔鱼对鲤于水花和水丝蚓的摄食系数分别为４．７６和４．０２,对鲤鱼     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究：Ⅰ.温度,体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排？…

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系,而与温度呈正相关关系,并符合下列模式,Ｑｏ＝２．０１５Ｗ＾－０．６３５（ｒ＝－０．９６９,ｐ〈０．０１,Ｎ＝１４）和Ｑｎ＝０．０６９Ｗ＾－０．３６９（Ｒ＝０．７５４,Ｐ〈０．０１,ｎ＝１３）。在摄食状态下,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高,分别提高     

长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体在摄食和代谢方面的比较

为探究长牡蛎壳黑选育品系优良性状的生理学基础,采用实验生态学方法比较研究了长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体在不同温度和盐度下的摄食和代谢差异。结果显示,在16~32 ℃范围内,温度对长牡蛎滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响。随温度升高,两群体滤水率先增加后降低。野生群体滤水率在24 ℃达到最大值,壳黑品系在28 ℃达到最大值。两群体耗氧率和排氨率均随温度升高呈增加趋势,并未发现显著性转折点。长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体间滤水率和排氨率差异显著,壳黑品系滤水率均高于野生群体,耗氧率均低于野生群体,且在32 ℃壳黑品系排氨率显著低于野生群体。在盐度15~35范围内,盐度对长牡蛎滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响。随盐度升高,两群体的滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率总体均呈先增加后降低的趋势。长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体间滤水率差异显著,壳黑品系滤水率均高于野生群体,且在盐度15~25条件下壳黑品系排氨率均低于野生群体。两群体O:N值均在16 ℃和盐度35组最大,温度升高或盐度降低均会致使两群体O:N值下降。温度实验中,在32 ℃时,野生群体O:N最低值为7.57,壳黑品系O:N值变化范围为10.52~29.31。盐度实验中,在盐度20时,野生群体O:N最低值为9.10,壳黑品系O:N值变化范围为11.51~22.98。研究表明,相较于野生群体,长牡蛎壳黑选育品系更能适应高温和低盐环境,而较高的摄食率和较低的代谢率可为其提供更多的能量用于生长。     

梭鲈幼鱼摄食与生长的初步观察

食性转换期的梭鲈（体长２—３ｃｍ），除摄食活鱼外，通过人工驯食还可以摄取鱼肉和人工配合饵料。其体长—时间回归方程为：Ｌ＝０１７５＋００８８ｔ－１１７１×１０－４ｔ２（ｔ：３９—３１５天），体重一体长回归方程为：Ｗ＝００２１９Ｌ２．６８１０，鱼体三维形态类似黄颡鱼     

Body dimensions of farmed eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) in relation to condition factor, grading, sex and feeding

Various body dimensions were measured in relation to weight in warm-water cultured European eels (0·2–120 g) at 16 and 25°C in seawater and at 25°C in freshwater to provide reference standards for use in aquacultural engineering management and research. The different conditions had no significant effects on relationships between weight and body, head or tail length, or trunk, head or pectoral dimensions. There were also no significant differences between small and large eels and no obvious variations were found that could be used to distinguish the sexes. However, the eyes tend to enlarge and the mouth decrease in size relative to weight in larger eels. Possible relationships between morphology and feeding are discussed.

The combined data yielded the relationship, log L(cm) = 1·0306 + 0·27 log W(g) for eels from elver stage up to about 120 g. A condition factor, CF = L/10 W^0·2711, is derived and its usefulness in aquaculture and research discussed. Morphometric and growth differences between cultured and wild eels are discussed.

Body girth dimensions are considered and recommendations made for mesh apertures and bar spacings for basket and grid size-graders.     

合浦珠母贝2个野生种群的遗传多样性

用形态特征比较与同工酶电泳分析相结合的方法，对产于我国部湾和大亚湾的野生合浦珠母贝（pinctada martensii)的遗传多样性进行研究，结果表明，在贝壳形态方面，北部湾种群的平均壳长与壳高都略大于大亚湾种群，壳高与壳长呈乘幂相关，壳宽与壳长呈对数相关，大亚湾种群的壳宽指数，壳重指数和肥满度指标都大于北部湾种群，用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳检测由26个位点编码的12种同工酶，2种群都显示出较高的多态性，北部湾种群多态位点的比率为38．46％，大亚湾种群则为46．15％，都表现出明显的杂合子缺失现象，北部湾种群的平均杂合度（0．0999）小于大亚湾种群（0．1243），2种群之间的遗传距离为0．0159,本文还讨论了引种2种群杂合子缺失现象的原因，并认为生化遗传分析的结果与2个种群的形态特征是相关联的。     

中国对虾人工选育群体的同工酶分析

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术对中国对虾人工选育子一代、子四代、子五代群体和黄、渤海野生群体遗传变异进行了同工酶比较分析。结果表明，在检测的4个群体肌肉组织的13个基因位点中，MDH-2^*、GPI^*、MPI^*、PGM-2^*和PGM-3^*5个位点呈多态。PGM-3^*位点上的变异程度最高，其等位基因频率呈递减趋势；人工选育群体在MPI^*位点上出现^*c基因，其等位基因频率呈递增趋势。中国对虾野生群体同人工选育群体的多态位点比例相同，为38．46％；其平均观察杂合度分别为0．0577、0．0377、0．0263、0．0231，呈依次递减趋势。中国对虾野生群体和人工选育群体之间的遗传距离平均值为0．0062，远大于子四代和子五代间的遗传距离。人工选育中国对虾群体的遗传多样性已有所降低，但在某些基因座位上出现了特异基因，这是否可作为具有良好生长特性和抗逆能力的人工定向选育群体的基因标记尚有待进一步研究。     

日本沼虾4种群的形态差异分析

4种群日本沼虾（Macrobrachium nipponensis）分别取白洪泽湖、太湖、广西3地大然水域和浙江德清人工养殖池塘。经在相似条件下暂养7个月后，运用3种多元分析方法对四者的10项形态比例参数进行比较研究。聚类分析结果表明，养殖种群与洪泽湖种群的形态最接近，而与太湖种群、广四种群的趋异程度逐渐增加。主成分分析结果显示，养殖种群的成体规格小于吲期的3个野生种群，而3个野生种群中又以洪泽湖种群的规格最小。以判别分析建立了4种群的判别函数，判别准确率分别为：76．7％-86．7％（P1）和74．3％～96．0％（P2），综合判别率81．7％。3种多冗分析结果均认为，4种群R本淄虾在形态上已产生一定程度的差异，且集中表现在头胸甲部的性状上，但所有差异均未达到业种水平，须有多项参数综合判别才能辨别；养殖种群的小型化与选种不当密切相关。     

兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生和养殖群体脂肪酸及相关血液指标的比较

对3龄、4龄和5龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)野生和养殖群体肌肉脂肪含量、脂肪酸含量以及部分血液生化指标进行了分析比较.结果表明:在兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生与养殖群体肌肉中均检测到18种脂肪酸,以油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸为主.野生群体肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二...     

Evaluation of genetic characteristics of wild and cultured populations of the Japanese pearl oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada fucata martensii</Emphasis> by using AFLP markers

Genetic characteristics of four wild (Mie, Fukui, Shimane and Nagasaki) and five cultured populations (selectively bred for 12 years with an origin of Ehime population) of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, were evaluated by using AFLP markers. Six primer pairs generated 1019 loci in total, among which 45.2–55.1 % was polymorphic among populations. Although there was no significant difference in gene diversity between wild (0.170–0.174) and cultured (0.158–0.173) populations, genetic relatedness in cultured populations (0.316–0.450) was about three times higher than that in wild populations (0.110–0.165). In addition, genetic differentiation was about twenty times larger in cultured populations (Nei’s distance: 0.0111) than in wild populations (Nei’s distance: 0.0005). These results mean that selective breeding can cause marked inbreeding as well as large genetic differentiation among cultured populations in a short period. On the other hand, it was suggested that genetic homogenization in the wild, probably due to a large-scale transport of cultured oysters, had progressed in the sea around Japan. In conclusion, it is necessary to prevent inbreeding by the reconsideration of the style of selective breeding in cultured populations, while the escape of gametes or spats of cultured strains in the wild should be avoided for the preservation of genetic characteristics in native populations of P. f. martensii.     

Genetic variation of wild and cultured populations of the Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate 1888) using microsatellites

The microsatellite DNA technique was used to detect the genetic variations between wild and cultured populations of Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate 1888. All the six microsatellite loci screened in this study showed high polymorphism for their PIC (0.6701–0.8989), which was much more than the standard value of 0.5. A total of 73 alleles were observed over six loci from 93 shrimps. The mean number of allele locus ranged from 9.83 (cultured) to 11.83 (wild). The number of effective alleles varied from 6.86 (cultured) to 8.58 (wild). The average of observed heterozygosity (H_o) of populations varied from 0.6935 (cultured) to 0.7370 (wild), and that of expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.8169 (wild) and 0.8209 (cultured). Tests of Hardy–Weinberg showed that these loci deviated significantly or highly significantly in one or both populations. Compared with the wild population, the cultured population showed little reduction in genetic variation. The total number of alleles (71, 59) was not significantly (P=0.296) different between wild and cultured populations. The paired‐samples t test of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity implied that there was no significant difference (P=0.572 and 0.891 respectively) between wild and cultured populations. However, some rare allele loss might have occurred in the cultured population. A total of 14 unique alleles were found in the wild population, but only two unique alleles were observed in the cultured population. Therefore, there is a need to monitor genetic variability of cultured population, and to improve the hatchery program for the conservation of wild Kuruma prawn resources.     

Estimates of Linkage Disequilibrium and Effective Population Size in Wild and Selected Populations of the Pacific Oyster Using Single‐nucleotide Polymorphism Markers

The level and extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and effective population size (Ne) were studied in three selected lines and a wild population of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, using 61 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. Significant differences were detected in the average r² between the selected lines and wild population for both syntenic and nonsyntenic loci with LD beyond population‐specific critical values (P<0.05). Moreover, the proportions of syntenic and nonsyntenic loci with the expected LD level in the wild population were lower than that in the selected lines. Taken together, the LD level of the selected lines was higher than that of the wild population. The extent of LD analysis showed that a short range of LD (0–0.23 cM) was detected in the four populations, and the decay distance was lower in the wild population than in the selected lines. Ne values ranged from 47.6 to 58.5 in the selected lines and ranged from 527.9 to 709.6 with infinite upper limits in the wild population. Further variance analysis of LD demonstrated that genetic drift and epistatic selection might account for the increased LD levels in selected lines. The LD information will be valuable for further association study and marker‐assisted selection in oysters.     

2个青虾群体生长的比较研究

以太湖野生青虾和长兴养殖青虾为亲体繁殖的虾苗(分别记作了野生群和养殖群)进行生长对比试验,经90d饲养,野生群体长为46 70cm,养殖群为37 60cm;体重日绝对增重率野生群为4 638%,养殖群为3 839%;成活率野生群为(98 6±2 4)%,养殖群为(94 9±1 6)%;抱卵率野生群为(41 3±2 3)%,养殖群为(62 8±2 8)%。野生青虾繁殖的虾苗在体长、体重、成活率和性成熟等生长性能均优于养殖青虾繁殖的虾苗。     

Responses to predators of cultured and wild red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in laboratory experiments

Hatchery-spawned and reared abalone that are placed onto subtidal reefs to enhance native populations often suffer a high mortality. A potential source of mortality is behavioral differences of cultured and wild abalone. Controlled observations and factorial experiments in the laboratory were used to examine abalone behavior and mortality rate due to three predators — crabs, sea stars and lobsters — on small reefs in laboratory tanks. Two abalone types — cultured and wild — and two age/size classes, 0+ (8–20 mm shell length) and 1+ (25–50 mm), were used. Abalone types differed in their movement patterns, with wild animals moving rapidlyto concealed positions within the reefs and most cultured abalones remaining in their original positions for several hours. Over all experiments, there were differences in predation rates by crabs, lobsters and sea stars, with crabs consuming the most abalone and sea stars the least. Significantly more cultured than wild abalone were consumed in an experiment in which different combinations of predators were present. No consistent differences were seen in the consumption of the two size classes of abalone. Animals fresh from the hatchery suffered significantly higher mortality and were more sluggish in their responses to predators than hatchery-reared abalone that had been acclimated to laboratory conditions. The results suggest, however, that cultured abalone may acclimate relatively quickly to a new environment, which may be useful for future attempts at transplanting these animals.