Understanding the accumulation features of POPs in squid from the offshore waters of southeast Korea

In this study we investigated the current contamination status and accumulation features of POPs in Korean offshore waters using Japanese common squid as a biomonitoring organism. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined in different organs of squid of both sexes and of various sizes caught in the offshore waters of southeast Korea in July and October, 2005. Most of the compounds showed their highest concentrations in liver among the organs analyzed. The concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, CHLs and HCHs in liver were in the ranges of 116–206 ng/g (mean: 146), 158–325 ng/g (238), 20.6–37.3 ng/g (28.2), and 1.68–12.3 ng/g (7.79) on a dry weight basis, respectively. There was no relationship between squid size and OC concentrations, while the levels of all of the compounds were significantly correlated with lipid content. Due to its relatively high lipid content, the concentration of OCs in squid liver was higher than other organs of the squid. Therefore, OCs in female squid may be redistributed from the liver to the gonad. These results showed that male squid liver is a useful organ for monitoring OCs in Korean offshore waters, regardless of its size.     

Effects of heavy metals in river waters in Japan on immobility and mortality of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryzias latipes</Emphasis> larvae

ABSTRACT:   Samples of river waters containing high concentrations of zinc and other heavy metals but low concentrations of other anthropogenic contaminants were collected to investigate the relationship between toxicity of heavy metals and naturally present organic matters or hardness, as well as the effects of heavy metals on aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity tests were conducted for the water samples using Daphnia magna and medaka Oryzias latipes . Almost all the D. magna died in river waters containing high concentrations of zinc, but O. latipes in the same waters were hardly affected. Since the test organisms were not only exposed to zinc but also other heavy metals in the river waters, we examined the toxicity using toxic units composed of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium. The results of a bioassay with the river waters showed that the mortality of D. magna did not depend solely on the total number of toxic units of heavy metals. The organic matters and the hardness of the river waters could decrease the acute toxicity of zinc and other heavy metals to D. magna .     

Characteristics of divalent minerals extracted from liver of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus under various experimental conditions

In relation to the problem of how to utilize the waste from squid processing, we determined the proximate and mineral compositions of liver of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus, and characterized the behavior of divalent minerals, focusing in particular on cadmium removal. The squid liver contained fat (44.0 g/100 g dry matter), protein (13.5 g/100 g dry matter), and ash (2.11 g/100 g dry matter). It also contained the macrominerals sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as the trace minerals iron, zinc, cadmium, and copper. Low- and high-pH treatments (pH 2 and 12) removed the cadmium entirely, but the trace minerals zinc, iron, and copper, as well as soluble protein, which are all important for proper functioning of the human organism, were also removed in large quantities. High percentages of soluble minerals and soluble protein were found in the low molecular weight (MW < 10,000) fraction. The solubility of zinc and copper were strongly related to the solubility of cadmium, but there was no relationship between the solubilities of magnesium and cadmium. On the other hand, while treatment with either 0.9 % NaCl or 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) also removed the cadmium completely, it left some useful compounds (trace minerals and soluble protein) in the solid part, so these treatments may represent appropriate methods for removing cadmium from squid processing waste.     

重金属对鱼类毒性的综合研究

鱼体重金属蓄积量的研究，同时取相应组织块进行病变的内在联系及重金属对鱼胚和鱼苗的毒性作用的研究，证实了温州市水产养殖场遭受到附近一家铅锌冶炼厂废水、废渣的污染。     

象山港重点增养殖区重金属残留量分布及污染源分析

根据2002年6月对象山港重点增养殖区水体中重金属含量的调查,研究象山港水体中重金属残留量、分布及其来源。研究结果表明,象山港水体中重金属铜、铅、锌、镉、总汞、砷、总铬的含量均符合二类海水水质标准,其中铜、镉、砷、总铬的含量很低,符合一类海水水质标准,铅、锌、总汞的含量在一类和二类标准之间。重金属铜、铅、锌、镉在支港黄墩港含量较高,4区(主港)或3区(西沪港)最低,其中锌以港口及其延伸的主港区含量最高;汞、砷、铬则在4区及其邻近分区含量较高。象山港水体中的重金属含量在东海10个重点河口港湾中)属于偏高,近5年来水体中铜、汞和砷含量波动大,其它重金属含量稳中有升。象山港水体中的重金属来源于自然和人为活动两部分,前者主要来源于象山港汇水区土壤和矿物中的重金属,后者为周边各汇水区电镀、化工等乡镇企业的污水汇入。     

High affinity of cadmium and copper to head kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate bioaccumulation of metals in various tissues of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to cadmium and copper (a xenobiotic and a microelement). The fish were subjected to short-term (3 h, Cd-S and Cu-S) or long-term (4 weeks, Cd-L and Cu-L) exposures to 100 % 96hLC₅₀ or 10 % 96hLC₅₀, respectively. Blood, gill, liver, head and trunk kidney were isolated weekly from 5 fish of each group for 4 weeks (post-short-term exposure and during long-term exposure). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique was applied to measure concentrations of metals (Cd and Cu) in fish tissues. Initial concentrations of copper in fish tissues were higher than levels of cadmium. Cadmium and copper levels increased in all tissues of metal-exposed fish. After short-term exposures (at higher concentration) and during long-term exposures (at lower concentration), similar changes in metal concentrations were observed. The values of accumulation factor (ratio of final to initial metal concentration) were higher for cadmium as compared to copper. Comparison of metal levels and accumulation factors in various tissues revealed that cadmium and copper showed very high affinity to head kidney of common carp (higher than to other tissues), but accumulation factors for cadmium in trunk, head kidney and liver were much higher than for copper. The concentrations of copper in organs of Cu-exposed fish increased only slightly and quickly returned to the control level, which shows that fish organism easily buffered metal level. On the other hand, concentrations of cadmium considerably increased and remained elevated for a long time which suggests that activation of mechanisms of sequestration and elimination of cadmium required more time.     

华南沿海牡蛎重金属含量特征及其风险评估

根据2009年对华南沿海部分海域的近江牡蛎和太平洋牡蛎的监测数据,对产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量水平、分布与变化特征进行了分析讨论;采用点评估方法,计算Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的膳食暴露量,对牡蛎产品的食用安全性进行风险评估。结果表明,调查海域牡蛎样品中Cu、Zn、Cd的含量较高,其值分别为92.0、268、1.32 mg/kg(湿重,下同);Hg、As、Pb的含量低,其值分别为9.21、0.11、0.26 mg/kg。不同海域、不同养殖季节的牡蛎产品中重金属元素的含量具有明显的差异。与无公害水产品质量标准的限量值相比,调查海域牡蛎产品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As的含量符合产品质量标准,Cd的含量超过产品限量标准值。由于元素间的相互作用,牡蛎产品Zn的含量高、Cd的含量低,Zn的可利用性阻止对Cd的吸收,牡蛎产品中的Cd不会对健康造成危害。风险评估的结果显示,每周食用适量的牡蛎,重金属的膳食摄入量低于世界卫生组织/联合国粮食和农业组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的暂定每周耐受摄入量,处于安全范围内。     

Trace metal levels in eels grown in power station cooling water

Measurements have been made of heavy metal concentrations in eels grown in condenser discharge water and cooling-tower pond water to ascertain if abnormal metal accumulation occurs under these conditions. Eels from other locations were also analysed to provide comparative data. Cadmium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc concentrations were measured in liver and muscle tissue. Comparison of the metal concentrations in the eels maintained in the three experimental regimes with those from other sites does not indicate any abnormal accumulation in those fish kept at an elevated temperature. The fastest growing eels in condenser water appear to develop new tissues more rapidly than they accumulate metals, thus reducing the specific metal concentration.There is considerable variation in metal concentrations in eels, with particularly high liver cadmium concentrations being observed in eels collected from polluted areas of the Bristol Channel. Muscle cadmium levels, however, are generally low and constant and would not appear to constitute a human health risk from food consumption.     

Induction of metallothionein synthesis in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri,during long-term exposure to waterborne cadmium

Rainbow trout were exposed to 200 g cadmium/l in the water during four months at 6–10°C. The liver, kidney and gills were analyzed for cadmium, copper, zinc, metallothionein and metallothionein mRNA. Cadmium accumulated in all three organs and reached the highest concentration in the kidney. The tissue zine and copper concentrations showed no major alterations during the experiment. The cytosolic distribution of cadmium, copper and zinc was followed during four months of exposure by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. It was found that cadmium was predominantly associated with proteins of an apparent molecular vieght of 10,000 daltons. These proteins were further identified as metallothioneins after fast protein liquid chromatography on a Mono-Q column. The metallothionein concentration was significantly higher in liver of exposed fish than in control fish after only one month. The kidneys reached significantly elevated levels of metallothionein in the exposed group after three months. In the gills, elevated metallothionein concentrations were observed after four months of exposure. After four months of exposure, the metallothionein mRNA content of liver and kidney was analyzed using a rainbow trout anti-sense RNA probe. Elevated MT mRNA levels were observed in both kidney and liver. These results demonstrate thatde novo synthesis of metallothionein is induced by cadmium in rainbow trout after exposure to the metalvia water.     

Comparative study of the effects of heavy metals on embryonic development of zebrafish

This study aimed to investigate the effects of heavy metals, such as copper, zinc, iron, cobalt, chromium, aluminium, manganese and molybdenum, on zebrafish egg hatching rate and the subsequent survival rate of the larvae. Each metal was used in the various concentrations of0.05 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 500 mg/L to detect the threshold limit of tolerance. The study's results showed significant differences in the hatching and survival rate of larvae between the control group and most of the experimental groups when adding heavy metals in various concentrations. The highest concentration (500 mg/L) of the induced heavy metals tested in this study resulted in total egg or larval mortality within 96 hr and significantly lower egg or larval life expectancy. Among the tested metals, zinc and molybdenum had the most significant impact on hatching time, in contrast to iron that did not differentiate the results from the control group. Copper, cobalt, chromium, aluminium and manganese did affect zebrafish eggs depending on their exposure concentrations, which differentiated the results from the control group. Also, the study's findings demonstrate a significant dependence of the hatched egg heart rate on the metal concentration, and in particular, higher concentrations of metals correspond to higher heart rate. Zinc, Molybdenum and copper was proved to be the most toxic heavy metals causing increased hazard rate to mortality up to 96 hr and shorter life expectancy. Finally, skeletal deformities that occasionally observed did not significantly affect the total life expectancy of the hatched eggs.     

Effect of water temperature on gonadal development and emaciation of Japanese common squid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Todarodes pacificus</Emphasis> (Ommastrephidae)

ABSTRACT:   In this study, the site of spawning ground and the relationship between oceanographic conditions and gonadal development and emaciation of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus were examined based on data from research cruises. The research cruises were conducted in the south-western part of the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea in the winter of 1999. Sea surface temperature (SST) ranged 12.7–23.2°C in the survey area. Mature females concentrated on the continental shelf of the East China Sea, suggesting a major spawning ground was formed in this area. Gonadal development of the collected squid was examined using ovary somatic index (OSI) and oviduct somatic index (ODSI) in females, and emaciation was examined using mantle muscle somatic index (MI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Mean OSI and ODSI increased with SST at the stations where SST was greater than 15°C, particularly where SST ranged between 15 and 18°C. In contrast, mean MI and HSI decreased with increase in SST at the stations where SST was above 15°C. These results indicate that female gonads develop rapidly at SST above 15°C, and at the same time adult squids tend to be emaciated at this temperature condition.     

Growth effect on the uptake and elimination of trace metals in the abalones Haliotis

In order to determine trace metal (cadmium, copper, lead, manganese and zinc) levels in muscles in relation to organism growth, abalones Haliotis at various stages from Japanese coastal regions were collected and analyzed. Concentrations of Cd and Pb, two non-essential metals, in the muscles of abalones decreased as the organisms became older. In addition, no significant difference was apparent in Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations, three essential metals, with increases in shell length (age), although a close negative linear relationship with growth was observed in Zn in one habitat. These results indicate that abalone has an ability to differentiate those metals and develops this ability as the organism became older. This effect appears to be almost consistent, despite habitat variation in the genus Haliotis .     

Ascorbate-2-sulfate as a dietary vitamin C source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): 2. Effects of dietary levels and immunization on the metabolism of trace elements

Atlantic salmon fingerlings were fed a vitamin C deficient diet for four months. The fish were then provided a dry, practical fishmeal based diet supplemented with 0, 500 or 5000 mg vitamin C/kg as L-ascorbic acid or equivalent amounts of ascorbate-2-sulfate. After six weeks on these diets ten fish in each group were injected with a soluble antigen (NIP₁₁-LPH). Six weeks thereafter blood, liver, kidney, spleen and vertebrae were examined for trace elements. The livers were also analysed for metallothionein. The vitamin C deficient fish were anemic despite the significantly elevated iron concentrations in the liver. Vitamin C had no positive effect in lowering tissue levels of cadmium. The highest level of dietary vitamin C given as ascorbic acid reduced the liver selenium concentrations. In response to antigen injection, the fish in all groups showed increased levels of hepatic metallothionein, copper, zinc and cadmium, while hepatic selenium and iron levels were less affected. The elemental composition in other organs was affected by the antigen injection to a minor extent.     

近岸海域环境中鱼体对重金属污染物的响应浅析

以鲈鱼和大黄鱼为例,通过测定各组织器官中铜、锌、铅、镉的含量,探讨这四种重金属元素在鱼体内吸收、转移、分布规律,结果表明:1.在脑、眼、皮、肉、鳔和性腺等可食用部位中,脑和性腺是重金属的主要靶器官,肌肉组织中重金属含量最低;2.重金属在鳃、消化道和皮的单位质量含量的差异与对应的三种吸收途径的不同贡献有关;3.血液循环系统和代谢系统各脏器分别在重金属的转移和解毒代谢方面起重要作用,但不同重金属的响应并不一致。     

混合金属离子Pb、Zn和Cu的相互作用对Cd在鲫体内积累的影响

采用室内生态学方法研究混合重金属离子Pb、Zn和Cu的相互作用对Cd在鲫组织中积累的影响.结果表明,混合重金属离子相互作用对Cd在鲫组织中积累的影响与离子的种类、数量及组织类型有关.Cd的积累受单一重金属影响不显著,与Pb、Zn、Cu的混合作用关系密切.随重金属离子种类的增加,相互作用对积累的影响显著;Pb、Zn、Cu的混合降低了Cd在鳃中的积累量,增加了Cd在肝脏中的积累量,对Cd在肌肉中的积累无影响.Cd在鲫组织中的积累顺序为:肝胰脏>鳃>肌肉.     

Metamorphosis to Postlarvae of Penaeus chinensis Osbeck by Removal of Heavy Metals from Rearing Systems with Polymeric Absorbent

The effect of removing heavy metal ions (copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium) with a polymeric heavy metal absorbent (PHMA) on metamorphosis of Penueus chinensis Osbeck was investigated. There was a significant ( P < 0.05) reduction in metamorphosis of protozoea to mysis at concentrations more than 31.0 μg/L copper, 38.3 μg/L zinc, 32.5 μg/L lead, and 30.3 μg/L cadmium, in the absence of PHMA. At concentrations more than 61.0 μg /L copper, 68.3 μg/L zinc, 62.5 μg/L lead, and 60.3 μg/L cadmium there was a significant ( P < 0.01) interaction between the absence and the presence of PHMA for metamorphosis of mysis to postlarvae. At concentrations of 12.3 μg/L copper, 45.8 μg/L zinc, 106.2 μg/L lead, and 200.2 μg/L cadmium, the metamorphosis of protozoea to mysis was blocked, but it was 51.4% in the presence of PHMA. At concentrations of 252.3 μg/L copper, 335.8 μ/L zinc, 806.2 μg/L lead and 300.2 μg/L cadmium, the metamorphosis of mysis to postlarvae was stopped, but it was 51.0% in the presence of PHMA. The toxicity of copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium to P. chinensis was reduced with PHMA.     

栉孔扇贝对铜、铅、镉的累积效应

试验结果表明:当常规理化指标一致时,随着Cu、Pb、Cd质量浓度的升高,栉孔扇贝各组织的蓄积量明显升高;Cu、Cd在扇贝组织中蓄积量是内脏团>鳃>肌肉,Pb在扇贝组织中的蓄积量是鳃>内脏团>肌肉;当Cu、Pb、Cd质量浓度(0.1 mg/L)相同时,其鳃、内脏团、肌肉中重金属蓄积量的上升速率是Cu>Cd>Pb。     

In vitro toxicology test system based on common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis>) sperm analysis

The effect of heavy metals on the motility parameters of common carp sperm was investigated. In vitro test systems are widespread in ecotoxicology, and fish sperm can be a suitable model. For this reason, studies had been carried out in this topic; however, the published methods are not standard in several aspects (donor species, measured endpoint, etc.). In this study, a previously published toxicology-aimed sperm analysis protocol was tested to examine the effect of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, zinc,) on common carp sperm. According to our results, PMOT is the most sensitive of the investigated parameters: dose-response was observed in case of each metal at low concentrations, already after 30 min of exposure. VCL was less sensitive: lower effects were observed at the same concentrations compared to PMOT. Among the examined parameters, LIN was the least affected: a dose-response was observed only in case of arsenic and mercury. The same sensitivity of motility parameters was observed on zebrafish sperm previously. Moreover, we found that PMOT, VCL, and LIN of common carp sperm were affected at the same concentrations as it had been observed in zebrafish, when the identical analytical protocol was applied. The only exception was As³⁺, where common carp sperm proved to be more sensitive: lower concentrations already reduced its motility parameters. Consequently, PMOT of common carp sperm is an accurate and fast bioindicator of aquatic pollution.     

Size selectivity of a trammel net for oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana

ABSTRACT:   The size selectivity of a trammel net for herded oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, was estimated by comparison between the mantle length frequency distributions of oval squid caught by a trammel net and by a set net. The measured mesh sizes of the inner net of the trammel net and of the final section of the set net were 85.3 and 11.3 mm, respectively. In the trammel net fishery where oval squid are herded into the net, most of the oval squid are caught in the bag-shaped inner net. Hence, the logistic function was employed for the size selectivity curve of the trammel net. The 'share each length's catch total' (SELECT) model was implemented for the estimation of the selectivity curve. The size selectivity r ( l ) of the trammel net for the oval squid was expressed as a logistic function of the mantle length l : r ( l ) = exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )/[1 + exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )]. From these logistic parameter estimates, the 50% selection mantle length and selection range ( L ₇₅– L ₂₅) were calculated as 21.07 and 2.49 cm, respectively. The selection probability of oval squid whose mantle girth was equivalent to the mesh perimeter of the inner net was 0.09. Accordingly, oval squid of a girth smaller than the mesh perimeter were likely to pass through the mesh to escape from the net.     

东黄海鱿鱼生物学特性的初步分析

<正> 太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificusSteenstrup 1880)原名太平洋斯氏柔鱼,以下简称鱿鱼,是珍贵的海产品之一。历年来,在东黄海的底拖网、流网和围网渔获物中经常出现鱿鱼,由于50～70年代渔业资源较好,未引起人们的重视。80年代以来我国的渔业资源出现严重衰退现象,随着我国《渔业法》的颁布实施,禁渔线和禁渔期的划定,传统的底拖网渔场上每年第三季度几乎到了无鱼可捕的地步。在这种情况下,烟渔公司率先开发