克氏原螯虾胚胎发育的形态学变化

采用实验室内小规模实验的方法,在水温(26±1) ℃的条件下,对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)胚胎发育过程中的形态学变化和发育时间进行了系统地研究.实验结果表明,克氏原螯虾的胚胎发育过程可以分为9个主要阶段:受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前无节幼体期、后无节幼体期、复眼色素期、预备孵化期和孵化期;胚胎发育早期卵径无显著变化,保持在2 mm水平,仅在预备孵化期卵径开始显著增大;发育过程中胚胎的颜色逐渐加深,表现为橄榄绿色-灰绿色-灰褐色-棕褐色-红褐色-暗红色的变化趋势;水温26 ℃的条件下,整个胚胎发育过程需15 d左右;刚孵化出的幼体在形态结构上与成体相类似.     

克氏原螯虾胚胎发育的观察分析及影响因素的研究

研究了克氏原螯虾(Procabarus dadcia)的胚胎发育过程,结果表明(1)克氏原螫虾受精卵的颜色变化过程为灰棕色→棕色中夹杂着黄色→黄色中夹杂着黑色→黑色;(2)克氏原螯虾的胚胎发育过程共分12期:受精卵、孵裂期、囊胚期、原肠前期、出现半圆形内胚层沟、原肠后期、无节幼体前期、无节幼体后期、前蚤状幼体期、蚤状幼体期和后蚤状幼体期;(3)在9月份时,整个孵化期间水温为19～30℃,平均水温为25.8℃,胚胎发育时间为17～20d,在此期间孵化所需的有效积温为453～516℃.d;而在11月份时,孵化期间,水温为4～10℃,平均水温5.2℃,胚胎发育时间为90～100d,孵化所需要有的效积温为462～520℃.d.     

海洋观赏虾类清洁虾胚胎发育的形态学观察

在实验室水温(26±1)℃、盐度(30±1)的条件下,对清洁虾(Lysmata amboinensis)胚胎发育过程中的形态学变化和发育时间进行研究。结果表明,清洁虾的胚胎发育过程可以分为9个主要阶段:受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、无节幼体发生期、复眼色素形成前期、复眼色素形成后期、孵化前期和孵化期。胚胎大小在发育早期无显著变化,约为0.6 mm,进入孵化期时,胚径开始显著增大,可达0.9 mm;发育过程中胚胎的颜色逐渐加深,呈现出浅绿色、深绿色、深黄色、黄褐色的变化趋势;在26℃水温条件下,整个胚胎发育过程需13 d左右。本研究旨在为清洁虾人工育苗生产提供理论依据。     

中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育及几种代谢酶活性的变化

采用实验室内小规模实验的方法,在水温(16.2±1.5)℃和盐度20的条件下,对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育过程中的形态学变化和几种重要代谢酶的活性变化进行了系统性研究。实验结果表明,中华绒螯蟹的胚胎发育过程可以分为9个主要阶段:受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前无节幼体期、后无节幼体期、原溞状幼体期、出膜前期和孵化期;水温16℃的条件下,整个胚胎发育过程需40 d左右,有效积温达到10 758 h.℃。乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、总ATPase和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的活性都随胚胎发育时期的变化而变化,LDH活性呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,在囊胚期中活性最高;总ATPase活性在原溞状幼体期最高,在原肠期最低;MDH活性在原溞状幼体期最高,在囊胚期最低。     

双齿围沙蚕胚胎及幼体发育的研究

2003-2004年，观察了双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)胚胎及幼体发育。结果表明，成熟卵为绿色，卵径175-228μm，多油球；胚胎发育经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期；后担轮幼虫期胚体脱卵膜孵化；幼体从3刚节疣足幼虫开始，在3刚节疣足幼虫后期开始摄食；4刚节疣足幼虫后期纤毛轮消失，进入匍匐阶段；10刚节疣足幼虫形态与生态都与成体相似；从受精卵发育到4刚节疣足幼虫的时间在不同水温情况下变化较大，水温在25-26℃为118h、而水温在27．5～32℃为82h。     

克氏原螯虾幼体发育时期消化酶活力及氨基酸含量研究

采用生物化学方法对克氏原螯虾各期幼体消化酶活力与氨基酸组成进行了分析。实验结果显示,在克氏原螯虾幼体发育过程中,五种消化酶活力(胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶)表现出两种变化模式:胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶在幼体发育Ⅱ龄幼体期和Ⅳ龄幼体期活力较高,其中Ⅳ龄幼体期该两种酶活力最高;淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力为先增高后降低,在Ⅲ龄幼体期,三种酶的活力达到最高,但与Ⅳ龄幼体期的酶活力比较无显著差异。总氨基酸含量在幼体发育早期逐渐降低,幼体发育至Ⅲ龄幼体期,其氨基酸含量最低,Ⅳ龄幼体期又有所增加。在测定的所有氨基酸中谷氨酸含量最高,必需氨基酸中赖氨酸含量最高,单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值(A/E)在整个胚胎发育过程中的变化趋于一致。     

克氏原螯虾大颚器对卵巢发育的影响

采用埋植和离体方法进行克氏原螯虾的大颚器（ＭＯ）对卵巢发育作用的研究，埋植大颚器７次能显著提高成熟系数和促进卵径增大，处于不同卵巢发育时期的克氏原螯虾大颚器提取物（ＭＯＥ）的离体研究发现，卵黄发生期的ＭＯＥ对初级和次级卵黄发生期卵径增大均有极显著的作用，而对卵黄发生前期的卵径增大无作用，处于卵巢发育早期的ＭＯＥ对卵黄发４生期卵巢小块总ＲＮＡ含量升高无显著作用，处于卵黄发生前期，卵黄发生期和恢复期卵     

不同开口饵料对克氏原螯虾幼虾发育及消化酶活性的影响

实验采用丰年虫无节幼体、草鱼鱼糜、水蚯蚓、1号人工配合饲料和2号人工配合饲料为克氏原螯虾的开口饵料,观察幼虾存活率和生长情况。经过40d的培育,对幼虾的胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力进行测定。结果表明：投喂丰年虫无节幼体的实验组幼虾存活率最高,为75,增重率和增长率也最大,分别为4746.00和171.00。幼虾的胃蛋白酶活性与投喂的饵料密切相关,投喂丰年虫无节幼体组幼虾的胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别为2.18U/mgprot和0.96U/mgprot,极显著高于投喂草鱼鱼糜实验组。实验的5种开口饵料中,丰年虫无节幼体是克氏原螯虾幼虾的最佳开口饵料。摄食丰年虫无节幼体可能提高了主要消化酶的活性,从而促进了克氏原螯虾幼体的生长。     

水温对石磺胚胎发育的影响

通过实验室研究，对石磺（Onchidium sp．）胚胎发育过程进行了详细观察，比较了不同水温下石磺胚胎发育的速度，探讨了膜内面盘幼虫孵化出膜的主要条件。结果表明：石磺的胚胎发育过程类似于肺螺亚纲其他贝类，行体内受精，刚产出的卵为受精卵，细胞未进行分裂，卵裂从卵产出体外开始，分别经过卵裂期，囊胚期，原肠期，膜内担轮幼虫期，膜内面盘幼虫期，经过孵化期孵化出膜为自由生活的面盘幼虫期。对各阶段幼体的大小、形状、内部器官等特征以及发育变态过程进行了详细的显微观察和描述。26℃，28℃，30℃3个水温组中，从受精卵到膜内面盘幼虫孵化出膜分别需要300h，290h，288h；发现影响幼虫孵化出膜的主要因素是水温和海水的刺激作用；繁殖盛期卵群工厂化水泥池自然水温孵化时间为10～14d。并报道了水温低于23℃时石磺胚胎停止发育现象。     

温度对克氏原螯虾幼虾发育和存活的影响

低温条件下克氏原螯虾幼体生长缓慢,但成活率较高。在一定范围内,高温可明显促进幼体的生长,但在31℃时死亡率很高。对于约1月龄的克氏原螯虾幼体,考虑到其生长速度和成活率2个方面的因素,25℃左右可能比较适合其生长发育。克氏原螯虾幼体不适合30℃以上的高温和5℃以下的低温,因此在我国中部和北方地区,克氏原螯虾幼体的越冬应当采取一定的保温措施。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).