大菱鲆消化道蛋白酶的初步研究

以-龄大菱鲆为材料,研究养殖水温下不同pH条件胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠中蛋白酶的活性,确定饵料中蛋白质的主要消化部位为胃和前肠,各部位主要蛋白酶的最适作用pH依次为2.0、8.0、8.0、8.5、8.0;蛋白酶单位酶活力从高到低依次为幽门盲囊＞胃＞前肠＞中肠＞后肠.以大菱鲆胃为材料,经Tris-HCl缓冲液抽提、硫酸铵分级分离,DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析分离纯化,获得大菱鲆胃蛋白酶的电泳纯制品,并对该酶的性质进行了研究.结果显示:纯酶的分子量为39900Dal,纯酶最适反应pH为2.0,最适反应温度40℃;pH稳定范围1.0-9.0,40℃以下酶活性稳定;Mn2+和Cu2+可激活大菱鲆胃蛋白酶,Fe3+对酶活性有抑制作用.     

罗非鱼肠蛋白酶的分离纯化及其性质

以罗非鱼肠为原料,采用超声波辅助提取技术、电泳技术和层析技术等对罗非鱼肠道蛋白酶进行研究,结果表明:将鱼肠匀浆经超声波提取的粗酶液,用30%～70%的硫酸铵盐进行盐析、HitrapTM Q FF阴离子交换柱纯化及Sephadex G-100凝胶柱分离纯化,得到罗非鱼肠蛋白酶纯品,其比活为335U/mg,得率为32.8%;SDS-PAGE电泳为单一蛋白酶带,分子量为28ku。该酶最适pH为8.0～8.5,在pH7.0～9.0的条件下稳定;最适温度为37～42℃,热稳定性好;该酶的Km值和Vmax值分别为0.605g/L和9.407μg/min。金属离子Ag+、Pb2+对蛋白酶有完全抑制作用,Na+、K+对该酶无抑制作用。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂能完全抑制该酶活性,胃蛋白酶抑制剂和脲素对该酶有一定抑制作用,EDTA没有明显抑制作用,DTT能激活该酶活性,该酶为丝氨酸蛋白酶。     

几种海藻中溴过氧化物酶的筛选及酶学性质

溴过氧化物酶(BrPOD)是具有特殊功能的过氧化物酶,海藻是其主要来源。对几种中国海域的红藻如角叉菜(Chondrus ocellatus)、龙须菜(Gracilaria sjoestedtii)、珊瑚藻(Corallina officinalis)进行了溴过氧化物酶的藻种筛选,并对酶活较高的珊瑚藻进行溴过氧化物酶分离纯化及性质的研究。通过硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-cellulose 52离子交换层析、Sephadex G-100凝胶层析等方法,从珊瑚藻中分离得到溴过氧化物酶。对该酶性质研究表明,该酶分子量较大,表观分子量为64 kD;溴化单氯甲酮的最适pH值为6.0;pH在5.0-9.0时酶活性稳定;在30-70℃温度范围内酶活性稳定;Ca2 、Co2 、Cu2 、Mn2 、NaF和EDTA等化合物使溴过氧化物酶活性下降,钒酸盐能提高酶活性。反应动力学实验表明,该酶对Br-、H2O2的Km分别为7.40 mmol/L和96.09μmol/L。     

驼海燕内脏中蛋白酶的提取及其酶学性质的研究

以驼海燕为原料,用丙酮沉淀法制备蛋白酶粗酶,并对其酶学性质进行研究。试验结果表明,提取蛋白粗酶的最佳条件为:原酶液与丙酮的体积比为1∶1.6;蛋白酶反应的最适温度为45℃,最适pH值为8.1;pH为7～9时可保持较高的酶活力;蛋白酶的酶活力在20～50℃基本稳定。酶促反应结果表明,Na+、K+、Li+、Mg2+对蛋白酶活力具有促进作用,而Zn2+、Cu2+、Hg2+能抑制蛋白酶的活力,EDTA对蛋白酶活力的影响甚微。酶动力学方程表明,最大反应速度vmax=5.99U/mL,米氏常数Km=0.69g/mL。     

1种致病性鳗弧菌胞外蛋白酶的分离纯化及性质

从山东省莱州海区自然发病的花鲈（Lateolobrax japanicus）体内分离到1株致病性鳗弧菌，经硫酸铵盐析、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow和Sephadex-G100凝胶层析等方法从其培养液中分离纯化了1种胞外蛋白酶。用SDS-PAGE电泳测得蛋白质的分子量为36.7kD，最适温度为50℃，对热不稳定，70℃15min完全失去活力；最适pH为7.0；1mmol/L的PMSF对酶活性无影响，部分金属离子如Cu^2 、Fe^2 、Fe^3 、Zn^2 对酶活力有抑制作用，而Ca^2 对酶有一定程度的激活作用，1mmol/L EDTA能完全抑制酶的活性，表明该酶是1种金属蛋白酶。     

黄颡鱼蛋白酶活性的研究

研究了不同pH值和温度条件下黄颡鱼蛋白消化酶活性的变化。结果表明：pH2．2～8．2时，随pH的升高，胃蛋白酶活性逐渐降低，在肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶的最适pH分别为7．4、7．4、7．8、7．8；温度可显著影响蛋白酶活性，胃蛋白酶、肠道蛋白酶及肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适温度分别40℃、40℃和30℃，在最适温度及同等温度条件下，胃蛋白酶活性高于中肠、前肠、后肠和肝胰脏。     

斑点叉尾鮰源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外蛋白酶的纯化及性质研究

采用硫酸铵盐析，DEAE Sephadex A－50凝胶层析等方法从嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外产物中提纯了一种分子量为45.7 ku的单一多肽蛋白酶。该酶对小鼠和斑点叉尾鮰具有明显的致死作用，其LD50分别为4.33 μg•g-1体重和3.49 μg•g-1体重。酶的最适温度为20 ℃，热稳定性差，100 ℃作用15 min酶活完全丧失，最适pH为9.0，PMSF对酶活无影响，部分金属离子如Ca2+、Hg2+、Cu2+能使酶活性明显下降，而Co2+对酶有一定程度的激活作用，EDTA能完全抑制酶活性，表明该酶为一种金属蛋白酶。图1表4参29     

pH及温度对半滑舌鳎幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

研究了不同pH及温度对半滑舌鳎幼鱼三种主要消化酶活性的影响。实验结果显示半滑舌鳎胃、肝胰腺、肠蛋白酶的最适pH分别是3.0、7.5、8.0;淀粉酶的最适pH分别是8.0、7.5、7.5。随着温度的增加,半滑舌鳎消化酶的活性均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,半滑舌鳎胃、肝胰腺、肠蛋白酶的最适温度分别是50℃、45℃、40℃;脂肪酶最适温度分别是35℃、45℃、40℃;胃和肠淀粉酶最适温度均为20℃;而在15～30℃范围内,肝胰腺均呈现高的淀粉酶活性。不同组织酶活力比较:蛋白酶活力以肝胰腺>胃>肠;淀粉酶活力是肠>胃>肝胰腺;脂肪酶活力以胃>肝胰腺和肠,肠道中以前肠的消化酶活力最高。     

pH对红鳍东方纯（Takifugu rubripes）消化酶活力的影响

本文研究了pH对红鳍东方纯消化道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力的影响。结果表明：红鳍东方纯前肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶最适pH分别为：5．4和5．0；中肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH分别为：8．7和7．0；后肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH分别为：6．5和7．0；肝胰脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH均为7．0；肠和肝胰脏的脂肪酶的最适pH均为7．0。     

金乌贼肌肉中三甲胺脱甲基酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

为了提取纯化金乌贼肌肉中的三甲胺脱甲基酶(TMAOase),本研究采用含有0.1 mol/L NaCl、pH 7.0、浓度为20 mmol/L的三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)-醋酸缓冲液提取粗酶液,经透析、浓缩处理后,通过DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析和Sephacryl S-300柱层析得到了纯化的TMAOase,并对其酶学性质进行了研究。结果显示,经Sephacryl S-300柱层析的TMAOase相比粗酶纯化了209.54倍;粗酶和纯化酶的最适温度分别为55和50°C,当温度高于最适温度时,酶活性开始出现显著下降,粗酶在80°C仍残留21.9%的活性;而纯化酶在80°C时,几乎检测不到酶活;粗酶和纯化酶的最适p H均为7.0,中性条件下表现稳定,在酸性和碱性条件下稳定性下降,p H为9.0时,粗酶残留60.7%的活性,而纯化酶的活性仅为20.5%。以双倒数作图法(Lineweaver-Burk法)测得纯化的TMAOase的Km值为22.8 mmol/L;经SDS-PAGE电泳分析,测得其分子量为21.3 ku;在化学物质中,柠檬酸和CaCl_2对酶活性具有显著的促进作用,H_2O_2和Na_2S对TMAOase活性有显著抑制作用。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).