丹江口库区入库河口土壤养分的空间变异研究——以青塘河河口为例

通过探究河口土壤养分状况及空间变化规律,为入库河口生态修复提供理论依据,以丹江口水库青塘河入库河口为例,采用传统描述性统计和地统计分析法,对入库河口表层土壤养分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤各养分指标变异系数为38.6%~97.9%,除速效磷外,总体属中等强度变异。研究区土壤各养分指标均具有中等程度的空间自相关性,自相关距离为272~2 110 m,由大到小依次为:速效磷碱解氮有机质速效钾。研究区土壤有机质含量为7.97~45.03 g/kg,处于中等偏上水平,碱解氮含量为42.97~178.70 mg/kg,处于中等偏下水平,速效磷含量为5.03~121.40 mg/kg,速效钾含量为62.50~820.65 mg/kg,分别达到丰富和极丰富水平。受土壤母质、地形、气候等非人为因素和施肥、作物、管理水平等人为因素影响,研究区有机质、速效磷和碱解氮均呈现出由东南向西向北方向逐渐递减的趋势,速效钾在中部偏东处含量最高。与传统统计方法相比,地统计分析能较好地反映土壤养分含量的结构性、随机性、独立性和相关性。研究结果可为丹江口水库青塘河入库河口植被恢复与生态修复提供理论依据。     

丹江口库区入库河口土壤养分空间变异研究——以青塘河河口为例

通过探究河口土壤养分状况及空间变化规律,为入库河口生态修复提供理论依据,以丹江口水库青塘河入库河口为例,采用传统描述性统计和地统计分析法对入库河口表层土壤养分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤各养分指标变异系数为38.6%~97.9%,除速效磷外,总体属中等强度变异。研究区土壤各养分指标均具有中等程度的空间自相关性,自相关距离为272～2110 m,由大到小依次为：速效磷>碱解氮>有机质>速效钾。研究区土壤有机质含量为7.97～45.03 g/kg,处于中等偏上水平,碱解氮含量为42.97～178.70 mg/kg,处于中等偏下水平,速效磷含量为5.03～121.40 mg/kg,速效钾含量为62.50～820.65 mg/kg,分别达到丰富和极丰富水平。受土壤母质、地形、气候等非人为因素和施肥、作物、管理水平等人为因素影响,研究区有机质、速效磷和碱解氮均呈现出由东南向西向北方向逐渐递减的趋势,速效钾在中部偏东处含量最高。与传统统计方法相比,地统计分析能较好地反映土壤养分含量的结构性、随机性、独立性和相关性。研究结果可为丹江口水库青塘河入库河口植被恢复与生态修复提供理论依据。     

稻-金鱼共栖生态系统土壤理化性状研究

通过田间试验对稻-金鱼共栖生态系统的稻田土壤理化性状进行了研究。研究结果表明,与常规稻田相比,实行稻-金鱼生态复合种养,土壤的速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质分别增加9.6mg/kg、0.8mg/kg、4.0mg/kg、1.67g/kg,增加幅度分别为5.7%、6.4%、6.2%、7.5%;土壤物理性状也得到一定程度地改善,土壤容重降低了0.11g/cm3;土壤总孔隙度增加了8.63%,土壤非毛管孔隙度增加0.01%。     

典型滨海翅碱蓬盐沼湿地土壤理化特征研究

为了解滨海潮间带盐沼湿地翅碱蓬生长的土壤环境,2013年7月～8月采集辽宁盘锦、辽宁庄河、天津、山东东营及江苏连云港5个不同纬度典型滨海翅碱蓬生长区域土壤,研究了其理化特征。结果表明,翅碱蓬可生长的我国滨海潮间带湿地土壤含盐量（2.5±0.5）g/kg～（19.0±6.1）g/kg、氯离子含量（1.16±0.04）g/kg～（11.27±0.3.43）g/kg、pH （7.05±0.01）～（8.96±0.01）、碱度（3.56±0.59）mmol/kg～（8.78±0.78）mmol/kg、全碳含量（7.70±1.84）mg/kg～（21.73±4.11）mg/kg,全氮含量（0.36±0.03）mg/kg～（0.87±0.04）mg/kg、无机氮含量（1.95±0.95）mg/kg～（16.10±1.57）mg/kg、速效磷含量（5.26±0.33）mg/kg～（39.98±0.61）mg/kg、速效钾含量（0.53±0.19）mg/kg～（1.77±0.01）mg/kg,其中铵氮含量（1.60±0.58）mg/kg～（8.76±0.16）mg/kg、亚硝酸盐氮含量（0.01±0.00）mg/kg～（0.11±0.00）mg/kg、硝酸盐氮含量（1.00±0.20）mg/kg～（2.54±1.09）mg/kg。土壤N:P比平均值为0.80±0.25、N:K比平均值为17.77±6.08、P:K比平均值为26.90±4.67;TC:TN比平均值为26.50±4.67。在符合这些土壤特征的滨海潮间带光滩可采用翅碱蓬进行生态修复。     

三峡库区万州段消落带植被及土壤理化特征分析

水文节律是河岸带植物群落演替的主要驱动因子,受水文节律影响的土壤理化特性也有可能逐渐改变周边植被,为了探究周期性淹没对三峡水库消落带植物群落及其生境状况的影响,2015年8-9月,以三峡水库腹地万州段消落带为研究区域,调查分析了8个样地、24个样带、96个样方的消落带植被及土壤理化特征。结果表明,在三峡库区万州段消落带共调查到维管植物22科、47属、51种,其中禾本科、菊科、蓼科和莎草科的种类数较多;植物群落组成以草本植物为主,一年生和多年生草本植物分别占58.8%和27.5%。高程不同,群落优势种有差异,145~155 m及156~165 m区域优势度较高的物种相近,为狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、光头稗(Echinochloa crusgalli var.mitis)和醴肠(Eclipta prostrata);高程166~175 m区域优势度较高的物种为鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)和狗尾草(Setaria viridis)和狗牙根;高程156~166 m区域植物鲜重均值最高,为(2199.1±863.9)g/m2;高程166~175 m区域Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的均值最高,分别为(2.00±0.30)和(0.85±0.06)。随着坡度等级增加,植物鲜重和盖度呈递减趋势,物种数在坡度6~15°区域最高。长江左岸消落带植物鲜重、高度、Shannon-Wiener和Pielou指数高于右岸。消落带土壤理化性质具有较高的空间异质性,土壤容重、p H、有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷均值分别为(1.34±0.09)g/cm3、(7.60±0.47)、(6.02±2.94)g/kg、(1.21±0.16)g/kg、(53.42±9.67)mg/kg、(0.42±0.14)g/kg、(6.55±2.82)mg/kg,其中有机质的变异系数最大,其次为有效磷和全磷。左岸消落带土壤p H、有机质、全氮和有效氮含量均值低于右岸,但左岸土壤全磷和有效磷含量高于右岸。淹没时间和土壤有效磷含量对消落带植物重要值影响较大。     

饲料铜水平对方格星虫稚虫生长的影响

在26~30℃和盐度18~22下,研究了每千克干等氮等能基础饲料中添加0、4、8、16、32mg和64mg蛋氨酸铜的饲料(铜实际含量为2.7、7.5、11.2、19.8、30.4mg/kg和52.1mg/kg)对体质量(18.46±0.11)mg方格星虫稚虫的质量日增加、组织铜含量和消化酶活性的影响。基础饲料以酪蛋白、明胶为蛋白源,糊精为糖源,鱼油为脂肪源,含粗蛋白44.25%,粗脂肪9.23%,灰分9.64%,能值为19.71 MJ/kg。56d的饲养结果表明,饲料铜水平显著影响方格星虫稚虫的质量日增加、体壁铜含量、虫体铜含量(P0.05)。稚星虫的质量日增加随饲料铜水平的增加呈先增后降趋势,随后趋于平稳。饲料铜水平为7.5、11.2、52.1mg/kg时,稚虫的质量日增加差异不显著;当饲料铜含量为11.2mg/kg时,稚星虫质量日增加达最大值(0.68±0.04)mg/d。稚星虫的体壁铜含量和虫体铜含量均随着饲料中铜含量的提高而显著升高,当饲料铜含量为52.1mg/kg时,达到最大值。各处理组稚星虫体腔液铜含量为2.32~4.53μg/g,与消化酶活性一致,组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合质量日增加和饲料成本考虑,建议方格星虫稚虫饲料铜水平的添加量为7.5~11.2mg/kg。     

滨州浅海沉积物中重金属的分布及潜在生态风险评价

2012年夏季(8月)利用QNC6-1型挖泥斗采样,监测山东滨州浅海11个站位表层沉积物中Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg和As 7种重金属的含量,应用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价沉积物中重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险。结果表明:调查区域沉积物中Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg和As的含量范围分别为19.80-63.70mg/kg、27.90~38.70mg/kg、0.138~0.192mg/kg、23.10~29.50mg/kg、8.75~17.20mg/kg、0.0221~0.0384mg/kg,和8.29~10.70mg/kg,平均含量分别为(52.15±12.03)mg/kg、(32.83±3.14)mg/kg、(0.16±0.02)mg/kg、(26.50±2.11)mg/kg、(13.94±2.87)mg/kg、(0.03±0.01)mg/kg和(8.90±0.66)mg/kg;沉积物中主要潜在重金属污染因子是Cd和Cu,重金属影响因子的顺序由强至弱依次为:CdCuPbZnAsCrHg;重金属综合污染指数表明,该海域环境质量总体以低污染为主;各种重金属的潜在生态危害系数由大至小依次为:CdAsCuHgPbCrZn,Cd为潜在生态风险因子;潜在生态风险指数平均值为(57.36±4.14),属于低潜在生态风险,表明目前滨州浅海沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险水平较低。     

河南中牟县万滩镇养殖池塘底泥重金属污染评价

调查了河南中牟县万滩镇养殖池塘底泥中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg等重金属元素的分布特征,并以内梅罗综合污染指数评价法对其污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该地区首要污染重金属Cr平均含量高达53.35mg/kg,超无公害水产品产地环境要求国家标准最高限量幅度为6.7%;Cd含量在0.07~1.13 mg/kg之间,其平均值0.45 mg/kg未超过无公害水产品产地环境要求,但超出《土壤环境质量标准》Ⅰ类;Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg含量范围分别7.98~40.31 mg/kg、30.24~80.22 mg/kg、11.29~24.50 mg/kg、0.08~0.17 mg/kg,平均值均未超过2项国家标准最高限值;以《农产品安全质量无公害水产品产地环境要求》为评价标准,利用内梅罗综合污染指数法评价重金属综合污染指数表明,该地区的污染状态主要为警戒级和轻微污染级。     

循环水高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼效果研究

为研究循环水高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼[Epinephelus lanceolatu(♂)×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus(♀)]的养殖效果,在自行研制的循环水养殖系统中进行了试验。试验中对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长指标及养殖系统主要水质指标进行分析测定。结果显示,养殖期间的水质指标:水温26~29℃,盐度25~30,溶氧(DO)≥8 mg/L,氨氮浓度0.20~1.16 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮0.05~0.40 mg/L。试验共持续250 d,分3个生长阶段:第1阶段87 d,密度由13.82 kg/m3增加到28.89 kg/m3,存活率95.28%,平均体重由(150±18)g增加到(329±42)g,特定生长率(SGR)为(0.90±0.06)%;第2阶段106 d,密度由28.89 kg/m3增加到53.36 kg/m3,存活率90.44%,平均体重由(329±42)g增加到(672±66)g,SGR为(0.67±0.02)%;第3阶段57 d,密度由46.98 kg/m3增加到69.50 kg/m3,存活率98.6%,平均体重由(676±52)g增加到(1 014±75)g,SGR为(0.71±0.02)%。养殖期间的平均SGR为(0.76±0.02)%,总存活率84.9%,饲料系数1.04,投入产出比为1∶2.02。本研究成果可为高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼提供参考。     

三峡水库小江流域消落区土壤的理化性状

2009年5月、7月和9月对小江流域上游至下游消落区的5个断面的土壤理化性状进行监测。结果表明,土壤容重、孔隙度、pH、有机质、全氮和全磷的总体平均值分别为1.47g/cm3、45%、7.33、16.42g/kg、0.79g/kg和0.59g/kg,变化范围分别为1.15～1.68g/cm3、37.0%～61.0%、4.04～8.72、6.64～35.69g/kg、0.40～1.42g/kg和0.36～0.94g/kg。高程150m处的土壤容重均值在7月下降、9月增加,160m处的土壤容重均值在7月增加较多,9月变化不大;不同高程处的孔隙度均值变化与土壤容重变化呈相反的变化趋势;高程160m处土壤有机质在7月有所下降,9月变化不大;各高程土壤全氮和全磷总体呈7月升高、9月下降趋势。并对消落区土壤理化性状变化的影响因素进行了初步分析。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.