金属蛋白酶对奥尼罗非鱼生长、消化率及非特异性免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.03%、0.05%、0.10%的金属蛋白酶,饲喂奥尼罗非鱼56d,测定奥尼罗非鱼的生长、消化率及血清溶菌酶活力和超氧化物歧化酶活力(SOD)。结果表明,添加0.10%的金属蛋白酶显著提高了奥尼罗非鱼的增重率(P<0.05),降低了饵料系数(P<0.05);添加0.10%的金属蛋白酶显著提高了奥尼罗非鱼对蛋白质的表观消化率(P<0.05),添加0.05%和0.10%的金属蛋白酶均显著提高奥尼罗非鱼对干物质的表观消化率(P<0.05);在血清酶活力方面,添加0.10%的金属蛋白酶组SOD活力比对照组高(P<0.05)。因此,饲料中添加金属蛋白酶能显著促进罗非鱼生长和营养物质的利用,提高罗非鱼血清SOD活力。     

非淀粉多糖酶对奥尼罗非鱼生长及水质的影响

选用体重约60 g的奥尼罗非鱼560尾,随机分成4个试验组,每组7个重复,每重复20尾,分别添加不同梯度水平的液体酶制剂(0、0.01%、0.02%、0.04%)。试验结果表明:奥尼罗非鱼饵料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对罗非鱼的特定生长率、饵料系数等均有显著影响(P<0.05),0.02%组和0.04%组的特定生长率比对照组分别提高10.61%和11.36%,0.02%组和0.04%组的饵料系数比对照组分别降低16.13%和18.99%;罗非鱼饵料中添加非淀粉多糖酶显著降低了水中氨氮含量,提高了水中溶氧量。     

耐高温酶制剂对罗非鱼生长和肌肉营养成分的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.1%的耐高温酶制剂,饲养罗非鱼60 d,测定罗非鱼生长、消化率及肌肉营养成分含量(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分)。结果表明:添加耐高温酶制剂组与对照组相比,相对增重率提高了28.2%,饲料系数降低了0.34,表现出明显的促生长效果(P<0.05);添加耐高温酶制剂组还明显提高了饲料中营养物质的总消化率(P<0.01)和蛋白质消化率(P<0.01);但在肌肉营养成分方面,两组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

耐高温酶制剂对奥尼罗非鱼免疫和肠道结构的影响

为了验证耐高温酶制剂的使用效果,试验在基础饲料中添加0.1%的耐高温饲用酶,饲养奥尼罗非鱼60d,测定罗非鱼血清中非特异免疫指标,并电镜观察小肠细胞微绒毛排列情况;同时测定饲料厂制粒前后蛋白酶活力的变化情况。结果表明,添加耐高温酶制剂组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶水平比对照组有显著提高(P<0.05);同时,试验组罗非鱼小肠细胞微绒毛排列整齐、细而长,吸收面积增大;对照组的小肠细胞的微绒毛稀疏、短,排列不均匀。结果证实,在罗非鱼饲料中添加耐高温酶可以显著增强其免疫力,增加其对饲料的吸收率。制粒冷却包装后酶活力仍可保持90%以上,而普通酶只有25%左右。     

酸制剂对罗非鱼生长和饲料利用的影响

为考察不同酸制剂对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和饲料利用的影响,在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加0.3%磷酸、富马酸、柠檬酸和乳酸,饲养奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼9周(初始平均体重约1.9g)。结果表明,添加0.3%柠檬酸和乳酸饲料组的罗非鱼特定生长率显著高于对照组和添加富马酸组(P<0.05);磷酸组、柠檬酸组和乳酸组的饲料效率较对照组有提高趋势(P>0.05),乳酸组的饲料效率显著高于富马酸组(P<0.05);柠檬酸组和乳酸组鱼体水分含量显著高于富马酸组(P<0.05),体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量在组间差异不显著(P>0.05);胃蛋白酶活性在富马酸组显著低于其它饲料组(P<0.05),肠淀粉酶活性在柠檬酸组和乳酸组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);肝脏代谢酶活性在柠檬酸组和乳酸组显著高于对照组、磷酸组和富马酸组(P<0.05),相应地,柠檬酸组和乳酸组罗非鱼血清甘油三酯含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果说明,添加0.3%柠檬酸和乳酸能显著促进罗非鱼幼鱼生长,提高饲料的利用,富马酸降低罗非鱼对饲料的利用。     

饲料中添加中性蛋白酶对吉富罗非鱼生长和消化功能的影响

在吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)基础饲料中添加中性蛋白酶,添加量分别为0.00%、0.05%、0.1%、0.15%、0.2%和0.25%,研究添加后对吉富罗非鱼生长和消化功能的影响。结果表明,在饲料中添加0.1%~0.25%的中性蛋白酶,吉富罗非鱼的相对增重率和特定生长率显著提高,饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);添加0.1%~0.2%的中性蛋白酶,显著提高饲料干物质表观消化率和粗蛋白表观消化率(P<0.05);添加量为0.1%~0.15%时,肝胰脏蛋白酶显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加量为0.15%时,肠道蛋白酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)。综合鱼体相对增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、消化器官消化酶活性等各项指标,吉富罗非鱼饲料中中性蛋白酶的添加量以饲料的0.1%~0.2%为宜。     

凝结芽孢杆菌对奥尼罗非鱼消化酶活性、消化率及生长性能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加不同剂量的凝结芽孢杆菌(Ⅰ:1.0×1011cfu/kg饲料,Ⅱ:3.0×1011cfu/kg饲料,Ⅲ:6.0×1011cfu/kg),室外水族箱中饲养奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)(34.50±0.25 g),用基础饲料投喂作为对照,每饲料组设三个重复,每水族箱随机放养16尾鱼,投喂率为3%。采用静水饲养以避免各箱之间水的交换。56 d后测定鱼体的生长和消化酶活性。结果显示:不同添加量的凝结芽孢杆菌均能显著提高奥尼罗非鱼胃、肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但酶的活性随添加量的提高呈下降趋势。凝结芽孢杆菌的添加对胃、肝胰脏和肠道淀粉酶及脂肪酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的干物质表观消化率、蛋白质消化率、相对增重率、饵料系数和蛋白质效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而Ⅲ组和对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,饲料中添加1.0×1011cfu/kg饲料的凝结芽孢杆菌就能显著促进奥尼罗非鱼的生长和饲料营养物质的利用,满足最佳生长。     

木聚糖酶和复合酶制剂PS对尼罗罗非鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫能力的影响

采用单因子浓度梯度法,以基础饲料为对照组,分别将木聚糖酶和复合酶制剂PS以0.05%、0.10%、0.15%的剂量添加到基础饲料中,饲养尼罗罗非鱼(初重32.65±4.16g),60d后测定鱼体的生长性能和非特异性免疫能力。结果表明:饲料中添加木聚糖酶、复合酶制剂PS能显著促进尼罗罗非鱼的生长;添加酶制剂实验组的超氧化物歧化酶活性、溶菌酶活力和抗活性氧能力均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),添加酶制剂能够提高尼罗罗非鱼的非特异性免疫能力。木聚糖酶或复合酶制剂PS在尼罗罗非鱼饲料中的的适宜添加量是0.1%。     

β-葡聚糖对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能及抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的影响

本实验采用初始体质量(1.84±0.02)g的全雄奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus♂×Oreochromis niloticus♀)作为饲养对象,在饲料中分别添加不同水平的β-葡聚糖(添加量分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2%和4%),共设6个处理,饲养8周,研究β-葡聚糖对奥尼罗非鱼增重率、特定生长率和成活率等生长指标的影响。8周后注射嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)进行感染实验,研究β-葡聚糖对奥尼罗非鱼存活率和免疫调节的影响。观察7天,计算存活率,测定头肾的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性。结果显示,饲养8周后各组成活率为96.67%~100%,添加β-葡聚糖对增重率、特定生长率、饵料转化率和蛋白质效率影响不显著,1.5%添加组的肥满度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),2.0%添加组奥尼罗非鱼肌肉蛋白含量显著高出对照组和0.5%组分别为3.76和3.02个百分点(P<0.05);注射嗜水气单胞菌7天后,对照组的存活率仅为25%,β-葡聚糖添加组的存活率在60%~70%,1.5%的β-葡聚糖添加组可以显著提高(P<0.05)奥尼罗非鱼头肾组织ACP和LSZ的活性。结论,全雄奥尼罗非鱼饲料中β-葡聚糖的适宜添加量在1.0%~1.5%时,可以明显改善其生长性能和抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力。     

柠檬酸对罗非鱼生长、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

研究了饲料中添加不同水平柠檬酸 (0 .1%、0 .2 %、0 .3%、0 .4 % )对奥尼罗非鱼 (Oreochromisniloticus×O .aureus)幼鱼 (初始平均体重约 2 .0g)生长、饲料利用、体成分和消化酶活性的影响。共设 5组试验饲料 ,每一饲料组设 3个重复水族箱 ,每箱随机放鱼 15尾 ,投喂率为 6 % ,自然光周期 ,循环过滤水系统饲养 9周 ,每周称重 1次并相应调节投喂量。结果表明 :随着柠檬酸添加量的增大 ,饲料pH值呈下降趋势 ;添加 0 .2 %柠檬酸的试验组罗非鱼的特定生长率显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ,LSD多重比较 ,下同 ) ;饲料效率在 0 .3%柠檬酸组显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;罗非鱼血清葡萄糖含量在0 .4 %组显著低于对照组、0 .1%组和 0 .3%组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;0 .2 %组和 0 .3%组血清甘油三酯含量最高 ,但组间差异不显著(P >0 .0 5 ) ;全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量在组间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和肠蛋白酶活性随柠檬酸添加量增加呈先上升后下降的趋势 ,0 .2 %组的最高 ,但组间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;肝胰脏和肠淀粉酶活性分别在 0 .2 %和 0 .3%组最高 ,组间差异亦不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。结果提示 ,饲料中适量添加柠檬酸 ,能提高罗非鱼幼鱼消化酶活性 ,提高饲料利用率 ,促进罗非鱼生长     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effect of temperature,volume of ova batches,and addition of a diluent,an antibiotic,oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot,Psetta maxima,ova

The effect of different parameters on short-term storage capacity of turbot ova was assessed over a 45-h period after ova collection for fertilization rates and over a 9-h period after ova collection for hatching rates. Increasing the volume of ova sampling from 0.5 to 2.5 mL, as well as adding an antibiotic–antimicotic solution or oxygen did not significantly change the storage capacity of ova. Regarding the hatching rates, a higher storage ability was recorded at 8 and 13 °C, compared to 3 °C. The mean composition of the ovarian fluid was determined (n = 57 spawns). Use of a diluent mimicking the ovarian fluid significantly decreased the storage ability as assessed by the fertilization rates but did not modify the hatching rates. Diluting ova in an artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium significantly decreased the fertilization and hatching rates during the storage period. Furthermore, addition or not of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T 9003) to the artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium did not significantly change the results. Storage capacity of control batches of ova was low: at 13 °C, without any diluent and when ova were fertilized 3 h after stripping, the hatching rate was lowered to 62.4 ± 29.4 % (mean ± SD) of the initial value.     

Effects of Carbohydrate‐Rich Alternative Feedstuffs on Growth,Survival, Body Composition,Hematology, and Nonspecific Immune Response of Black Pacu,Colossoma macropomum,and Red Pacu,Piaractus brachypomus

To facilitate economical culture of black pacu, Colossoma macropomum, and red pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, in the Amazon region of South America, we assessed locally available alternative energy sources for practical diets. We tested the effects of control diets (containing wheat products) versus diets with different Amazonian feedstuffs (yucca, Manihot sculenta, plantain, Musa paradisiaca, or pijuayo, Bactris gasipaes) on the performance of the pacus in three feeding trials. Black pacu (22.5 ± 0.03 g; Trial 1) or red pacu (2.56 ± 0.01 g; Trial 2) were fed diets containing 30% wheat bran (control) or cooked or uncooked yucca, plantain, or pijuayo for 12 wk. In Trial 3, larger black pacu (86.9 ± 6.4 g) were grown to market size in 24 wk on similar diets. Weight gain, feed conversion, survival, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme were similar among diets. Hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen, and dry matter were affected by diet in Trials 1 and 2, but effects were not consistent among trials. In Trial 3, protein efficiency ratio was lower in fish fed the diet containing wheat middlings. However, relative to wheat bran or wheat middlings, all feedstuffs tested were effective energy sources for juvenile black pacu and red pacu.