微生态制剂对鱼类肠道结构和消化酶活性的影响

近年来我国水产养殖业迅猛发展,但同时病害频发,养殖环境日趋恶化,再加上抗生素的滥用所带来的诸多负面影响,严重困扰了我国水产养殖业的长足发展。根据微生态理论研究研制的微生态制剂体现出许多优越性,可以克服滥用抗生素引起的鱼类内源性感染或二重感染、鱼类的抗药性以及免疫功能下降等弊端,具有显著增强其免疫功能、抗病、促生长、提高饲料利用率等特点。但是微生态制剂在鱼类上发挥抗病、促生长、提高饲料利用率机理的研究较少,本文将综述微生态制剂对鱼类肠道结构和消化酶活性影响方面的研究情况和进展。1微生态制剂对鱼类肠道结构的…     

抗菌肽及其在水产养殖业的应用(三)

<正>上接2019年3期六、鱼类抗菌肽在水产养殖中的应用研究抗菌肽是水生动物先天免疫防御系统的重要组成部分,其在水产养殖业的应用可以提高水产养殖动物机体的免疫能力,增强抗病性,减少抗生素的使用和滥用带来的危害,提高养殖动物产品品质。(一)作为饲料添加剂的应用     

鱼类肠道微生物研究进展

肠道微生物种类和含量丰富,对机体生长发育具有重要影响。鱼类作为脊椎动物的重要组成部分,其生活在水体环境中,肠道微生物容易受到食物、压力、宿主生长发育、环境等影响,同时对机体的营养、生长、和免疫等都有重要作用。本文综述近年来国内外对鱼类肠道微生物的研究进展,阐述鱼类肠道菌群的影响因素、肠道微生物对机体营养代谢、免疫调节等的影响,以期为鱼类等水生动物的生态健康养殖提供理论支撑,推动水产养殖业的可持续发展。     

感染嗜水气单胞菌鱼类组织病理变化与多组学分析的研究进展

嗜水气单胞菌感染引起的病害使我国鱼类养殖遭受了严重经济损失，制约了水产养殖业的健康发展。嗜水气单胞菌可产生多种毒力因子，致病过程及影响因素复杂，感染鱼类种类广。鱼类的肠道、脾脏、肝脏和肾脏具有重要的免疫功能，在抵御病原菌入侵中发挥重要作用，其中肠道菌群直接影响着宿主的免疫和炎症反应。本文着重阐述了嗜水气单胞菌感染后鱼类免疫相关器官的组织病理学变化、转录组水平基因的差异表达和通路富集及肠道微生物组成与结构改变，综述了嗜水气单胞菌感染后鱼类病理学和组学水平变化，为研究鱼类免疫应答机制及肠道菌群免疫调节功能提供参考依据。     

抗菌肽在水产养殖绿色发展中的应用

正水生动物病害问题成为制约水产养殖绿色发展的瓶颈问题之一。抗菌肽能特异性地杀灭病原微生物,不易产生耐药性,越来越受到人们重视,在水产养殖绿色发展中的应用前景越加广阔。本文就抗菌肽的本质特性、作用类别及其在水产养殖病害预防和防治过程中存在的问题及应用前景等方面作了相关介绍。     

益生菌与鱼类肠道健康研究进展

集约化、高密度养殖已成为水产养殖业的发展趋势。在这种养殖模式下,如何保障鱼体健康是人们关注的焦点。20世纪80年代,益生菌在水产养殖行业中首次应用,这种环保且有效的水产养殖策略获得了业界的关注。目前,鱼类养殖中常用益生菌有芽孢杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属、乳球菌属和酵母菌属。添加的益生菌通过抑制病原微生物的增殖、改善鱼类肠道屏障完整性、调节肠道微生物组成和调控肠道免疫功能等作用维护鱼类肠道健康。但是,益生菌发挥功效的具体机制还需要更深入的研究。本文综述了目前鱼类养殖中益生菌的使用情况及其作用机制,同时也探讨了益生菌在水产行业中面临的挑战和未来发展方向。     

几株芽孢杆菌发酵代谢产物的研究

随着绿色水产养殖的不断发展，微生态制剂替代抗生素的广泛应用，其产品优势逐步被证实。微生态制剂是以活菌成分为主的饲料添加剂。它的主要机理在于给动物直接饲喂微生物的活菌制剂，以平衡动物的肠道菌群，加强肠道微生物的生物屏障功能、减少有害菌群的侵害，提高机体免疫力，同时能分泌多种酶等何益的代谢产物，     

抗菌肽及其在水生动物中的研究现状

面对滥用抗生素所带来的诸多负面影响,抗菌肽以其独特的抗菌机制、广谱、高效的抗菌活性以及靶菌株难以产生抗性等优点而有望成为抗生素的替代品。水产动物抗菌肽是其自身先天免疫的重要组成部分,对抗菌肽的深入研究有望通过充分调动开发动物自身的防御潜力达到抗病的目的,是实现养殖业可持续发展的重要方向。综述了水生动物抗菌肽的类型、结构及抗菌机制,分析了抗菌肽研究中存在问题,并展望其应用前景。     

益生素的作用及其在家禽中的应用

正随着畜禽生产和水产养殖规模愈来愈大,现代化、集约化程度愈来愈高,也带来了一系列严重问题,如未处理的养殖粪便和养殖废水,使环境遭到严重污染和破坏;养殖病害频繁发生等。养殖者通常会用广谱抗生素来控制疾病。抗生素作为饲料添加剂使用以来,其饲用效果己被证实,但随之产生的动物肠道正常菌群失调,耐药性和药物残留给动物和人类的健康带来了严重危害并污染了环境。因此抗生素应用在世界上许多国家受到了严     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对泥鳅生长性能的影响

正近几年水环境污染加剧、气候异常等因素导致水产养殖病害频发,为了控制疾病而大量投喂的抗生素又使病原菌产生了耐药性,抗生素残留问题又最终影响了人类健康和生态环境。枯草芽孢杆菌因具有分解有机质、调节肠道菌群、增强免疫力等作用而被作为微生态制剂被广泛使用。笔者于2015年8月23日在辽阳县水产良种场进行了饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌投喂泥鳅试验。     

微生态制剂对草鱼生产性能和肠道菌群的影响

在水温25~30℃下,将体质量为(110.23±0.43)g的草鱼饲养在3.0 m×2.0 m×1.2 m的加盖网箱中,分别投喂添加0%(对照组)、0.5%和2%的由芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌以及酵母菌复配且以麸皮为载体制成的微生态制剂(8.0×10~9 cfu/g)的膨化饲料饲养60 d,探究微生态制剂对草鱼生产性能和肠结构、菌群及酶活性的影响。试验结果显示,饲料中添加2%微生态制剂显著提高草鱼质量增加率、特定生长率(P<0.05),显著降低饲料系数、脏体比(P<0.05);饲料中添加2%微生态制显著提高肠伸展率、中肠肌层厚度和绒毛高度(P<0.05),提高中肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P<0.05)。饲料中添加微生态制剂增加草鱼肠道菌群α多样性、丰富度;改变草鱼肠道微生物组成,门水平上,对照组的草鱼肠道微生物中梭杆菌门和厚壁菌门含量最高(63.56%、32.52%)。0.5%添加组的草鱼肠道微生物中梭杆菌门和厚壁菌门含量最高(61.82%、20.27%)。2%添加组的草鱼肠道微生物中厚壁菌门含量最高(64.20%)。属水平上,2%添加组草鱼肠道优势菌属直接发生改变,Paeniclostridium和Erysipelatoclostridium丰度大幅上升。随着微生态制剂添加量的增加,肠道微生物的代谢功能增强,组成中与无机离子转运和代谢、碳水化合物转运与代谢、氨基酸转运与代谢等功能相关的菌群丰度升高。综上可知,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌以及酵母菌等组成的微生物制剂可作为生产草鱼绿色饲料的重要措施。     

饲料添加L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对杂交鳢肠道黏膜形态和肠道菌群的影响

[目的]本实验旨在研究饲料添加精氨酸或NCG对杂交鳢（Channa maculata ♀×Channa argus ♂）肠道黏膜形态和肠道菌群的影响。[方法]选用初始体重（22.02±0.02） g的杂交鳢450尾。随机分为3个组，每组3个重复，每个重复50尾，分别饲喂基础饲料以及在基础饲料中添加0.60% L-精氨酸（Arginine, Arg）、0.03% N-氨甲酰谷氨酸（N-Carbamylglutamate, NCG）三种实验饲料，饲养周期为56天。[结果]结果显示：与对照组相比，饲料中添加0.60% Arg显著提高了杂交鳢终末重、特定生长率（P＜0.05），添加0.60% Arg或0.03% NCG显著提高了杂交鳢的蛋白质沉积率（P＜0.05），显著降低了饲料系数（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比，饲料添加Arg或NCG可显著提高杂交鳢肠道中肠、后肠肌层厚度，中肠绒毛宽度，NCG组后肠肌层厚度显著高于对照组与Arg组（P＜0.05）。各实验组肠道黏膜层、肌层结构清晰紧密、黏膜层绒毛丰富，对照组与Arg组出现少量绒毛顶部上皮与固有层间隙增宽，NCG组却未见明显异常。饲料添加精氨酸可显著提高杂交鳢肠道菌群物种丰富度，Chao指数与Ace指数显著高于对照组与NCG组（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比，NCG组显著提高厚壁菌门及变形菌门的丰度，但NCG组梭杆菌门丰度显著降低，与Arg组具有显著差异性（P＜0.05）。[结论]由此得知，饲料中添加Arg在生长性能方面优于添加NCG，但饲料添加NCG可以显著增加肠道厚壁菌门等有益菌门丰度，维持肠道内环境稳定，其作用效果优于补充Arg。     

Effects of a highly purified fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida on growth performance and intestine health status of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio

A six‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of fucoidan (1 g/kg, 10 g/kg and 30 g/kg; w/w) from Undaria pinnatifida on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Our results demonstrated that 30 g/kg fucoidan significantly increased (p < .05) growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, acid phosphatase activity and immunoglobulin M content. Histological examinations revealed that gibel carp receiving 30 g/kg fucoidan had significant higher abundance of mucin‐containing goblet cells in middle and distal intestine as compared with control treatment (p < .05). Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that 30 g/kg fucoidan supplementation significantly increased (p < .05) the abundance of Cetobacterium and Aeromonas, but lowered (p < .05) the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria Plesiomonas and a mucin‐degrading bacterium Mucinivorans. Furthermore, RNA‐seq and RT‐qPCR analysis indicated that 30 g/kg fucoidan caused significant changes (p < .05) in the expression of genes involved in immune regulation (such as interleukin‐8 and cyclooxygenase), signal transduction (such as phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase and protein kinase B) and nutrition utilization (maltase–glucoamylase and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3). Together, the current study shows that fucoidan supplementation could elevate the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, modulate intestinal microbial communities and potentiate a higher state of immune readiness, which might consequently improve growth performance and intestine health status of gibel carp.     

Intestinal microbiota of mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus Forsskål, 1775) reared in sea cages

Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA coupled to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of isolated amplicons, we investigated the microbiota of the intestinal digesta and mucosal surface in mangrove red snapper cultured in a cage aquaculture area in Daya Bay. A total of 14 sequences were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Among the bacterial species determinated from sequences, the γ‐Proteobacteria group (64.25%, nine species) dominated absolutely in fish intestines. Others belonged to Spirochaetes (14.3%, two species), Cyanobacteria (14.3%, two species) and Firmicutes (7.15%, one species). However, the bacteria were identified as uncultured accounting for 28.6% (four species). The apparent bacterial richness (calculated as the numbers of DGGE bands) was significantly higher in digesta than that in mucosal tissue samples (P<0.05). There existed five dominant individual populations including one unknown species of Firmicutes, Arthrospira sp., Vibrio metschnikovii, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal digesta, and in contrast, only three dominant individual populations including Vibrio natriegens, V. harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal mucosal surface. The results indicated that the microbiota in intestinal digesta was significantly different from that in mucosal surface.     

Effect of dietary administration of probiotics on growth and intestine functionality of juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858)

The effects of the dietary administration of two bacterial probiotic strains (Ppd11 and Pdp13) from the Alteromonadaceae family for 60 days, were assessed by measuring growth and feed efficiency, activities of leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase and structural changes in the intestine of juvenile Senegalese sole. In addition, the profile of intestinal microbiota was studied by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Growth and nutrient utilization were significantly higher in fish receiving probiotics than in those fed the control diet. No differences were observed in proximal composition between treatments, though higher lipid muscle content was measured in fish receiving Pdp13. Those fish also exhibited higher activities of AP when compared to Ppd11 and control groups. The profile of intestinal microbiota clearly separated those fish receiving probiotics from those of the control group. Microscopical examination revealed accumulation of lipid droplets in the enterocytes of fish receiving the control diet, but not in those fed on probiotics. Interactions between those structural changes and growth performance are discussed.     

Effects of fish meal replacement with low-gossypol cottonseed meal on the intestinal barrier of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

The effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) on the intestinal barrier in different segments (PI, proximal intestine; MI, middle intestine; DI, distal intestine) were studied in juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) using 6-week feeding trials. FM of 0% (diet_1), 20% (diet_2), 40% (diet_3) and 60% (diet_4) was replaced by LCSM. The FM-based diet (diet_1) containing 25% FM was used as control group. The intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of tight junction-related genes (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-12), antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, GPx, GR, CuZnSOD) and non-specific immune response-related genes (IL-8, TNF-α, C4) and microbiota of different intestine segments were detected. The results showed that the number and length of microvilli and intestinal wall thickness decreased significantly in PI of diet_3 and diet_4 groups. Meanwhile, mRNA expression of Occludin, Clauding-12 and C4 was up-regulated in PI and DI of diet_3 group; the expression of GR and CuZnSOD was up-regulated in PI and MI with increasing LCSM replacement; the expression of TNF-α was up-regulated in the three segments of diet_3 group. Further, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed a significant reduction in the richness and diversity of intestinal microbial in diet_3 and diet_4 groups. At the family level and genera level, the abundance of Nocardiaceae and Rhodococcus was up-regulated in the three segments of diet_3 and diet_4 groups respectively. These results suggested that the replacement of LCSM by more than 20% causes the intestinal barrier function of juvenile golden pompano to be affected. These provide a reference for sustainable aquaculture.     

Effects of fishmeal replacement with cottonseed protein concentrate on growth,digestive proteinase,intestinal morphology and microflora in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) as fishmeal (FM) replacement on growth, digestive proteinase, intestinal morphology and microflora in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu). FM of 0% (FM), 12.00% (R12), 24.00% (R24), 36.00% (R36), 48.00% (R48) and 60.00% (R60) was replaced with CPC, to prepare six diets and feed groupers. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were highest in the R24 group, and the lowest feed coefficient rate (FCR) was observed in this group compared with the other groups (p < .05). Pepsin activity of the R12 group and chymotrypsin activity of the R36 group reached significant maximum (p < .05). With increasing CPC replacement, the plica height and width and the lamina propria thickness of intestine decreased significantly (p < .05). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing suggested dominant intestinal microflora of grouper subjected to different treatments was similar. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was high, while Photobacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas, Romboutsia, Akkermansia, Vibrio and Bifidobacterium were the dominant taxa at the genus level. The abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium) decreased, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogen (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Vibrio) increased. These results suggested that CPC replacement affected growth, digestive proteinase activity, intestinal morphology and microflora structure in grouper. Under the conditions of this experiment, the fishmeal replacement with CPC (24% level) yielded the most satisfactory results, providing reference for sustainable aquaculture.     

Dietary spermine supplementation induces intestinal maturation in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae

Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae were fed microparticulated compound diet containing 0 (FP0), 0.10 (FP10) and 0.33% (FP33) of a polyamine, spermine, from day 20 to day 38. LP group was fed live prey. This group exhibited the highest growth and survival. The addition of spermine did not lead to growth enhancement. A 33% survival improvement was obtained in FP33 group compared to FP0 group. The spermine addition affected the activity of pancreatic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase, during larvae development. This non specific effect suggested that the action of spermine would be mediated by hormones. In the intestine, the FP33 group exhibited from day 31 higher activities of brush border membrane enzymes (leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) and lower level in a cytosolic enzyme (leucine-alanine peptidase) compared to FP10 and FP0 group. The diet containing the highest spermine level induced an enzymatic profile similar to that obtained in LP group and characteristic of a mature enterocyte. The initiation of enterocyte maturation at a proper development stage was associated to the survival improvement observed in FP33 group.     

一种内变形虫对南方鲶肠组织损伤的组织学观察

一种内变形虫对南方鲶肠组织损伤的组织学观察张其中，龙祥平（西南师范大学生物系，重庆６３０７１５）关键词内变形虫，南方鲶，肠组织损伤ＨＩＳＴＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＩＮＴＥＳＴＩＮＡＬＬＥＳＩＯＮＳＯＦＳＩＬＵＲＵＳＭＥＲＩＤＩＯＮＡ...     

益生菌剂对鲫鱼肠道菌群影响的初步研究

将鲫鱼分为益生菌剂组和对照组,分别投喂添加益生菌剂和未添加佐剂的一般饲料后,检测各组鲫鱼肠道菌群、饲料系数、增重率和成活率等。试验结果表明,大肠杆菌和肠球菌是鲫鱼肠道非常住菌群(过路菌),乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌为常住菌群;益生菌剂能极显著减少鲫鱼肠道的好氧菌(P<0.01),极显著增加鲫鱼肠道的厌氧菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌(P<0.01),显著降低鲫鱼肠道的产气荚膜梭菌(P<0.05);益生菌剂能有效改善鲫鱼肠道菌群。益生菌剂能促进鲫鱼的生长和成活。