利用BP神经网络短期预测太湖不同湖区叶绿素a浓度

人工神经网络具有强大的非线性能力,能对复杂的水环境系统中非线性行为进行准确有效地预测。选择太湖典型湖区梅梁湾(4个样点)和湖心区(2个样点)为研究对象,通过对其2006-2008年的常规水质参数进行主成分分析,选择合适的输入因子及最优的网络参数,建立优化的BP神经网络模型,以期实现叶绿素a浓度的月预测。结果表明,梅梁湾的预测值与实测值的平均相对误差为71%,湖心区的预测值与实测值的平均相对误差为39%,2者预测精度均较低,其原因主要与太湖的水动力条件、水文气象及藻型生态系统等因素有关。     

BP神经网络在太湖不同湖区叶绿素a浓度短期预测的应用初探

摘要：人工神经网络具有强大的非线性能力,能对复杂的水环境系统中非线性行为进行准确有效地预测。本文选择太湖的梅梁湾和湖心区两个典型湖区为研究对象,分别设置4个和2个采样点。通过对其2006-2008年三年的常规水质监测参数进行主成分分析,选择合适的输入因子及最优的网络参数,建立优化的BP网络模型,以实现叶绿素a浓度的月预测。结果表明,梅梁湾湖区和湖心区的预测值与实测值的平均相对误差分别为71%和39%,两者预测精度均较低,原因与太湖的水动力条件、水文气象及藻型生态系统等因素有关。     

太湖五里湖湖滨带浮游动物群落结构特征

湖滨带在保持物种多样性、拦截陆源污染物、净化水体等方面发挥着重要作用。选取经生态修复的五里湖湖滨带为研究对象,于2014年7月至2015年6月对该水域4个区域(A,B,C,D)浮游动物进行逐月采样,以探讨五里湖湖滨带浮游动物群落结构及其生态意义。结果表明,本次调查共鉴定出浮游动物104属207种,其中原生动物37属88种,轮虫38属76种,枝角类17属29种,桡足类12属14种,物种数最多出现在8月(63种),最少出现在2月(25种);岸型对物种数的影响表现为自然滩地型明显高于水泥护岸。浮游动物丰度和生物量均值分别为3 135.35个/L和2.38mg/L,原生动物和轮虫丰度是五里湖湖滨带浮游动物丰度主体,轮虫生物量是五里湖湖滨带浮游动物生物量主体。浮游动物群落结构的季节差异明显,枝角类丰度和生物量表现为春季最高,夏季最低,而浮游动物、原生动物、轮虫和桡足类丰度和生物量均为秋季最高,冬季或春季最低;空间格局上也存在较大差异,浮游动物及各类群丰度和生物量均表现为C区D区B区A区,整体呈现东五里湖高于西五里湖的趋势。浮游动物多样性指数及丰度对水质的分析表明,五里湖湖滨带水质为中污染,水体营养状态为轻度富营养。冗余分析表明,TN、DO、Chl-a及pH是影响浮游动物群落结构动态变化的重要环境因子。     

太湖鱼类生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

2018年冬季(12月)在太湖设置24个采样点,用网目12cm、7cm和3cm的浮、半沉和沉刺网和网目1.6cm的地笼相结合采集鱼类样本,参考历年渔业监测结果,选取4个参照点,筛选5大类27个候选参数,构建太湖鱼类生物完整性指数体系(Fish Index of Biotic Integrity,F-IBI),评价太湖水质状况。在太湖共采集鱼类1765尾,1门1纲6目8科28属37种,总重94017.7g。2018年冬季太湖鱼类的优势种类为刀鲚Coilia ectenes taihuensis,优势度为43.23%,重量优势种类为鲤Cyprinus carpio,优势度为37.57%。该体系包括鱼类总物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、肉食性鱼类个体百分比、鱼类总个体数、产粘性卵鱼类物种数百分比、借助贝类产卵鱼类物种数百分比、中等耐污鱼类个体百分比,共7个参数。等级和评分为:"优",F-IBI≥4.36;"良",4.36F-IBI≥3.27;"中",3.27F-IBI≥2.18;"一般",2.18F-IBI≥1.09;"差",F-IBI1.09。结果显示:西部湖区和湖心区为"一般";南部湖区和梅梁湾为"中";竺山湾为"中"～"优";东部湖区和贡湖湾为"良"～"优"。F-IBI结果与水生态健康指数(M-IBI)、物理生境指数(PHI)的相关性好,而与水质参数的相关性不高,这表示鱼类为湖泊顶级生物类群,活动能力强,其状况反映出水体物理、化学、生物等多种环境要素的综合结果,建议M-IBI将F-IBI纳入,以丰富水生态健康体系。     

莱州湾水域鱼类生物完整性评价

采用莱州湾水域鱼类生物完整性指数评价生态系统健康状况,为该水域的生态修复和渔业资源的可持续管理提供科学依据。2016-2017年在莱州湾采用底拖网开展鱼类资源调查,共捕获鱼类52种。参照1982-1983年的历史资料确定评价标准,从鱼类种类组成与丰度、繁殖共位群和营养结构等角度,筛选适用于莱州湾水域鱼类生物完整性(Fish index of biological integrity,F-IBI)评价的指标体系,得到鱼类总种类数、冷温性鱼类比例、中上层鱼类种类数比例、平均单位网次渔获量、多样性指数、产浮性卵鱼类比例、产粘着性卵鱼类比例、低耐污鱼类种数比例、广食性鱼类比例、底栖动物食性鱼类比例、浮游动物食性鱼类比例和杂食性鱼类比例等12个参数指标。根据评价指标体系计算F-IBI,结果显示:莱州湾水域的F-IBI得分为30,其完整性等级为“差”,表明莱州湾水域生态健康状况差。建议采取面源污染控制和基于生态系统保护的渔业管理恢复莱州湾水域生态系统健康。     

基于生态脆弱性评价的松花湖湖滨带功能区划研究

通过收集松花湖湖滨带水文、水质、地貌等资料,对卫星遥感影像进行遥感解译和空间统计分析,选取丰水期和平水期两个时期,对不同土地利用类型附近的湖滨带近岸水体营养物质进行采样调查与实验分析,以压力-状态-响应模型为基础,围绕湖滨带人工干扰程度、湖岸稳定性、湖滨带植被覆盖情况、总氮浓度、总磷浓度、叶绿素浓度,建立松花湖湖滨带生态脆弱性评价指标体系,利用层次分析法对其生态脆弱性进行评价,结合各地点生态脆弱性评价结果与行政区划,对松花湖湖滨带进行功能区划,并针对各功能区提出生态修复措施。结果表明,松花湖湖滨带的土地利用方式以耕地为主,占湖滨带总面积44.91%,其次是水域及水利设施用地与草地,分别占19.96%和19.21%,林地、交通运输用地与住宅用地的比例较低,分别占7.97%、4.64%、3.30%;湖滨带水体总氮浓度为2.04 mg/L,总磷浓度为0.23 mg/L,叶绿素浓度为6.25μg/L,景区、耕地的总氮、总磷、叶绿素含量高于其它区域;湖滨带生态脆弱性指数1.412～7.953,平均值为3.78,总体处于轻度脆弱,西部地区处于轻度脆弱,东南部地区处于微度脆弱,东北部地区处于重度脆弱;根据脆弱性级别将湖滨带划分为4个功能区,为非点源污染防治区、旅游观光开发区、湿地生态保护区、蛟河生态重建区。对松花湖湖滨带进行区划并提出分区生态修复重点,可为该区域生态修复提供技术支撑。     

太湖夏季不同类型湖区浮游植物群落结构及环境解释

2010年9月对太湖不同类型湖区31个站点的浮游植物群落结构进行了调查。结果表明,共检测到120种浮游植物,蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门物种占据了相当大的比例。所有站点都有微囊藻出现,微囊藻是草型湖区和藻型湖区的数量单一优势种,导致31个站点的群落多样性指数值都较低。在环境变量的作用下,31个站点被分为3种类型,即草型湖区(组Ⅰ)、藻型湖区(组Ⅱ)和五里湖(组Ⅲ)。草型湖区物种数和多样性指数较高、浮游植物密度和营养盐浓度较低,总磷(TP)浓度极显著低于藻型湖区(t=-3.84,P=0.001)。在一定浓度范围内,微囊藻密度随着悬浮物(SS)浓度的增大而上升。太湖生态修复应以降低水体悬浮物浓度、提高水体透明度为目标,为草型湖泊生态系统的培植创造条件。     

太湖梅梁湾大型生态控藻围栏内鲢鳙的生长特征

富营养化湖泊围栏养殖鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)控制蓝藻水华在生物操纵示范中得到了广泛应用。在2004和2005年,研究了太湖梅梁湾生态修复区内大型生物控藻围栏中鲢鳙的季节生长特征,分析了影响其生长的因素。结果表明,鲢鳙生长受养殖密度的影响很大,鲢在养殖密度低的2004年和养殖密度高的2005年的日均增重分别为6.07 g和4.30 g,鳙则分别为11.29 g和5.09 g。鳙的生长速度比鲢快,但受密度影响的程度比鲢大。从季节变化来看,鲢属于单峰型生长,生长速度和水温显著正相关;而鳙一年中呈现出2个生长高峰期,分别在5～6月和9～10月,夏季爆发的蓝藻水华对鳙的生长速度有所抑制。为使当年投放的鱼苗在年底能达到出售的商品规格,太湖梅梁湾水域围栏养殖鲢鳙的初始鱼苗投放密度应低于12 g/m3。     

基于Ecopath模型的太湖鲢鳙生态容量评估

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)是典型的滤食性鱼类, 是实施净水渔业的重要增殖种类, 依据增殖种类的生态容量进行科学放流, 可保障净水渔业的实施效果。为指导太湖净水渔业的实施, 于 2017—2018 年开展了太湖渔业资源调查, 收集相关资料, 构建太湖 Ecopath 模型, 估算太湖鲢鳙的生态容量, 并研究了太湖鲢鳙的生物量变化对太湖生态系统总体特征的影响。结果显示, 当前太湖鲢鳙生物量为 10.21 t/km² , 鲢鳙生物量增长至 5.054 倍时达到生态容量 51.6 t/km² , 表明当前鲢鳙增殖放流规模不足, 仍有较大的增殖潜力。达到生态容量时太湖生态系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)从 2.548 降低至 2.230 (变化值为 0.318); 系统杂食性指数(SOI)、系统连接指数(CI)、Finn 循环指数(FCI)和 Finn 平均路径长度(FMPL)等指数变化较小; 表明鲢鳙达到生态容量时对生态系统结构影响较小, 同时有助于生态系统趋向成熟发展。进一步分析显示, 控制刀鲚生物量保持在 9.49 t/km2 时, 鲢鳙生态容量可大幅增长至 206.4 t/km2 , 且生态系统发展进一步趋近成熟稳定。     

水质标识指数法在太湖渔业生态环境评价中的应用

根据2009—2014年太湖整个湖区平水期和丰水期的实际监测结果,依据GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》,选取溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD_(cr))、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氯(NH_3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)6项参数作为主要评价指标,应用水质标识指数法对太湖水环境状况分别综合水质评价。单因子水质标识指数评价结果表明,太湖主要污染因子的污染程度排列次序是:TPTNCOD_(cr)COD_(Mn)NH_3-NDO,TP、TN的超标造成太湖出现严重的富营养化问题,DO全年处于Ⅰ—Ⅱ类水质。综合水质标识指数评价结果表明:2009—2014年间,太湖丰水期水质总体优于平水期,且有继续变好的趋势,能达到水环境功能区目标要求。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Vitamin D3 and the renal handling of phosphate in American eels

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) increased plasma inorganic phosphate concentration in American eels,Anguilla rostrata, in a dose-dependent fashion. This response was more marked in phosphate loaded fish. In control as well as phosphate loaded eels the hyperphosphatemic response to D₃ was associated with a sharp reduction in renal phosphate clearance relative to¹⁴C-polyethelene glycol (PEG) clearance. Glomerular filtration and urine flow rates were not affected by D₃. As renal phosphate clearance, even in phosphate loaded eels, never significantly exceeded that of PEG, it is suggested that D₃ reduced the relative clearance rate of phosphate by increasing renal phosphate reabsorption rather than by reducing the tubular secretion of phosphate.