云纹石斑鱼网箱养殖技术

石斑鱼肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富,深受消费者青睐。我国沿海主要有青石斑鱼、云纹石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼等,养殖方式有池塘养殖和网箱养殖。现将云纹石斑鱼网箱养殖技术介绍如下：     

赤点石斑鱼低盐养殖技术

<正>赤点石斑鱼俗称红斑、鲙鱼,近年来已成为我国海水网箱养殖的一种重要鱼类。尽管网箱养殖石斑鱼优点很多,但是仍然存在着养殖过密、海区污染严重,以及病害严重,特别是赤点石斑鱼被鱼虱寄生而发病致死,造成养殖户经济损失惨重。同时,随着温室效应的不断加剧,扩大了江河入口的湖泊沼泽等低盐水环境,因此,海水养殖石斑鱼并不是唯一理想的养殖方式。但鱼虱等多种海水寄生虫在低盐环境中不易存活,进行低盐养殖石斑鱼的试验研究具有生产上的实际意义。目前已有学者在赤点石斑鱼成鱼对盐度范围11~41适应性方面与盐度对受精卵发育的影响做     

赤点石斑鱼的配合饲料研究

赤点石斑鱼是我国东南沿海及一些东南亚国家和地区海水网箱养殖的名贵经济鱼类。目前,国内外养殖石斑鱼的饵料主要是小杂鱼和虾蟹等。随着近渔渔业资源减少,作为饵料的新鲜小杂鱼数量越来越少,满足不了海水养殖业的发展需要。为了解决这个问题,我们在福建霞浦进行了配合饲料饲养赤点石斑鱼的研究。     

赤点石斑鱼围塘养殖技术

赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)营养价值较高,属于高档优质鱼类。浙江省温岭市于2002年引进赤点石斑进行网箱养殖,获得成功。随后,为探索赤点石斑鱼的池塘高效养殖,笔者又从福建、舟山、温州等地引进自然种苗开展试养,积累了一些技术与经验,现将赤点石斑鱼围塘养殖技术介绍如下。     

赤点石斑鱼人工繁殖和仔鱼培育试验

赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)是名贵海洋经济鱼类，活石斑鱼畅销于港澳市场。近年来福建、广东和浙江沿海渔民大力发展石斑鱼钓渔业，以活鱼外销，为国家创汇。随着我国海水增养殖业日益发展及香港企业化网箱养殖石斑鱼，对赤点石斑鱼需求量与日俱增，出现苗种供不应求局面。目前，天然种苗已不能满足生产的需求，因此开展石斑鱼人工繁殖势在必行。     

海水网箱养殖石斑鱼技术

近年来海水网箱养殖发展迅速，随着人工育苗技术的日益成熟和石斑鱼价格的看好，石斑鱼将是今后海水网箱的主要养殖种类之一。     

石斑鱼健康新型网箱养殖技术

石斑鱼属名贵鱼类，系鲈形目，鳍科，石斑鱼属，囚其鱼身上有花色条纹和异色斑点，故名。近年来，海水网箱养殖发展迅速，且海水网箱养殖石斑鱼具有投资大、效益好、创汇高的优势，随着人工育苗技术的日益成熟和海水网箱养殖石斑鱼所具有的优势，石斑鱼将是今后海水网箱主养种类之一。     

龙胆石斑工厂化低密度快速养殖模式

<正>广西自2013年起大力推进石斑鱼产业的发展,工厂化养殖模式能够有效解决广西冬季气温偏低、石斑鱼不能自然越冬的问题,成为石斑鱼产业主要发展方向之一,许多养殖者利用原有的虾、贝类育苗池进行石斑鱼工厂化养殖。2014年末,笔者所在研究团队受广西水产畜牧兽医局委托,对广西石斑鱼产业发展情况进行调研,发现目前广西工厂化养殖选择的品种与网箱养殖模式和池塘养殖模式相同,主要为龙胆石斑和棕点石斑的杂交后代珍珠龙胆,采用的养殖方式也是仿照网箱养殖模式,即投放500克/尾左右的大苗,采用流水养殖,密度10~15尾/米2。一般养     

海水网箱养殖石斑鱼技术

石斑鱼是鲈形目能科石斑鱼亚科石斑鱼属鱼类的统称。本属中国大陆沿海有36种，南海35种，东海10种，黄、渤海1种，台湾27种，香港17种，常见养殖的约15种。此外石斑鱼类还广泛分布在印度洋、太平洋的热带和亚热带海域。我国海水网箱养鱼起步较晚，20世纪70年代末，广东省沿海最早开展了海水网箱养鱼试验，放养了石斑鱼、鲷科鱼类、尖吻鲈等20多个品种，获得了成功。后来转入生产性养殖，取得了显著的生产和经济效益。近年来海水网箱养殖发展迅速，随着人工育苗技术的日益成熟和石斑鱼价格的看好，石斑鱼将是今后海水网箱的主要养殖种类之一。     

赤点石斑鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育的初步观察

赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)是我省近年来发展起来网箱养殖的主要海洋经挤鱼类。为了解决苗种问题，我所从1985年开始进行人工繁殖的研究，但偏重于解决人工繁殖技术上的问题。     

放养密度和饵料种类对中国大鲵幼苗存活与生长的影响

研究了放养密度和饵料种类对幼中国大鲵（Andrias davidianus）生长发育的影响,跟踪分析了自胚胎孵化至一龄幼鲵的存活与生长发育状况。结果表明,自胚胎孵化至一龄幼鲵的养殖密度为每0.1m210～20尾时,其成活率可达到100%,投放密度每0.1m2自20尾增加到60尾,平均存活率、年体长增加和年体重增加均显著降低。投喂摇蚊幼虫、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉和小鱼虾,幼苗的存活率分别为100%、90%、95%、85%和95%,体长增加分别为8.09cm、5.45cm、5.28cm、4.57cm、6.82cm,体重增加分别为25.97g、12.68g、11.82g、10.86g和20.67g。可见,摇蚊幼虫和小鱼虾是一龄幼大鲵的适宜饵料。     

蚯蚓与蝇蛆对中国对虾生长及抗白斑综合征病毒感染的研究

以中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）为实验材料，分别投喂配合饲料、蚯蚓、蛤蜊、蝇蛆等四种饵料，利用生长和抗病性指标综合评价蚯蚓和蝇蛆作为中国对虾饵料的可行性。生长实验前测定每个实验组的初始体长和体重，养殖40d后再次测定生长指标，之后，分别投喂不同毒饵量进行人工感染实验。方差分析表明：投喂四种饵料后，蛤蜊组生长最快，其次是蚯蚓，再次是蝇蛆，最后是配合饲料，各组之间对虾体长增长差异显著（P<0.05），体重增长差异极显著(P<0.01) 。利用线性固定模型分析不同饵料及不同病毒量感染下对中国对虾存活率的影响，其中蚯蚓组存活率最高，配合饲料组存活率最低，并且蚯蚓组存活率显著高于蛤蜊组和配合饲料组(P<0.05)，蝇蛆组显著高于配合饲料组（P<0.05）。研究结果表明：蚯蚓和蝇蛆可显著提高中国对虾的生长速度，明显提高中国对虾的抗病性，是很好的对虾饵料。     

豹纹鳃棘鲈室外大型水泥池的人工育苗技术

为了探索利用室外大型水泥池进行豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)人工育苗的技术模式,通过在室外大型水泥池顶部加盖遮光太阳板半封闭顶棚,对育苗水体进行控光、控温和防雨,进行该鱼人工育苗过程中水处理技术、饵料培育技术和育苗方法的研究。2010年3～7月,累计放卵5批次,共培育出全长2.5～3.0 cm的鱼苗21.9×104ind,受精卵平均孵化率达81.4%,育苗平均成活率达5.59%;初孵仔鱼平均全长1.6mm,在早期发育阶段每经历一次饵料转变,都会带来仔稚幼鱼的快速增长;该鱼摄食时间主要集中在白天,随着个体生长发育,饵料出现顺序依次为原生动物、轮虫、桡足类、蒙古裸腹蚤。研究表明,豹纹鳃棘鲈室外大型水泥池人工育苗模式克服了池塘育苗受自然环境影响大和室内水泥池育苗水体小、开口饵料匮乏的缺点,育苗成功率和出苗率比较稳定。     

蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长的影响

为探讨凡纳滨对虾饲料中用蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的可行性及适宜的添加比例,研究了蝇蛆粉替代饲料中部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、成活和饵料系数的影响。饲喂试验共持续了65 d。结果显示:当蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉添加量为7%时,试验中期(32 d)和末期对虾增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。在低于7%添加范围内,随着蝇蛆粉添加水平的增加对虾WGR和SGR逐渐提高,超过7%后,对虾WGR和SGR逐渐下降。试验中期和末期,17%添加组饵料系数均显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),7%添加组饵料系数略高于对照组但差异不显著。无论是中期还是末期,蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的成活率未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加7%的蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉可促进对虾生长,利用蝇蛆粉替代对虾饲料中的部分鱼粉是可行的。     

A Comparison of Natural and Artificial Diets for Juveniles of the Australian Freshwater Crayfish Cherax destructor

Abstract Growth rates of juvenile yabbies Cherax destructor fed a variety of natural and an artificial diet were compared under controlled conditions. Newly independent (stage 3) juveniles were reared individually in 1-L pomades for 35 d. The best survival and growth were obtained on live zooplankton, frozen zooplankton, shrimp meal pellets and tubifex worms (survival, 100%; mean weights, 608, 444, 380 and 338 mg, respectively). Intermediate growth and survival was exhibited by crayfish fed chironomid larvae, snails and mussels (survival, 80–100%; mean weight, 138–169 mg). Juveniles fed trout muscle, beef heart and yabby tail gave very poor growth and survival (survival, 50–80%; mean weight, 50–55 mg). The use of shrimp meal pellets as a reference diet for juvenile yabbies is discussed.     

Evaluation of potential of lupin meal as an alternative to fish meal in juvenile Penaeus monodon diets

An indoor feeding trial in a flow-through marine water system was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using dehulled lupin Lupinus albus seed meal as a protein source to replace fish meal in diets for the juvenile Penaeus monodon. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets formulated by replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal protein by lupin meal protein were fed to shrimp (mean initial weight of 4.32 ± 0.23 g) three times daily at a feeding allowance of 5% body weight per day for 42 days. Shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, 50 and 75% replacement had similar (P > 0.05) weight gain, dry matter feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU). Shrimp fed the highest dietary inclusion level of lupin meal (100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower responses for all the above parameters than shrimp fed all other diets. Survival was high (87–100%) and similar for all diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) of diets with 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of fish meal with lupin meal was similar (75.6–76.6%) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of diet with 0% replacement (73.9%). Diets containing the two highest lupin inclusion levels (75 and 100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) better apparent protein digestibility (APD) than those containing the two lowest lupin meal inclusion levels (0 and 25% replacement). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in whole-body composition (dry matter, protein, lipid and ash) of shrimp fed on the various diets. Pellet water stability was inversely related to level of lupin meal inclusion. It was found, in this study, that up to 75% protein of fish meal can be replaced with the protein of dehulled lupin seed meal in diets for juvenile P. monodon. The diet with total replacement of fish meal containing 40% lupin meal was utilized very poorly by the shrimp.     

The use of alternative diets to culture juvenile cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis: effects on growth and lipid composition

The effects of feeding three natural frozen diets, grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.), crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and fish (Sardina pilchardus) and two semi‐humid artificial diets (based on fish or shrimp powder) to the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, were analysed. Growth rate and feeding rate [FR; % body weight (BW) day^?1] and food conversions (FC, %) were determined. Cuttlefish fed shrimp grew larger (3.8% BW day^?1) and had the highest FC, followed by those fed crayfish, and sardine. The highest FR was obtained for cuttlefish fed crayfish (10.5% BW day^?1). Although both artificial diets were accepted, none produced growth. Digestive gland‐to‐body weight ratio (DG/BW ratio) was calculated for animals fed each diet. A positive correlation (r = 0.94) between cuttlefish ingestion FR and DG weight was obtained. Mortality occurred mainly during the last week, and some cannibalism occurred among cuttlefish fed artificial diets. Finally, lipid composition of diets, DG and mantle of each group were analysed. Sardine diet was characterized by high levels of triacylglycerol (TG), whereas the main difference between shrimp and crayfish was the higher n‐3/n‐6 ratio found in shrimp. Changes in the lipid composition of DG were related to diet, but did not correlate with growth data. A strong loss of TG in the DG of artificial diets groups was notable. No differences in mantle lipid composition among the natural diets were found, but artificial diet groups showed higher contents of neutral lipids in their mantle respect to natural diets. According to results obtained, crayfish (P. clarkii) could be used as an alternative prey for rearing S. officinalis compared with shrimp. Artificial diets showed the worst effects in growth and mortality as well as the stronger influence on DG and mantle lipid composition of cuttlefish.     

池塘水体自然净化系统技术在鱼类人工繁育中应用研究

试验以广州梅县鱼类苗种场为试验基地,研究了池塘水体自然净化系统技术在鱼类人工繁育中的应用。试验中应用成果的核心技术对该场老化鱼池和陈旧设施进行调整和改造,形成了鱼类人工繁育两套鱼池水体自然净化系统。结果显示:经过2007—2008两年运行试验,25亩鱼池和繁育设施展现出高效功能,亲鱼成熟率和催产率达100%,受精率和孵化率达95%以上,年鱼苗生产总量达5亿多尾的规模化程度,比试验前提高效率达38.7%;育成10 cm以上的草鱼鱼种成活率达80%以上。结果表明,该两套系统特别适合水源较为缺乏,水质不同程度污染区域应用;也可作为鱼池建设和改造升级的技术支撑。     

不同大豆产品替代鱼粉饲养南美白对虾的试验

分别采用脱皮豆粕、大豆蛋白、发酵豆粕等大豆产品,等氮替代饲料中10%的鱼粉(对照组鱼粉35%,替代组鱼粉25%),饲养体重为0.06 g南美白对虾(Penaeus vannam eiBoone)一个月,结果表明,对照组(35%鱼粉)幼虾的增重率、成活率均最大,为1316%、97.5%;脱皮豆粕组幼虾的增重率为最低,仅783%;哈姆雷特大豆蛋白、比多福大豆蛋白、富肽蛋白(发酵豆粕)组幼虾增重率为1033%、983%、1050%,均显著高于脱皮豆粕组(P<0.05),但低于对照组(P<0.05);对虾体肌肉成分的分析显示,各组幼虾肌肉在水分、蛋白质含量方面没有显著差异。上述结果表明,大豆蛋白和发酵豆粕均为优于脱皮豆粕的鱼粉替代品。     

Effects of culture density and live prey on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

The effects of culture density on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish were tested. Groups of 1, 3 and 5 hatchlings were placed in small containers with bottom surface of 80 cm², obtaining individual densities of 125, 375 and 625 cuttlefish m^–2, respectively. Additionally, groups of 5 hatchlings were placed in containers with 2 different bottom areas (80 and 240 cm²), providing culture densities of 625 and 42 cuttlefish m^–2, respectively. A total of 120 hatchlings were used and experiments lasted for 40 days. No differences were found in growth between any of the densities tested throughout the experiment until 35 days old. After this, cuttlefish placed in isolation grew significantly larger. A second experiment was conducted in a flow through system, using two rectangular tanks with bottom surface of 0.5 m². Two groups of 25 cuttlefish hatchlings were used in this experiment, which lasted for 40 days. Both groups were fed live juvenile shrimp (Crangon crangon) during the first 5 days. Afterwards, one group was fed live fish fry of different species, while the other continued to be fed shrimp. After day 10 and until the end of the experiment, hatchlings fed shrimp grew significantly larger than those fed fish fry. Survival of hatchlings fed shrimp or fish fry after 40 days was of 100% and 68%, respectively. Total protein content of both prey types was similar. Therefore, the higher polar lipid content, especially due to the higher phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels observed in the shrimp, compared to fish fry could possibly be one of the major factor to explain the significantly higher growth rates for S. officinalis juveniles fed shrimp. Also, the percentage of polar lipids in the shrimp (47.4%) was closer to the one of juvenile cuttlefish (38.1%) than the composition of polar lipids in fish fry (10.4%). This could also be an important factor to explain the poor growth and survival obtained when feeding fish fry to the cuttlefish.