中国江豚的分类

本文根据中国各海区和长江产江豚的外形性状差异显著,对Pilleri and Gihr将中国沿海和长江的江豚命名为独立种Neophocaena asiaeorientalis以及江豚属包含三个种的论点提出异议,作者认为中国江豚应为三个亚种,即指名亚种Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides主要分布于南海;扬子亚种N.p.asfaeorientalis主要分布于东海和长江,北方亚种N.p.sunameri主要分布于黄海和渤海。     

长江天鹅洲故道长江江豚饵料鱼类状况与管理建议

<正>饵料鱼资源是影响长江江豚个体营养状况、生长和繁育的关键因素。调查发现,贝氏鰲、鰲、短颌鲚等1 1种优势种是天鹅洲故道长江江豚的主要饵料鱼类;放流长江干流鱼类早期资源对保护区长江江豚饵料鱼增殖具有关键作用;丰富和稳定饵料鱼供给是天鹅洲保护区长江江豚种群稳步增长的重要原因。长江江膝(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是仅分布于长江及附属通江湖泊的濒危保护动物;2017年考察结果显示,当前长江     

青岛近海捕获一头罕见江豚

<正> 1988年6月3日青岛渔民在青岛近海(大公岛海域),用挂子网捕获一头体长227厘米的雄性江豚.江豚Neophccena phocaenoides是鲸目动物中体型最小的一种.它隶属齿鲸亚目、鼠海豚科、江豚属.体长一般在150～190厘米.A.?(1962)报道,江豚体长不超过160厘米;西胁昌治(1965)报道,江豚体长最大为184厘米.这头江豚是迄今为止国内外有关资料记载最大的一头.其体色深灰,背脊粗长,嵴上有坚硬的角质结节,结节行数最多为8行(图左).现将这头江豚身体各部位的称重和测量数据记录如下:     

铜陵淡水豚自然保护区江豚迁地保护现状与对策

铜陵江段是长江下游长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asaeorientalis)种群数量最集中、密度最大的江段之一。但随着人类活动的影响,长江江豚的资源保护也凸现出诸多问题。综合已有的研究资料和最新的调研结果,对其存在的问题进行了分析。认为植被人为演替、肆意采挖江砂、大型水利工程建设和江湖通道阻隔等是其面临的主要问题。同时,针对性地提出加强部门协同管理、协调经济发展和生态保护的关系、恢复江湖连通等措施和建议。     

长江中的微笑天使

正长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)是我国特有的淡水水生哺乳动物,属哺乳纲、鲸目、鼠海豚科江豚属,俗称"江猪"。长江江豚曾经是窄脊江豚的指名亚种,2018年4月11日被升级为独立物种。长江江豚体型较小,体长一般在1.2m左右,最长的可达1.9m,全身呈铅灰色或灰白色,头部钝圆,其额部隆起前凸,吻部短而阔,且带有一定弧度,正面看上去就像一个笑脸,被人们称为"微笑天使"。     

黄渤海江豚的调查研究

本文报道了黄渤海产江豚的外形和骨骼特征,并指出黄渤海产江豚与东海、长江产江豚在外形和骨髂上有较大差异。由于Pilleri和Gihr把中国的江豚曾另定名为一个独立种,因此作者对其分类问题进行了初步探讨,认为黄渤海产江豚与东海、长江产江豚是两个不同的亚种。本文还对江豚的生殖期进行了初步分析。     

江西鄱阳湖频现江豚集中死亡

鄱阳湖是长江江豚最为重要的繁殖栖息地之一,近几年丰水期江豚种群数量维持在450头左右。近段时期以来,长江流域的洞庭湖、鄱阳湖等地不断出现长江江豚集中死亡事件。长江江豚是生活在我国长江流域中     

2012年全流域长江江豚考察正式启动

本刊讯 为了全面了解长江江豚最新的生存现状,11月10日,农业部、中科院水生所和WWF(世界自然基金会)联合启动了"2012全流域长江江豚科考",对宜昌至上海的长江中下游干流以及鄱阳湖、洞庭湖等长江江豚主要分布区进行考察,全面评估长江江豚的种群数量、分布特征、威胁因素,确定长江江豚热点分布区的变化,并在此基础上提出对现有保护区保护范围、功能区划调整以及可能新建保护区的操作方案.     

农业农村部组织开展2021年长江江豚保护活动

正本刊讯5月9日,农业农村部与广东省人民政府在位于珠海市长隆海洋王国的农业农村部长江江豚人工繁育和科普教育基地联合开展2021年长江江豚保护暨科普宣传主题活动。农业农村部副部长于康震、广东省委常委叶贞琴出席活动。长江江豚是水生生物保护的旗舰物种,种群极度濒危,仅约1000余头。为利用长江"十年禁渔"重要窗口期,有效降低长江江豚群体相对集中的风险,进一步完善长江江豚迁地保护网络,今年农业农村部组织实施史上最大规模的长江江豚迁地保护行动,     

渔业简讯

近日,经国务院批准,调整后的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》已正式向公众发布。其中,长江江豚等65种野生动物由国家2级保护野生动物升为国家1级。长江江豚俗称江猪,已在地球上存在2500万年,是世界自然基金会确定的13个全球旗舰物种之一。在白暨豚被宣布功能性灭绝后,它是长江中唯一的哺乳动物。自20世纪80年代以来,长江江豚种群数量快速衰减。调查显示,1991年,长江江豚数量为2700多头。2006年,国际联合考察发现,长江江豚已不足1800头。2012年,长江江豚约为1045头。2017年12月长江江豚生态科学考察结果公布,长江江豚种群数量约为1012头,仅为大熊猫的一半。     

南京长江江豚省级自然保护区鱼类重金属含量与风险评价

为评价长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)保护区内鱼体质量金属富集现状及重金属污染对江豚的潜在影响,2018年6月、9月和12月分别在保护区江段采集了鳊、鳜、■、鲢和鲫5种鱼类,测定鱼体肌肉中的Pb、Cd、As、Cu和Zn等5种重金属元素的含量,评价保护区鱼类受重金属污染的程度。结果显示,鲫肌肉Cd的单项污染指数(Pi)均大于0.5,夏季捕捞的肌肉As的Pi略高于0.5,其余鱼类的Pb、Cd和As的Pi均小于0.5。研究结果表明,保护区鱼类重金属污染总体风险较小,但部分江豚饵料鱼类存在轻度污染,对江豚有潜在影响,需要引起注意。     

Differential population dynamics of a coastal porpoise correspond to the fishing effort in a large estuarine system

1. The finless porpoise (genus Neophocaena) is susceptible to fishery‐caused mortality, and its numbers are thought to be in decline across its entire range. However, population demographics have rarely been quantified for this genus, with a few exceptions of the narrow‐ridged form (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) in waters off Japan, Korea, and in the Yangtze River of China, all of which show a drastic decline in recent decades. Similar analyses have not been performed for the Indo‐Pacific (known also as the wide‐ridged) finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) that inhabits (sub‐)tropical waters; thus, reliable risk assessments are lacking.
2. The demographic dynamics of the Indo‐Pacific finless porpoise in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region were investigated by analysing 307 cases of beached carcasses that were recovered between 1996 and 2014. The mean instantaneous rate of increase r indicated a declining trend of 3.6% loss per annum during 1996–2005, and a subsequent recovering trend with 0.76% increase per annum during 2006–2014. The individual‐based Leslie matrix model constructed with the most up‐to‐date demographic parameters suggests that the conservation status of the finless porpoise in the PRD region corresponds to Near Threatened (NT) according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature criterion A3.
3. This temporal demographic change may be due to changes in fishing effort, which has been declining locally since the late 1990s. Although more quantitative evidence is needed, it is shown that regulated management of coastal fisheries can serve as an effective tool in securing the long‐term persistence of Indo‐Pacific finless porpoise in the PRD region, which likely applies also elsewhere in the genus/species' range where coastal fisheries overlap with the porpoise habitat. Results provide baseline ecological indicators that can facilitate further monitoring of the population status and trend.

     

再议东黄渤海带鱼种群划分问题

本研究根据中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所早年收集的1971—1982年带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)捕捞统计资料,从地理隔离、数量动态方面分析我国近海带鱼种群的划分问题。研究结果表明,东黄渤海带鱼存在两个种群,即黄渤海种群和东海种群。通过带鱼鱼群移动影像发现,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼在江苏北部近海(34?00?N,121?00?E)附近发生了混栖,这一海域的带鱼产量仅占当月总产量的1.16%;两种群带鱼在外海越冬场也发生混栖,这一海域带鱼产量仅占当月总产量的5.51%。本研究认为,之所以分为黄渤海带鱼和东海两个种群,主要证据有6个:其一,可能发生混栖海域带鱼群体的数量很少,均仅占当月带鱼产量的极少数;其二,在混栖海域,不同带鱼鱼群并未发生群体间个体完全混合,在产卵洄游过程中,各自群体将仍旧依照各自洄游路线回到越冬场,因而在产卵场发生遗传杂交的可能性很少;其三,带鱼在越冬场的混合不属于产卵场杂交,因此,不同种群带鱼因为产卵和杂交发生种群遗传性状融合的可能性较少;其四,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼有着各自不同的数量变化规律,两者近年来产量差距悬殊,黄渤海种群带鱼资源在衰退的同时,没有得到东海带鱼群体的补充;其五,除了在江苏北部近海和外海发生群体混栖,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼各自的分布空间完全隔离;其六,这两个不同带鱼种群在洄游中存在不同的水团背景。结合以往带鱼种群体征差异分析的结果,可以认为,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼分属不同的带鱼种群。在东黄渤海,带鱼整体上可以划分为黄渤海带鱼种群和东海带鱼种群。     

The impact of fisheries management practices on the survival of the Yangtze finless porpoise in China

1. The Critically Endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is facing a significant threat from illegal fishing in Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake, and current fisheries management has proved insufficient to eliminate illegal fishing.
2. A survey of local communities around the two lakes was conducted to investigate fishing activities and their potential impacts. Using a series of six scenarios derived from our data, we suggest that enhanced daytime patrols may have driven fishers to conduct compensatory night‐time fishing when the patrols are absent. Night‐time fishing activities overlap temporally with the main period of Yangtze finless porpoise foraging, so the potential intensification of night‐time fishing with the use of illegal gears could pose an increased threat to porpoises.
3. In addition to increasing law enforcement management efforts, helping fishers to secure alternative livelihoods may provide a more practical and sustainable long‐term method for reducing illegal fishing and its impacts on porpoises. This study also provides important lessons for conservation policy‐making and implementation for other cetacean species threatened by illegal fishing.

     

Evidence of nighttime movement of finless porpoises through Kanmon Strait monitored using a stationary acoustic recording device

From March 2005 to March 2006, the presence of the finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides in the Kanmon Strait, Japan was monitored using a stationary acoustic event recording device. A stereo acoustic event recorder (A-tag) recorded biosonar signals as well as sound source directions, which can be used to count the number of echolocating porpoises within a distance of 126m. During 75 days of effective observation, 37 porpoises were detected acoustically. On average, one individual was detected every two days. Most of the finless porpoises appeared at night, and no porpoises were observed from 12:00 to 18:00 hours. Shipping traffic observed using the same acoustic system showed trends opposite to that of finless porpoise during the daytime. The tidal current did not affect the presence of the animals. (up to 5.2 knots). However, porpoises were suggested to swim along the current direction. Finless porpoise appeared to be isolated and used relatively long-range sonar during the observations, suggesting that the porpoises passed through the Kanmon Strait rather than searched for prey.     

北黄海虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)定居群体的生态适应性研究

本研究选取山东长岛、辽宁海洋岛和獐子岛底播的虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)群体、人工选育的“獐子岛红”品种养殖群体、辽宁旅顺自然群体以及原产地日本青森县陆奥湾自然群体,运用稳定同位素技术探究虾夷扇贝不同地理群体的特征.结果显示,(1)虾夷扇贝各群体的闭壳肌和内脏团δ13C值分别为-20.47‰±0.66‰和-24.13‰±2.41‰;闭壳肌和内脏团δ15N值分别为8.52‰±1.32‰和7.26‰±0.49‰.(2)基于δ13C值和δ15N值的单因素方差分析(One-wayANOVA)显示,群体间各个取样点闭壳肌和内脏团的碳、氮稳定同位素比值差异显著(P＜0.05);基于地理位置构建所有群体的碳氮稳定性同位素散点分布图,可以明显地区别中国群体和日本群体.(3)中国8个虾夷扇贝群体之间,只有长岛群体的碳、氮稳定同位素比值明显低于其他群体,而其余群体之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).研究表明,虾夷扇贝中国群体与日本群体间已经存在较大的差异,且中国群体间因生长海域、水文环境的不同也呈现出分群现象.说明虾夷扇贝定居群体在不同的生态环境下已产生了不同程度的适应性改变.     

牙鲆微卫星标记的开发及多态性分析

将牙鲆基因组DNA经限制性内切酶RsaⅠ和BstUI双酶切后采用FIASCO法构建酶切片段基因组文库。共挑取269个克隆,177个为阳性克隆,阳性克隆率为65.79%。经测序后获得191条微卫星序列,其中完美型占74.35%;非完美型占14.66%;混合型占10.99%。用引物设计软件Primer Premier 5.0设计引物153对,挑选其中的50对合成并在32个野生牙鲆个体中进行扩增,共31个位点具有多态性,统计结果后使用POPGENE软件进行分析,平均等位基因个数为3.939 4,平均有效等位基因数为3.052 2,平均观测杂合度为0.650 1,平均期望杂合度为0.586 6,各引物的Hardy-Weinberg平衡指数在0.012 587~0.984 917变动。这些筛选出的多态性微卫星标记可应用于进一步的牙鲆遗传多样性分析、家系分析及遗传图谱的构建等工作中。     

江豚群体饲养及交配模式的研究

作者于１９９２年４月至１９９３年２月在安徽省铜陵白暨豚养护场对一群（４头）江豚进行了饲养研究。并对江豚的交配模式作了分析和概况，提高江豚饲养成活率的关键在于采用群体驯化的方法进行饲养前的半自然适应性暂养，以缓和其从自然环境过渡到人工环境的不适宜程度。