克氏原螯虾胚胎发育的观察分析及影响因素的研究

研究了克氏原螯虾(Procabarus dadcia)的胚胎发育过程,结果表明(1)克氏原螫虾受精卵的颜色变化过程为灰棕色→棕色中夹杂着黄色→黄色中夹杂着黑色→黑色;(2)克氏原螯虾的胚胎发育过程共分12期:受精卵、孵裂期、囊胚期、原肠前期、出现半圆形内胚层沟、原肠后期、无节幼体前期、无节幼体后期、前蚤状幼体期、蚤状幼体期和后蚤状幼体期;(3)在9月份时,整个孵化期间水温为19～30℃,平均水温为25.8℃,胚胎发育时间为17～20d,在此期间孵化所需的有效积温为453～516℃.d;而在11月份时,孵化期间,水温为4～10℃,平均水温5.2℃,胚胎发育时间为90～100d,孵化所需要有的效积温为462～520℃.d.     

不同水温对克氏螯虾受精卵孵化的影响

研究了在不同的控制水温和自然水温条件下克氏螯虾受精卵的孵化情况。在14℃水温和自然水温（10～15℃），没有幼体孵化出；在17～32℃水温范围内，水温越高，受精卵孵化的时间越短；但在水温低于22℃或高于32℃时，受精卵死亡脱落严重，孵化率低；只有在24～30℃水温条件下，受精卵死亡脱落的数量很少，孵化率最高，所用时间也相对较短。     

不同遮蔽物对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化的影响

把克氏原螯虾抱卵亲虾,在不同的遮蔽物下进行孵化,研究不同遮蔽物对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化率的影响。结果表明:在茶树枝和棕榈皮为遮蔽物的条件下,受精卵的孵化率显著高于枯树叶、稻草、和泥巴为遮蔽物的孵化率,分别达到84.75%和81.08%。以稻草为遮蔽物的受精卵孵化率最低,为6.32%。     

盐度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长的影响

研究了不同盐度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长的影响.试验于水族箱内进行,试验幼虾的初始体质量(1.82±0.21)g,体长(3.13±0.30)cm.在25 ℃条件下,试验设置0、2、4、6、8、10、12、14计8个盐度梯度,试验结果表明,盐度为0～14时,克氏原螯虾的幼体均能存活与生长.盐度为0～6,成活率较高,生长较快,饵料系数较低,各项指标与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05).当盐度超过此范围时,随着盐度增加,幼虾的成活率下降,生长变慢,饵料系数增大,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05).     

不同水温对克氏螯虾受精卵孵化的影响

主要研究了在不同的控制和自然水温条件下克氏螯虾受精卵的孵化情况。结果表明:在14℃和自然水温组没有幼体孵化出,在17℃￣32℃水温度范围内,水温越高,受精卵孵化的时间越短,但在水温低于22℃或高于32℃时,受精卵死亡脱落严重,孵化率低,只有在24℃￣30℃水温条件下受精卵死亡脱落的数量很少,孵化率最高,所用时间也相对较短。     

不同遮蔽物对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化的影响

把克氏原螯虾抱卵亲虾，在不同的遮蔽物下进行孵化，研究不同遮蔽物对克氏原螫虾受精卵孵化率的影响。结果表明：在茶树枝和棕榈皮为遮蔽物的条件下，受精卵的孵化率显著高于枯树叶、稻草和泥巴为遮蔽物的孵化率，分别达到84．75％和81．08％。以稻草为遮蔽物的受精卵孵化率最低，为6．32％。     

曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的初步观察

将曼氏无针乌贼受精卵卵膜剥离,在显微镜或解剖镜下观察胚胎发育的全过程,结合室内人工育苗的孵化技术进行探讨。曼氏无针乌贼卵为粘性卵,呈黑色,类型属端黄卵,卵膜属三级卵膜,卵裂类型为不全卵裂,囊胚呈盘状,发生类型为直接发生型。在水温为23.8～26.2℃、盐度29.3时,最快14d孵出幼体,最慢23天孵出幼体,孵出幼体高峰期为18～21d,高峰期的孵出量占总孵出量的79.4%,孵化率为83.1%。胚胎发育速度与温度高低（20～30℃）成正比,盐度低于22对孵化率有严重影响。     

温度对克氏原螯虾幼虾发育和存活的影响

低温条件下克氏原螯虾幼体生长缓慢,但成活率较高。在一定范围内,高温可明显促进幼体的生长,但在31℃时死亡率很高。对于约1月龄的克氏原螯虾幼体,考虑到其生长速度和成活率2个方面的因素,25℃左右可能比较适合其生长发育。克氏原螯虾幼体不适合30℃以上的高温和5℃以下的低温,因此在我国中部和北方地区,克氏原螯虾幼体的越冬应当采取一定的保温措施。     

克氏原螯虾母性抚育行为及食仔行为对子代的影响

在实验室条件下,对比研究了克氏原螯虾受精卵在离体条件和抱卵条件下的孵化成功率,以及仔虾在与雌性亲虾隔离和共栖条件下的存活与生长情况,以探讨克氏原螯虾母性抚育行为和食仔行为对子代的影响.研究结果表明:克氏原螯虾的亲虾抚育可以显著(P＜0.05)提高受精卵的孵化成功率;雌性食仔行为对仔虾的体长和体长变异系数无显著影响(P＞0.05),但会显著降低(P＜0.05)仔虾的存活率.     

盐度对中间球海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)杂交子代受精卵孵化及浮游幼体生长发育的影响

试验结果表明,盐度对中间球海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)杂交子代的受精率、受精卵的孵化率、浮游幼体的生长发育均有重要影响.水温18 ℃、盐度为31时,受精率最高,为54%;盐度为23～37时受精卵可孵化至棱柱幼体,孵化适宜盐度为29~33,其中盐度为31时,孵化率最高,为89.5%;浮游幼体期适宜盐度为29～33,最适盐度为31.     

温度、盐度对似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育过程的影响

设置10℃、15℃、20℃、24℃、27℃、30℃6个温度组和0‰、2.5‰、5‰、10‰、15‰、太湖湖水组6个盐度组,探讨了温度和盐度对似刺鳊鮈(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)胚胎发育的影响。温度实验结果表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育的起始温度(生物学零度)为9.5℃,适宜的发育水温为20～24℃。水温10℃时胚胎卵裂异常,未能进入原肠期;水温升至30℃时胚胎在发育至原肠期前后死亡。水温度为24℃时孵化时间仅为73.5 h,孵化率高达80%,畸形率为0,为最适孵化水温;水温对胚胎发育速率的影响后期较前期大。盐度实验表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎对盐度有一定的耐受力,各盐度梯度下的胚胎发育速率差异不大,但孵化率的差异极显著。在水温18℃、盐度为2.5‰的水体中胚胎的孵化率为81.67%,高于太湖湖水组的孵化率,此盐度应为似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育较适盐度。     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development of the Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

The effect of salinity on the embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis eggs was tested experimentally using S. pharaonis embryos at various developmental stages. The hatching rate, incubation period, hatching period, wet weight of hatchling cuttlefish, and yolk utilization efficiency ratio were quantified at salinities of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36. These variables were significantly affected by salinity. The weight of the eggs first decreased and then increased during embryonic development. The range of suitable salinities for hatching of S. pharaonis eggs was 27–33, and the optimal salinity was 30.     

疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育观察及盐度对其孵化的影响

采用显微镜观察了疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaeta)胚胎发育不同时期特征,并依据疣吻沙蚕人工孵化经验设置6个盐度梯度组(A:0,B:5,C:10,D:13,E:15,F:20),每组3个平行,研究了盐度对疣吻沙蚕受精率和孵化率的影响。结果表明,疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内三刚节疣足幼虫期和三刚节疣足幼虫期8个时期;盐度对疣吻沙蚕孵化影响显著(P0.05),C组受精率和孵化率最高,与其他组存在显著差异(P0.05)。适宜受精的盐度范围为10~13,最适孵化的盐度为10。     

盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

温度对玫瑰无须鲃胚胎发育的影响

为了探索温度对玫瑰无须鲃(Puntius conchonius)胚胎发育的影响,将玫瑰无须鲃的受精卵置于不同温度培养容器中进行孵化观察。结果显示,在温度为18～32℃的环境条件下,玫瑰无须鲃的胚胎均能孵化,最适孵化温度范围为24～28℃。如果温度高于32℃或低于18℃时,玫瑰无须鲃的胚胎不能孵出仔鱼。在温度为34℃时,胚胎发育到原肠胚晚期全部死亡,温度为16℃时,胚胎发育停止于神经胚期,孵化时间随温度的升高而缩短,呈幂函数相关。玫瑰无须鲃胚胎发育的生物学零度为12.35℃,有效积温为419.40℃.h。     

温度、盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育影响及初孵仔鱼饥饿耐受力

研究了盐度、温度对条石鲷胚胎发育的影响和初孵仔鱼对饥饿的耐受力。结果表明，胚胎发育的适宜盐度范围为20～35，最适盐度范围为25～30，孵化率都在89%以上，盐度低于20或高于35，孵化率都降低。盐度对孵化时间有一定影响，盐度高于35或者低于15条件下孵化时间都延长。胚胎发育的适宜温度范围为21～27℃，孵化率都在77%以上，最适温度范围为23～25℃，孵化率达89%以上，低于19℃或者高于27℃时孵化率降低且初孵仔鱼畸形率升高。胚胎孵化时间与温度成负相关关系，胚胎发育速率与温度成正相关关系。条石鲷胚胎发育的生物学零度（阈温度）为10.06℃，有效积温值为405.3℃·h。对胚胎发育的Q10值进行了计算。饥饿条件下，条石鲷初孵仔鱼8日龄全部死亡，半数死亡时间出现在第6天，饥饿对初孵仔鱼生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

Toxic effects of ammonia on the embryonic development of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ammonia nitrogen on the embryonic development of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis . Embryos were exposed to different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg/L) of total ammonia–nitrogen (TAN) during incubation. The developmental rate, malformations, mortality, hatching rate, incubation period, yolk utilization efficiency ratio, and weight of the newly hatched cuttlefish were determined. The results showed that ammonia nitrogen significantly inhibited the development of S. pharaonis embryos and induced malformations and even death. Hatching was delayed, the hatching rate was reduced, mortality and the incubation period increased, and the yolk utilization efficiency ratio and weight of the newly hatched cuttlefish significantly decreased in a dose‐dependent manner after the embryos were exposed to more than 1 mg/L TAN for prolonged period. These variables could be used as an integrative biomarker or indicator of aquatic environmental ammonia contamination. In summary, our results indicated that ammonia caused toxicity in the embryos. When the concentration of TAN is greater than 1 mg/L, ammonia levels should be reduced to prevent toxic effects on embryonic development.     

盐度对紫彩血蛤胚胎及幼虫发育的影响

就盐度对紫彩血蛤胚胎及幼虫发育的影响进行了研究，结果：紫彩血蛤胚胎发育的有效盐度范围为１６．０７～３７．０４，最适盐度范围为２３．９５～３１．０３。盐度为２３．９５，胚胎发育速度最快，孵化率最高，达９８％，幼虫发育的适宜盐度范围为１６．０７～３７．０４，其中盐度为２８．０３，幼虫存活率和变态率最高，分别为７８．８％和８８．６％，盐度１２．０２～４０．９５对幼虫均无明显致畸影响。     

SDBS对大鳞副泥鳅胚胎发育及幼鱼性腺发育的影响

为了解十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)胚胎发育及幼鱼性腺发育的影响,将受精卵随机分成7组,分别置于0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L SDBS溶液中充氧孵化,统计培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率。选取均重为3 g左右健康的大鳞副泥鳅210尾,随机分成7组,分别置于0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L SDBS溶液中饲养60 d,统计大鳞副泥鳅的死亡情况,取性腺制作组织切片,观察SDBS对大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼性腺发育的影响。结果显示:SDBS浓度≤1.0 mg/L时,对大鳞副泥鳅受精卵培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和鳅苗畸形率无显著影响,SDBS浓度≥2.5 mg/L时,培育周期与孵化周期显著延长,孵化率显著下降,鳅苗畸形率显著上升。大鳞副泥鳅的死亡率随SDBS浓度的升高明显上升,SDBS浓度≥0.1 mg/L时显著抑制精巢发育。