养殖模式对草鱼池塘底泥微生物群落结构影响的分析

为了解养殖模式对主养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)池塘底泥微生物群落结构的影响,使用高通量测序方法分析了山塘、精养和鱼菜共生三种模式下草鱼池塘底泥微生物的结构特征.结果显示:(1)精养池塘水体CODMn、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)[(35.67～108.34)mg/L、(3.40～7.93)m...     

不同月份养殖草鱼幼鱼消化道微生物群落动态变化研究

为了评估草鱼消化道微生物群落结构在草鱼食性转化后的变动情况,实验对食性转换完成后的草鱼消化道微生物群落结构进行了PCR-DGGE分析。结果显示,不同月份采集草鱼消化道微生物群落结构存在明显差异(Monte Carlo检验,A:F=3.41,P=0.002;B:F=3.58,P=0.002),而被广泛认为影响宿主消化道微生物群落结构的宿主大小、丰满度等因素则在短期内并没有发现会对草鱼消化道微生物群落结构产生影响。实验表明,短期内环境因素可能是造成草鱼消化道微生物群落结构变动的主要因素。本实验结果将为深入阐述草鱼消化道微生物群落结构的变化规律、消化道益生菌的作用机理、消化道微生物群落结构变动与草鱼疾病的关系等问题积累基础材料。     

象山港南沙岛不同养殖模式沉积物微生物群落结构分析

通过构建16S rDNA克隆文库对象山港南沙岛不同养殖模式(贝类养殖、藻类养殖及网箱养殖)表层沉积物微生物多样性和群落结构特征进行了比较和分析,共获取136个OUT。其中,贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区和网箱养殖区OTU分别为58、48和57个。各站位OTU分布差异明显,表现出高度的多样性。基于16S rDNA序列的生物多样性和丰富度分析表明,网箱养殖区丰富度指数ACE为739,香浓指数H?为3.8,均为最高值,丰富度指数Chao为245,略低于于贝类养殖区。贝类养殖区丰富度指数Chao为303,在各养殖区中最高。藻类养殖区丰富度指数ACE为174、Chao为89,香浓指数H?为3.6,均为最低值。系统发育分析表明,南沙岛各养殖区的优势种群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),但是藻类养殖区微生物群落结构与其他养殖区域相比,16S rDNA克隆文库差异显著,其中根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)及其他光合细菌在藻类养殖区分布较多。网箱养殖区沉积物表层微生物群落中出现了与环境污染密切相关的菌群,如志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和ε-变形菌纲的微生物种群,揭示网箱养殖对底质沉积物环境的影响较大。     

鲢鳙放养对水体微生物碳源利用影响的围隔试验

利用Biolog技术就滆湖原位围隔内鲢鳙放养密度和比例对水体微生物碳源利用的影响进行了研究。结果显示,在试验阶段后期不同围隔内水体微生物对碳源总量的利用相对于试验中期有较明显的变化。未放养鲢鳙的对照组(A0)在试验后期对于碳源总量的利用低于各实验组(A_1:鱼密度40 g/m~3、鲢鳙比7∶3;A_2∶40 g/m~3、3∶7、A_3∶80 g/m~3、7∶3和A_4∶80 g/m~3、3∶7)。试验中期和后期,利用比例较高的碳源类型均为聚合物。主成分分析表明,试验后期不同围隔水体微生物群落碳代谢方式具有显著差异。其中,与主成分1显著相关的碳源主要有16种,分别属于聚合物、糖类、羧酸、氨基酸。实验中期和后期围隔水体微生物碳代谢多样性指数Shannon物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均存在显著差异,代谢多样性指数最高的是实验组A1,实验组A4碳代谢多样性指数相对较低。根据鳙的绝对生物量、多样性指标以及对碳源的总量利用,可以得出以鲢鳙主导的微型生态系统中,鳙的绝对生物量对于水体微生物影响更加显著。     

芽孢杆菌对草鱼养殖水质的影响

为研究芽孢杆菌对草鱼养殖水质的影响,选取体重约45g的草鱼210尾,随机分为2组,每组设3个平行重复.对照组在水中不添加任何菌,处理组每隔7d分别向水中按照1×108 cfu/m3添加芽孢杆菌菌粉,二组均饲喂基础日粮.草鱼养殖水体水质测定结果表明:与对照组相比,第28天处理组氨氮含量比对照组下降29.17％(P＜0.05).亚硝酸盐氮含量无显著性差异且在0.39 mg/L以下.第14天时,处理组硝酸盐氮含量比对照组降低60.26％( P＜0.01),在第21天和第28天分别比对照组提高26.98％(P＜0.05)和67.85％(P＜0.01).处理组的总无机氮含量在21d内无显著差异,第28天时下降了15.39％(P＞0.05).养殖水体pH值维持在6.8～7.6,各组之间无显著差异.养殖水体中添加芽孢杆菌可降低氨氮含量,改善养殖水体水质.     

强降雨对粤西凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘微生物群落的影响

于强台风"莫拉菲"环流云系带来的持续强降雨天气前后(2009年7月14日和7月28日),对广东省茂名市电白县凡纳滨对虾半集约化养殖土池的水样和泥样进行调查,研究施用微生态制剂和未施用微生态制剂的虾池水体及底泥中的异养细菌、弧菌和芽孢杆菌的变化情况,并利用BIOLOGECO微板对水体和底泥的微生物群落代谢变化进行探讨。结果发现,定期施用微生态制剂的虾池水体和底泥中的细菌数量和微生物群落功能在强降雨前后基本保持稳定;未施用微生态制剂的虾池在强降雨后,水体的弧菌数升高,Simpson指数和McIntosh指数显著降低(P0.05),水体和底泥微生物群落对碳源的利用率变化明显。研究结果表明,与施用微生态制剂的虾池相比较,未施用微生态制剂的虾池在强降雨后,水体及沉积物环境波动变化明显,强降雨对其水域环境产生很大的影响。因此建议在对虾养殖过程中定期施用微生态制剂,并针对恶劣天气采取有效措施,以稳定虾池水体及沉积物的微生物生态。     

光合细菌强化对精养鱼塘藻类群落结构的影响

通过定期向池塘投加光合细菌,研究了有益微生物强化对精养鱼塘浮游藻类群落结构的影响。结果显示:光合细菌强化塘(试验塘)藻类组成以绿藻、硅藻为主,养殖前期(5—6月初),以针杆藻、直链藻等占优势,中后期(7—9月)则以绿球藻、栅藻、盘星藻、小环藻、菱形藻等为优势种,水色呈淡绿、黄褐色等良好状态;而对照塘藻类组成在前期与试验塘没有明显差异,但在中后期出现明显变化,以微囊藻、颤藻、鱼腥藻、席藻等蓝藻占优势。试验塘藻类生物量显著低于对照塘(P<0.05),且对照塘生物量波动变化大,蓝藻数量所占比例可高达77.6%,远高于试验塘蓝藻比例(均值低于25.0%);此外,藻类Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数试验塘均大于对照塘。结果表明:光合细菌的定期添加有效控制了蓝藻增值,保持了藻类多样性,使精养鱼塘藻相趋于稳定,有利池塘养殖。     

鱼藕轮作对池塘底泥微生物群落代谢功能的影响

借助BIOLOG检测法,研究了栽种莲藕池塘及养殖黄颡鱼池塘底泥微生物群落代谢功能多样性的变化。结果表明:种植莲藕后底泥中有机质(OM)含量分别减少11.45%(深度0~5 cm)、19.12%(深度5~10 cm),莲藕的生长能促进根区底泥有机质的消耗,对底泥中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)均有一定的吸收作用;种植组与对照组在养殖周期后的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)均高于初始值,且种植组AWCD变化率更显著,表明栽种莲藕的底泥微生物群落代谢活性更;对0~5 cm与5~10 cm底泥微生物群落代谢活性比较发现同一环境不同深度微生物群落代谢活性不同;养鱼组(0~5 cm)底泥中微生物Biolog代谢功能多样性显著降低(P<0.05),莲藕种植可保持底泥较高的微生物代谢功能多样性。     

二氧化氯对池塘水质和浮游生物群落结构的短期影响

监测了公安县崇湖渔场3口草鱼主养池塘施用浓度为0.375 g/m3的二氧化氯后池塘水质理化指标及浮游生物群落结构短期变化,以分析二氧化氯对池塘水环境质量的影响。结果显示,用药后水体溶解氧显著下降,亚硝态氮、活性磷和总磷降低。然而p H值显著升高,硝态氮、铵态氮和总氮也有所升高。施用二氧化氯前浮游植物共检出6门44属79种,浮游动物36属43种;用药后共检出浮游植物7门52属109种,浮游动物44属69种,用药后浮游植物消失4属12种,新增加12属42种,用药前未见金藻门种类,用药后出现分歧锥囊藻(Dinobryon divergens)。用药后原生动物消失6属7种,新出现16属24种;轮虫消失3种,增加8种;枝角类种类无变化;桡足类新增4种成体,但用药前后优势种无变化。结果表明,施用二氧化氯短期内增加了水体氨氮毒性,并导致浮游动物的种类、密度和生物量显著增加,进而导致浮游植物生物量显著下降、小型化藻类增多、优势种显著变化。建议在养殖期间慎用二氧化氯。     

新疆伊犁河周丛藻类群落结构及其水质生物学评价

周丛藻类是新疆跨境河流土著、特有鱼类重要的基础饵料资源,研究其种群结构及评价水质,以保护该地区渔业资源与生态环境。2013年5、7、9、10 月,在新疆跨境河流——伊犁河全流域选择8个样点,对周丛藻类群落结构进行了系统的调查分析。结果表明,伊犁河周丛藻类隶属5门41属145种,其中硅藻门种类数最多,113种（占77.9%）,依次是蓝藻门14种（9.7%）、绿藻门13种（9.0%）、裸藻门4种（2.8%）和黄藻门1种（0.7%）。优势种主要为硅藻门的嗜盐舟形藻、偏肿桥弯藻、普通等片藻以及蓝藻门的皮状席藻等。研究期间,伊犁河周丛藻类的密度和生物量的均值分别为1331.7×106 ind/m2、1908.5 mg/m2。Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的平均值分别是0.73、3.24、0.60和3.91。Pearson相关性分析显示,伊犁河周丛藻的密度与流速呈极显著的负相关,与总氮呈极显著的正相关,与水温、盐度、氟化物、总硬度、钙离子呈显著的正相关;周丛藻类的生物量与流速呈极显著的负相关,与水温、硝态氮、氟化物、总氮呈显著的正相关。基于生物多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener、Margalef、Pielou）、指示生物法与硅藻耐受性指数等方法的水质评价结果大体上一致,综合评价结果：昭苏解放大桥、雅玛渡和伊犁河大桥水质相对较差为β-中污型,其余采样点水质均处于较好状态为寡污型。整体上伊犁河流域水质趋于良好。     

复合益生菌对草鱼养殖水体水质和菌群结构的影响

为研究草鱼养殖水体中添加复合益生菌水质调节剂对水体水质和菌群的调节作用,实验采用氮磷等指标监测水质,采用454焦磷酸盐测序方法分析菌群结构,结果显示,处理组的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和总氮浓度一直低于对照组,但差异不显著;处理组硝酸盐氮浓度低于对照组,且在18d下降了56.59％;处理组的总无机氮含量低于对照组,且在15d下降了28.75％.处理组正磷酸盐和总磷浓度略低于对照组,无显著差异.15 d水样的454焦磷酸盐测序结果与对照组相比,处理组菌群多样性更高,厚壁菌门和变形菌门分别减少了91.21％和21.75％,拟杆菌、放线菌和蓝细菌分别增加了288％、435％和848％.在变形菌门中,α-变形杆菌和β-变形杆菌分别比对照组提高了318％和18％,γ-变形杆菌比对照组降低了78.82％.研究表明,该复合益生菌具有一定水质调控功能,且能显著改变菌群结构.     

Effects of microbial products and extra carbon on water quality and bacterial community in a fish polyculture system

A 55‐day mesocosm experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of commercial microbial products (Novozymes Pond Protect and Novozymes Pond Plus) and extra carbon (glucose) on water quality and bacterial community in a fish polyculture system. A 2 × 2 layout, including four treatments (non‐supplementation of the microbial products or glucose, adding glucose, adding the microbial products and adding the microbial products and glucose in combination), was established. The microbial products and glucose were added on the 40th day, 46th day and 52th day. Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate reduced in the tanks after glucose addition, while adding the microbial products did not significantly affect ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, reactive phosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon. Adding the microbial products and glucose affected relative abundance of some bacterial taxa, but did not reshape bacterial community. Non‐positive interactive effect on water quality and bacterial community was detected between the microbial products and glucose. This study reveals that supplementation of the microbial products did not benefit water quality in the fish polyculture system, and glucose addition could reduce ammonia, nitrite and nitrate.     

芽孢杆菌对草鱼养殖水质调控作用的研究

研究了芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)对草鱼养殖水质的调控.通过测定水体的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐氮和总无机氮值等来评价水质变化.测定结果表明,与对照组相比:第28天时,处理组1和2的氨氮含量分别下降13.18％ (P ＞0.05)和48.09％ (P ＜0.01),且处理组2比处理组1下降了26.71％ (P ＜0.05)...     

The effect of four microbial products on production performance and water quality in integrated culture of freshwater pearl mussel and fishes

An 80‐day mesocosm experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four commercial microbial products on production performance and water quality in integrated culture of freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, grass carp, gibel carp, silver carp and bighead carp. Five treatments were tested. One treatment with non‐supplementation of microbial products served as control (C). In the other four treatments, Novozymes Pond Protect (NO), Bio‐Form BZT‐Water Reform (WR), Bacillus natto (BN) and Effective Microbes (EM) were added at the intervals of two weeks, respectively. Mussel yield declined in the tanks with supplementation of the microbial products. No significant differences were found in fish yield and chemical water quality among the treatments except total nitrogen (TN) was higher in tanks EM than in tanks C. Biomass of phytoplankton and Cyanophyta was higher in tanks NO, WR, BN and EM than in tanks C. Supplementation of the microbial products resulted in change in bacterial community in which Actinobacteria, Chlorobi, Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria dominated. Bacterial community in the tanks was significantly affected by TN, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and Cyanophyta biomass. This study reveals that the function of these microbial products as probiotics is limited in H. cumingii farming.     

Effect of no carbohydrate addition on water quality,growth performance and microbial community in water‐reusing biofloc systems for tilapia production under high‐density cultivation

A 56‐day experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of no carbohydrate addition applied to control water quality in water‐reusing biofloc systems for tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation. Reusing water‐contained flocs was initially inoculated into six 300 L indoor tanks. Thirty fish (average individual weight 99.62 ± 7.34 g) were stocked in each tank. Glucose was extra added into three tanks (GLU‐tanks) according to biofloc technology, while other tanks were no carbohydrate added (NCA‐tanks). Concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen in GLU‐tanks and NCA‐tanks were fairly consistent and below 4.74 ± 0.35 mg/L. Nitrite concentrations in NCA‐tanks were significantly lower than GLU‐tanks, which were below 0.59 ± 0.10 mg/L during the later culture period. NCA‐tanks achieved a low relative abundance of denitrifiers and high concentrations of nitrate. Soluble reactive phosphorous in NCA‐tanks was consistently increased, which was decreased to a low level in GLU‐tanks. However, growth parameters in NCA‐tanks were similar to GLU‐tanks (p > .05) and reach a high finial density of 24.32 ± 1.04 kg/m³. Cetobacterium sp. was the first‐dominant bacterial genus in all tanks, which was a commonly indigenous bacterium in the intestinal tract of freshwater fish. The results demonstrate the feasibility of no carbohydrate addition in water‐reusing biofloc systems for tilapia.     

不同碳源对凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体生物絮团的结构、营养成分、细菌群落及其水质的影响

为研究凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗阶段生物絮团形成所需要的适合碳源,设计3种不同碳源添加组(葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组),每个处理组设置3个重复,实验期20 d,以分析不同碳源添加后对水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构及水质指标的影响。结果显示,在碳源添加量均为投喂量的80%时,形成的生物絮团可有效调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮水平。3个碳源添加组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著低于对照组,淀粉组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著高于葡萄糖组和蔗糖组;最终对虾存活率统计结果显示,葡萄糖组、淀粉组、蔗糖组和对照组分别为72.9%、54.2%、69.8%和44.3%;淀粉组的生物絮团沉降体积(BFV)显著低于葡萄糖组,蔗糖组BFV最高,在13～15 d后3组均趋于稳定;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组的粗蛋白含量均显著高于淀粉组,葡萄糖组和蔗糖组则差异不显著;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组生物絮团中组氨酸、精氨酸、蛋氨酸等必需氨基酸和天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸等非必需氨基酸含量都显著高于淀粉组;葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)值分别为0.93、0.89和0.92。3种类型生物絮团在门级水平的细菌群落共有18余种,其中变形菌门和拟杆菌门在各组占有比例均最高,淀粉组拟杆菌门含量显著高于其他2组,蔗糖组浮霉菌门和放线菌门含量显著高于葡萄糖组和淀粉组。研究表明,添加不同碳源可影响水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构和多样性,不同程度地改善水质。以必须氨基酸指数及存活率为评价指标,则葡萄糖和蔗糖都是凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体中适宜的碳源选择。     

Effect of three commercial microbial products on bacterial community in a freshwater fish polyculture system

A 30‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three commercial microbial products, Novozymes Pond Plus, Zhongshui BIO‐AQUA and Effective Microorganisms on bacterial community in polyculture tanks stocked with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), gibel carp (Carassius auratus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Four treatments were tested. One treatment with no supplementation of the microbial products served as control. In the other three treatments, the microbial products were added at the intervals of 10 days respectively. During the experiment, grass carp and gibel carp were fed with a commercial formulated feed daily. Bacterial count and bacterial composition in water column of the tanks were monitored at the intervals of 3 days, and bacterial composition in sediment was determined at the end of the experiment. Bacterial composition in water column varied with progress of the experiment. Some bacteria from Novozymes Pond Plus and Effective Microorganisms could colonize in the tanks but did not dominate in bacterial community. This study reveals that the competition between the exogenous bacteria and native bacteria might be a factor determining the efficacy of the microbial products in improving water quality.     

不同消毒剂对凡纳滨对虾育苗水质和菌群结构的影响

该研究使用碘(I2)、二氧化氯(ClO2)、甲醛溶液(HCHO)和漂白粉[Ca(ClO)2]4种常用消毒剂对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)育苗海水处理后,研究了不同发育期育苗水体总菌和弧菌数量、氨氮和亚硝酸氮含量、幼体成活率以及水体和幼体菌群的变化.结果显示:1)甲醛组水体的总菌数较低,且弧菌数...