美洲红点鲑和白斑红点鲑杂交子代及其亲本早期生产性能比较

采用完全双列杂交、群体间杂交及群体内自繁等方法对美洲红点鲑（Salvelinus fominalis）和白斑红点鲑（Salvelinus leucomaenis）进行了配组繁殖,成功地获得了4类组合的子一代群体。比较了各交配组合的受精率、孵化率、成活率等生存力,结果表明：正交子一代（白斑红点鲑♀×美洲红点鲑♂）组合的受精率明显高于父本和反交子一代组合,与母本子一代组合差异不显著（p〉0．05）,孵化率和成活率与双亲自繁对照组差异不显著（P〉O．05）,高于反交子一代（美洲红点鲑♀×白斑红点鲑♂）组合。杂交子一代和亲本后代140d室内生长试验表明：不同发育阶段的正交子一代表现出杂种优势,体质量的杂种优势率为27．09％～35．66％,体长的杂种优势率为8．47％～11．25％,在体质量、体长增长量均高于双亲子一代。反交子一代群体生长发育始终没有表现杂种优势（H〈0）。     

美洲红点鲑和白斑红点鲑及其杂交子代幼鱼的生长曲线拟合

自2011年11月至2013年1月,对美洲红点鲑(Salvelinus fominalis)和白斑红点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis)及其杂交子代从受精卵到1年零两个月幼鱼的生长特性进行了研究。以美洲红点鲑和白斑红点鲑为亲本,建立2×2双列杂交组合,采用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy 3种动物生长模型对美洲红点鲑(A)和白斑红点鲑(B)及其杂交子代进行生长曲线拟合并分析比较其生长性能。实验设置自交组AA、BB和杂交组AB(A♀×B♂)、BA(B♀×A♂)4个实验组。根据模型拟合的R2值判断各组生长性能的拟合程度,并对其体质量、体长、成活率及肥满度进行比较。结果发现,Gompertz生长模型的拟合效果最好,R2均大于0.99,其中AB组生长优势明显。成活率由高到低依次为:AA、AB、BA、BB,但AA组与其他3组的成活率差异不显著(P0.05)。增重率(g/d)和肥满度(g/cm3)等生长指标均由高到低依次为:AB、AA、BA、BB,各组间差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果显示,正交子代(A♀×B♂)幼鱼生长性能明显高于反交子代(B♀×A♂)及其亲本,可见此杂交组合可能具有较高的推广潜力。     

美洲红点鲑（Salvelinus fontinalis）的养殖及繁殖技术研究

2007年1月从鸭绿江上游自然保护区引进美洲红点鲑发眼卵,在山西省虹鳟鱼实验场经过近3年的养殖、繁殖实验研究,获得了美洲红点鲑的人工孵化、育苗、育种、亲鱼培育选育技术资料。实验研究的结果表明,美洲红点鲑是适合流水养殖的新品种。饲养在相同条件下的美洲红点鲑生长速度比虹鳟快10～12%。在水温为8℃～20℃,DO值为5.2～8.5mg/L的养殖环境条件下,当年个体均重达0.5～0.6kg,饲养到第二年体重可达1.2～1.5kg。雄性当年即可达到性成熟,雌性两年成熟。性成熟个体产卵时间早于虹鳟1～2月,且产卵的时间比较集中。成熟个体千克体重怀卵量2000～3000粒,与虹鳟相似,卵径3.5mm,小于同龄虹鳟,色泽也略淡于虹鳟。     

花羔红点鲑和白斑红点鲑肌肉营养成分分析

测定了花羔红点鲑(Salvelinus malma)和白斑红点鲑(S.leucomaenis)的肌肉营养成分,并对其进行比较.结果显示:(1)花羔红点鲑肌肉的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量均显著高于白斑红点鲑(P＜0.05),而其灰分含量值则低于白斑红点鲑,但其差异并不显著(P＞0.05);(2)花羔红点鲑在氨基酸总量、必需氨基...     

美洲红点鲑染色体核型分析

为了解美洲红点鲑的细胞生物学特征,采用植物血凝集素(PHA)、秋水仙素(Sigma)腹腔注射和空气干燥制片法,以头肾组织为材料,对美洲红点鲑的染色体核型进行了研究.结果表明,美洲红点鲑具有染色体56条,核型公式为2n=56=18m+4sm+34t,NF=78.     

利用虹鳟微卫星标记评价白斑红点鲑养殖群体的遗传结构

本实验筛选出30个虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss微卫星标记在白斑红点鲑Salvelinus leucomaenis养殖群体中表现出多态性,并利用这30个标记来评价白斑红点鲑养殖群体的遗传结构。在随机采样的32个个体中共检测到143个等位基因,片段大小为106~454bp,标记的等位基因数(No)为2~11个,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.135~7.161个,观测杂合度(Ho)为0.094~1.000,期望杂合度(He)为0.121~0.874,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.116~0.846。群体的5项遗传多样性参数平均值分别为4.767、3.006、0.423、0.568,及0.524。统计结果显示:白斑红点鲑养殖群体处于高度多态水平(PIC=0.524≥0.5)。经χ~2检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,结果表明白斑红点鲑群体处于平衡状态,仅11个微卫星标记显著偏离了遗传平衡,其中OMM1112、OMM1130和OMM1231等6个标记表现为杂合子显著缺失(P0.05),而OMM3006、OMM3044和OMM3144等5个标记表现为杂合子显著过剩(P0.05)。本实验从近缘种中鉴定可用于白斑红点鲑遗传分析的共显性标记,评估白斑红点鲑种质的遗传多样性,为该引进种种质的保护和持续利用提供参考。     

美洲红点鲑人工孵化和苗种培育的初步报道

作者对美洲红点鲑人工孵化进行了总结,孵化期间要求水质清澈,色度一般<30度,水中悬浮物小于15mg/L最佳,溶解氧一般要求在大于7.5mg/L,孵化期间注意避光,每3-4天用600mg/L福尔马林流水浸泡15分钟,防止水霉发生;在苗种培育阶段注意饲料选择全价饲料,保证鱼类生长所必须的营养物质,此期间注意细菌性烂鳃病和小瓜虫的预防和治疗。     

美洲红点鲑仔稚鱼培育技术

主要介绍了美洲红点鲑仔稚鱼的培育技术,包括仔鱼管理和上浮稚鱼管理。从培育环境、水质要求、饵料投喂等方面,对美洲红点鲑仔稚鱼培育各阶段的技术要点都做了具体说明,为其他有类似条件的各养殖单位开展美洲红点鲑仔稚鱼养殖提供理论参考依据。     

MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果研究

通过测定不同质量浓度MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果,检测麻醉时鱼的呼吸频率以及空气暴露时长对鱼体复苏的影响,探究两种鱼类在渔业生产和科研实验中的最适麻醉剂浓度。结果显示：当MS-222质量浓度为80、100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长最短(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为80 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长显著大于40、60和80 mg/L浓度组,而显著小于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。比较MS-222对两种鱼的麻醉效果,美洲红点鲑对MS-222更为敏感。两种鱼的呼吸频率总体上都随着麻醉程度的加深而下降,当空气暴露时长少于5 min时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长先减少后增加,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长则呈逐渐减少趋势。     

Production Characteristics of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss and Brook Trout,Salvelinus fontinalis Under Seasonal Pond Conditions

Abstract

The production characteristics of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis were compared under winter pond conditions. Juvenile rainbow trout (55.1 ±1.5 g) and brook trout (28.9 ±0.4 g) were stocked at a density of 8,750 fish/ha into six 0.04-ha ponds. After 163 days, survival, growth, and feed conversion were similar (P >0.05). The results of this study suggest that brook trout may attain growth rates similar to rainbow trout under winter pond conditions in temperate regions of North America.     

Impact of river regulation and hydropeaking on the growth,condition and field metabolism of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is an important fish species in Ontario, Canada, supporting recreational fisheries that contribute significantly to local economies. Hydroelectric dams disrupt the river continuum, altering downstream conditions and impacting riverine fish populations. Specifically, Brook Trout activity has been found to increase during hydropeaking periods, when dam operators rapidly increase river discharge to meet electricity demands. Higher energetic outputs driven by hydropeaking may decrease the energy available to allocate towards fish growth and condition, negatively impacting Brook Trout. We investigated the impact of two different hydropeaking regimes on resident Brook Trout populations downstream from a 15‐MW dam used for hydropeaking, compared to a population in a nearby naturally flowing river. Length‐at‐age as determined by otolith back‐calculations was higher in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river. Muscle tissue caloric content and weight–length relationships did not differ between rivers. Field metabolism, as inferred from fish otolith δ¹³C values, was higher in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river and was significantly positively related to time spent hydropeaking. Higher metabolic outputs in the regulated river were likely offset by an increased food supply, allowing for higher Brook Trout length‐at‐age. The opposing and complicated impacts of river regulation on Brook Trout highlight the need for studies to consider multiple indicators of fish health when characterising the response of fish populations to river regulation.     

Downstream effects of hydroelectric dam operation on thermal habitat use by Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus)

Hydroelectric dams can alter downstream water temperatures, impacting thermal habitat available for fishes. Decreases in river water temperatures resulting from hydroelectric dam operations may be beneficial to coldwater species and could potentially offset warming resulting from climatic trends. We used two coldwater fish species, Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to assess the impact of a cool water draw below a 15 MW hydroelectric dam on fish thermal habitat use relative to a nearby naturally flowing river. Cooler water temperatures below the dam corresponded with significantly cooler mean growth season temperature use for Slimy Sculpin, but not Brook Trout, relative to the natural river. As well, mean growing season temperature use by Slimy Sculpin was significantly cooler relative to Brook Trout in both rivers, and significantly different amongst studied sites in the regulated river. Fish condition was significantly correlated with temperature use for Slimy Sculpin in the naturally flowing river only. Our results indicate that manipulating river water temperatures through hydroelectric dam operations to benefit multiple fish species will be difficult given the complexity of riverine thermal habitat and species‐specific differences in thermal preferences and behaviour.     

A Comparison of the Performance of American Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) Reared in Fish Farm Ponds and Freshwater Floating Net Cages

Following an upsurge in the interest to anglers of American brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) an investigation was carried out in 1978 and 1979 into their growth and survival when reared in fish farm earth ponds and freshwater floating cages. Their performance was compared with similarly reared batches of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). This work shows that American brook trout require more care and attention than rainbow trout when reared artificially and that their survival to 1 year old is lower, although growth rate in the first year compares favourably.     

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, microhabitat selection and diet under low summer stream flows

Abstract  This study investigated the effects of low summer discharge on habitat, prey use and prey availability for age 1 brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in two small streams in Massachusetts, USA. Stream discharge declined substantially from June to August, with corresponding decreases in microhabitat depth and velocity; but fish habitat preferences were consistent throughout the summer, with fish selecting deep, low current velocity locations. Invertebrate drift rate, drift density and trout stomach fullness were significantly greater in June than August samples. Diets were dominated by aquatic-derived prey (chironomid larvae and adult blackflies) in June, but terrestrial invertebrates were the most frequent diet items in August. Consistent occupancy of low-velocity, deep microhabitats with low invertebrate flux rates indicated that, despite variation in habitat and prey conditions, trout adopted a habitat-use strategy of minimising risks and energy costs rather than maximising forage gain. This observation is consistent with, and provides a potential explanation for, the low summer growth rates of brook trout observed in small streams.     

双氧水预防白点鲑卵水霉病发生的效果研究

在白点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis Pallas)受精卵至发眼期间,为了替代甲醛,采用浓度分别为0mg/L(对照组)、600mg/L、900mg/L、1200mg/L、1500mg/L、1800mg/L的双氧水预防水霉菌的发生。消毒时间为隔天一次上午7:00-8:00,持续时间15min后换至正常流水孵化。在水温(4.5±0.4)℃,水体溶解氧(6.75±0.35)mg/L,pH(6.6±0.45)的情况下,经过40d的孵化,对各处理组的数据统计和分析,认为在浓度为1200mg/L可以有效预防水霉菌的发生,发眼率、上浮率和畸形率分别为89%、80.6%、0.7%、,而对照组相应为72%、70.2%、0.45%。当双氧水浓度低于1200mg/L时,受精卵孵化率和双氧水浓度呈正相关;高于1200mg/L时,受精卵孵化率和双氧水浓度呈负相关。另外,在孵化后期,发眼卵死亡率、仔鱼死亡率和畸形率则随着双氧水浓度的增加呈现明显上升的趋势。     

溪红点鲑人工繁殖技术研究

人工养成的溪红点鲑(Salvelinus fontinalis)亲鱼经强化培育后进行人工繁殖试验,获得卵子11.42万粒(卵径3.7 mm),用7.0～7.5℃的山泉水孵化,25 d发眼(发眼率为62.3%～63.8%,发眼积温为180℃·d),49～50 d后孵出仔鱼(孵化率为90.5%～92.9%,孵化积温为360℃·d),畸形率0.1%.