鱼类精氨酸营养生理研究进展

精氨酸为鱼类的必需氨基酸之一，其在鱼体内参与蛋白质、多胺的合成，促进生长；精氨酸具有促内分泌作用；精氨酸可在体内生成一氧化氮，一氧化氮参与鱼类心血管活动、免疫功能的调节。某些鱼类可能具有自身精氨酸的合成能力。鱼类赖氨酸一精氨酸拮抗存在种问差异。本研究从精氨酸的合成、生理功能、与赖氨酸的关系以及需求量等方面对鱼类精氨酸的营养生理研究进行了综述。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：679-685]     

草鱼对饲料中磷需要量的研究

在鱼类无机盐需要量的研究中，已查明鱼类对钙、磷的需要量。较多的研究结果指出：鱼类饲料中有效磷的需要量大约在0．5～0．8％之间，饲料中钙的含量对鱼类生长和饲料分数影响不大。但迄今为止，研究较多的是鲑、鳟鱼类、鲤鱼和真鲷等。关于草鱼，黄耀桐等采用正交试验，对草鱼鱼种以酩蛋白为蛋白源的饲料中钙、磷、铁、镁等13种无，机元素的添加量进行了研究。     

关于鲤鱼营养学研究的现状及其进展(三)

五、矿物质鱼类对矿物质需要量,实际上比较复杂。鱼类不仅能利用饲料中矿物质作为来源,而且能从周围水体中吸取。过去关于矿物质对鱼类代谢的研究,主要集中在渗透调节方面,仅仅最近开始研究与营养方面发生了密切的关系。淡水鱼类中无机离子渗出,主要取决于饲料中足够的矿物质。鱼类对饲料中矿物质营养需要量,已由Nose和Arai(1976)、Cowey和Sargent(1972、     

鱼类蛋白质需要量研究进展

综述了近２０年鱼类蛋白需要量的研究进展，内容包括鱼类维持，生长，供能和总的蛋白质需要量以及影响需要量的因素。     

鱼类磷脂营养生理研究进展

磷脂作为类脂的一种,对鱼类(尤其是仔、稚鱼)的生长、存活、发育及抗应激能力等具有重要作用。作者综述了磷脂的生物学特征、在鱼体内的消化、吸收及转运过程、磷脂的合成途径及其与胆固醇的交互作用等,在此基础上比较了鱼类和甲壳类对磷脂需要量的差异,为鱼类养殖过程中磷脂的应用提供了理论指导。     

金沙江乌东德水电站生态调度目标鱼类筛选研究

生态调度是缓解水电工程对鱼类不利影响的有效措施之一,确定生态调度目标鱼类是制定生态调度方案的基础和前提。在野外调查和查阅相关文献资料的基础上,运用物种濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数对金沙江乌东德坝址至白鹤滩坝址之间分布的53种土著鱼类进行生态调度需求次序的定量研究,结果表明,处于生态调度需求1级的鱼类有4种,为圆口铜鱼、长鳍吻鮈、中华金沙鳅和齐口裂腹鱼,这些鱼类均属长江上游特有鱼类,也是受水电开发影响较为显著的种类;处于生态调度需求2级的鱼类有14种,包括长江上游特有鱼类11种,这些鱼类产卵繁殖对流水生境均有一定需求;处于生态调度需求3级的鱼类有28种,这些鱼类以广适型种类为主,对水流条件的要求不高;处于生态调度需求4级的鱼类有7种,多为常见的小型鱼类,其产卵繁殖对生境要求不高。评价结果基本反映了乌东德坝下江段鱼类对生态调度的实际需求,考虑到产漂流性卵鱼类和产粘沉性卵鱼类繁殖需求的差异,综合确定圆口铜鱼和齐口裂腹鱼为乌东德水电站生态调度的主要目标鱼类,长鳍吻鮈、中华金沙鳅等作为兼顾目标鱼类。     

淡水养殖鱼类饲料专题讲座——第二讲 主要淡水养殖鱼类对营养物质的需求

鱼类对营养物质的需求和其它动物一样均需求蛋白质、脂肪、糖(碳水化合物)、维生素和无机盐等五大类营养物质。不同种鱼类和同一种鱼的不同生长阶段,对营养物质的需求量不同。本讲介绍主要淡水养殖鱼类对蛋白质、脂肪、糖、维生素及无机盐的需要量。这些资料对构成配合饲料各营养素的适当含量,编制合理配合饲料的配方提供理论依据。一、蛋白质:蛋白质是鱼类生长和维持生命的物质基础。鱼的生长主要是指蛋白质在体内的积累。鱼类对蛋白质的需要量比较高,一般说来是哺乳动物和     

水产饲料中添加维生素应该注意的问题

维生素是维持动物正常生理机能所必不可少的一类化合物。作为维持生命所需的营养物质 ,水产动物对维生素的需要量并不大 ,但其特殊的生理作用极为显著 ,任何物质都不能代替。维生素主要是以酶的辅基或辅酶的组成部分在体内参与机体的正常代谢 ,促进主要营养物质的合成与降解。本文就鱼类对维生素需要的差异及在水产饲料中添加维生素时应注意的问题作一简要综述。1　鱼类对维生素需要量的差异1 .1　维生素需要量的概念理解的差异。维生素的需要量指维持动物正常生长所需的量。为了更加准确地反应动物对维生素的需要 ,有人认为 ,维生素的需要…     

关于鲤鱼营养学研究的现状及其进展(二)

二、脂类鱼类饲料中脂肪有两种需要量,第一种需要量作为代谢能来源(腺苷三磷酸);第二种需要量作为维持磷脂形成的细胞结构和成分。亚麻酸(十八碳三烯酸)已经证实,它是虹鳟的必需脂肪酸,倘若饲料中缺少了必需脂肪酸后,导致鱼体生长停止、尾鳍糜烂和休克等症状。但对鲤鱼研究甚少,用一种游离脂类饲料对2.5克镜鲤进行试验,试验结果,未出现缺乏必需脂肪酸症状的任何信号。对0.65克镜鲤做试验,保持投喂四个月     

幼鳜对蛋白质日需要量及投饵率的初步研究

蛋白质和脂肪等是鱼类生长和维持生命活动必不可少的营养素，尤其蛋白质极为重要。研究鱼类对蛋白质的需要量，不仅可满足鱼类的需要、加速鱼类的生长，而且可提高鱼类对蛋白质的利用率。国内外通常采用蛋白质梯度法测定鱼类的蛋白质需要量，但该法仅适用于摄食人工饵料的鱼类。鳜鱼终身以活鱼虾为饵料，所以蛋白质梯度法不适于测定鳜鱼对蛋白质的需要量。为此，我们采用分阶段饲养法，即在幼鳜不同生长阶段定量地投喂其适口饵料，以幼鳜个体增重、饵料系数和蛋白质利用率计算出幼鳜对蛋白质的日需要量及投饵率。     

Estimating Amino Acid Requirement of Brazilian Freshwater Fish from Muscle Amino Acid Profile

Information on nutritional requirement of some Brazilian farmed fish species, especially essential amino acids (EAA) requirements, is scarce. The estimation of amino acids requirements based on amino acid composition of fish is a fast and reliable alternative. Matrinxa, Brycon amazonicus, and curimbata, Prochilodus lineatus, are two important Brazilian fish with potential for aquaculture. The objective of the present study was to estimate amino acid requirements of these species and analyze similarities among amino acid composition of different fish species by cluster analysis. To estimate amino acid requirement, the following formula was used: amino acid requirement = [(amount of an individual amino acid in fish muscle tissue) × (average totalEAA requirement among channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio)]/(average fish muscle totalEAA). Most values found lie within the range of requirements determined for other omnivorous fish species, in exception of leucine requirement estimated for both species, and arginine requirement estimated for matrinxa alone. Rather than writing off the need for regular dose–response assays under the ideal protein concept to determine EAA requirements of curimbata and matrinxa, results set solid base for the study of tropical species dietary amino acids requirements.     

Effects of feeding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) imbalanced levels of lysine and arginine

Two experiments were performed to study the effects of imbalanced levels of arginine and lysine in diets of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) with Zein as the major dietary protein source. In the first experiment, the effects of high levels of lysine on marginal levels of arginine and high levels of arginine on marginal levels of lysine were compared in fish fed these amino acids at either marginal or high levels. Dietary contents of arginine/lysine were 30.0/29.4, 17.0/29.4, 30.0/14.4 and 17.2/14.5 g kg^–1, respectively. In the second experiment, fish were fed increasing levels of lysine in a diet containing arginine at the requirement level. Dietary levels of arginine/lysine in the second experiment were 23.0/17.0, 23.0/34.3, and 23.0/46.4 g kg^–1.
Atlantic salmon fed marginal levels of lysine showed better growth and feed utilization when fed diets supplemented with high levels of arginine. Fish fed diets marginal in arginine exhibited increased growth and feed utilization when fed diets supplemented with high levels of dietary lysine. Increasing dietary lysine did not significantly affect growth in fish fed arginine at the requirement level. Increased growth in fish fed high dietary arginine levels might be explained by increased tissue concentrations of ornithine acting as a precursor for in situ synthesis of polyamines. A slight correlation between specific growth rate (SGR) and concentration of spermidine in muscle and between condition factor and concentration of total polyamines in muscle was seen. Abdominal injection of U-C¹⁴ arginine may indicate lysine inhibition of arginine availability in muscle tissue.     

Egg and whole-body amino acid profile of African bonytongue (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterotis niloticus</Emphasis>) with an estimation of their dietary indispensable amino acids requirements

African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus, is a river fish from the Central and West Africa basin. The species presents a great potential for fish farming and has been increasingly raised in Central and South Cameroon. The total amino acid and proximate composition of the whole body of egg, larva, juvenile, immature, and adult Heterotis were determined. Ash, moisture, whole-body protein, and lipid contents were significantly affected by size (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the amino acid composition of the whole-body tissue, when expressed as a percentage of dietary protein, was not significantly different among ontogenetic stages (ranging from 0.2 to 400 g mean body mass). The amino acid composition of the eggs was quite different to the one of whole-body tissue with lower levels of methionine, proline, and glycine, and higher levels of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, serine, and alanine. The A/E ratios of adult Heterotis muscle tissue are similar to those obtained for other fish species, except for histidine and tryptophan. Based on whole-body or muscle tissue indispensable amino acids (IAA) to A/E ratios, the IAA requirement profiles for Heterotis (from larva to adult) were estimated and are similar to those of other omnivorous fish species, except for tryptophan and histidine.     

Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii♀ × Acipenser baerii♂)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary arginine requirement of juvenile hybrid sturgeon. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain graded levels of dietary arginine ranging from 1.74% to 3.54% (dry weight). The results indicated that the fish fed with 1.76% arginine diet had lower specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) than the fish fed the 2.64% to 3.24% arginine diets (p < .05), and the fish fed the 2.64% arginine diet presented the highest SGR. The fish fed with 1.76% arginine diet had lower whole‐body crude protein content than the fish fed the 2.64% or 2.93% arginine diets (p < .05). Compared with the 1.76% arginine diet, 2.36% to 2.93% arginine diets significantly increased the total amino acid (TAA) concentration and total nonessential amino acid (TNEAA) of carcasses. The fish fed with 1.76% arginine diet had lower activity of nitric oxide synthase (T‐NOS) and content of nitric oxide (NO) than the fish fed the 2.05% to 2.93% arginine diets in the liver. The fish fed with 1.76%, 2.05% or 2.36% arginine diets had lower gene expression of growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in the liver than the fish fed the 2.64% to 3.53% arginine diets in the liver (p < .05). A broken‐line analysis between SGR against the dietary arginine levels provided estimates for the optimal dietary arginine requirement of 2.47% corresponding to 6.18% of the dietary protein on a dry weight basis.     

Arginine and phenylalanine requirement of juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus and validation of the use of body amino acid composition for estimating individual amino acid requirements

An experiment was conducted in a closed system to quantify the arginine requirement of juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus . Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein with five graded levels of arginine. The diets contained casein and gelatine as protein sources supplemented with crystalline L -amino acids to simulate the reference amino acid profile (except for arginine) of silver perch tissue protein. The experiment lasted 12 weeks and, based on growth data using broken-line analysis, the arginine requirement of juvenile silver perch was found to be 2.7 g 100 g⁻¹ dry diet (or 6.8% of protein).
Based on whole-body amino acid composition, A/E ratios (essential amino acid/total essential amino acids + (cystine + tyrosine) × 1000) were estimated. Using the experimentally determined requirement for arginine and A/E ratios, the phenylalanine requirement of silver perch was predicted to be 5.5 g 100 g⁻¹ protein. Another feeding trial was conducted to determine the phenylalanine require-ment of silver perch using a series of diets with various amounts of phenylalanine and a protocol similar to the previous one. It was found that the experimentally determined phenylalanine requirement of juvenile perch was similar to that predicted. The A/E ratios have been hitherto utilized for the estimation of essential amino acid requirements in three salmonids, common carp and channel catfish: the present findings extend the validity of the method to other fish species.     

Dietary calcium requirement in fishes

The dietary requirement of calcium (Ca) has been well established in terrestrial animals. However, investigations for dietary Ca requirement in fish are complicated and reports limited as fish can use waterborne Ca in addition to dietary Ca. Ca absorption in fishes from environmental water is species specific and depends on concentration of Ca in rearing environment and availability of dietary Ca. Ca and phosphorus are generally combined together in fish body therefore maintaining a dietary calcium: phosphorus ratio is important. Ca exists in a complex form in fish meal, which is not available to fishes; hence, although fish meal contains an appreciable amount of calcium, dietary Ca supplementation in fish meal‐based diets for some species is necessary. This review article summarizes and discusses pertinent information on absorption of Ca from water, essentiality of dietary Ca, bioavailability of Ca from different sources, optimum calcium:phosphorus ratio and dietary Ca requirement in fishes.     

Growth Performance,Biochemical Responses,and Skeletal Muscle Development of Juvenile Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,Fed with Increasing Levels of Arginine

Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is among the fish species with high potential for aquaculture in intensive farming, and Brazil is among the largest producers worldwide. Some of the amino acid requirements in practical diets for tilapia are still unknown. Thus, this study determined the dietary arginine requirements for Nile tilapia juveniles based on growth performance, hematological and biochemical responses, and muscle growth. Three hundred Nile tilapia juveniles (2.95 ± 0.79 g) were distributed into 20–500 L fiberglass aquaria and fed five extruded isoproteic (28% crude protein) and isoenergetic (3160 kcal/kg) diets formulated to contain 0.95, 1.10, 1.25, 1.40, and 1.55% arginine. Based on the quadratic regression analysis, the best results in weight gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention were estimated in fish fed diets containing 1.36, 1.34, 1.36, and 1.37% arginine, respectively. The best amino acid body retention values were estimated in fish fed diets containing 1.31–1.37% arginine. Muscle growth occurred mainly by hyperplasia in fish fed 0.95% arginine, whereas reduction in the hyperplasia time and signs of hypertrophy occurred in fish fed 1.10–1.55% arginine diets. It was concluded that a diet with 1.36% of arginine (with 1.53% lysine in diet) meets the requirements of Nile tilapia juveniles.     

Dietary Arginine Requirement of Fingerling Indian Major Carp,Catla catla (Hamilton)

Dietary arginine requirement of fingerling Catla catla (3.55 ± 0.05 cm; 0.61 ± 0.02 g) was determined by feeding casein–gelatin‐based isonitrogenous (33% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.40 kcal/g digestible energy) amino acid test diets containing six graded levels of l ‐arginine (1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, and 2.25% dry diet) for 12 wk. Maximum absolute weight gain (6.93 g/fish), protein efficiency ratio (2.13), protein deposition (0.36), arginine retention efficiency (78%), and best feed conversion ratio (1.42) were recorded in fish fed 1.75% arginine of the dry diet. Maximum carcass protein (15.57%) and RNA/DNA ratio (4.79) were also recorded for the group fed 1.75% arginine of the dry diet. Quadratic regression analysis at 95% maximum or minimum response of above growth parameters yielded optimum arginine requirement of fingerling C. catla at 1.67% of the dry diet. On the basis of the above analysis of the growth parameters, it is recommended that the inclusion of dietary arginine at 1.67% of the dry diet is optimum for formulating arginine‐balanced, cost‐effective quality feeds for the mass culture of fingerling C. catla .     

Arginine requirement and effect of arginine intake on immunity in largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides

An 8‐week feeding test was conducted to quantify the dietary arginine requirement of juvenile largemouth bass (LMB) (25 ± 0.4 g). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic (459 g crude protein and 122 g crude lipid kg^?1 dry diet) diets were formulated to contain graded levels of arginine (17.0–30.1 g kg^?1 dry diet). Zein‐coated crystalline amino acid mixtures were supplemented to simulate, except for arginine, the amino acid profile of the muscle protein of LMB. Each diet was randomly assigned to quadruplicate tanks of 35 fish reared in a flow‐through system. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Weight gain (WG) was significantly affected by dietary arginine level. Nitrogen retention was significantly lower in fish fed D17.0. Arginine retention significantly decreased with dietary arginine increased. Threonine, leucine and lysine concentrations in whole body were significantly affected by dietary arginine level. Serum lysozyme activity, serum protein and respiratory burst of head kidney leucocytes were significantly affected, while complement activity (CH₅₀) showed no difference among treatments. Based on broken‐line analysis for WG against dietary digestible arginine level, the arginine requirement of LMB was 19.1 g kg^?1 of dry diet (41.6 g kg^?1 of crude protein).