海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较

测定和分析了海水和淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05),而水分的含量显著低于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸量、鲜味氨基酸总量均显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,总量分别达68.48%和69.80%,但海水虾肌肉中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸总量显著高于淡水虾(P0.05),而多不饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于淡水虾(P0.01);海水虾肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸总量亦显著低于淡水虾(P0.05),表明在海水环境中凡纳滨对虾合成n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的能力较差。综合分析表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉的营养价值和风味稍优于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾。     

不同养殖模式对大黄鱼肉质的影响

对工厂化养殖模式、网箱养殖模式养殖的大黄鱼和野生大黄鱼进行了肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸的分析比较。研究结果表明,工厂化养殖模式和网箱养殖模式的大黄鱼粗蛋白含量均显著低于野生大黄鱼(P0.05),粗脂肪含量均显著高于野生大黄鱼(P0.05)。工厂化养殖模式的大黄鱼必需氨基酸总量、呈味氨基酸总量和氨基酸总量均显著高于网箱养殖大黄鱼,但显著低于野生大黄鱼(P0.05)。工厂化养殖模式的大黄鱼多不饱和脂肪酸以及二十碳五烯酸+二十二碳六烯酸均显著高于网箱养殖的而显著低于野生大黄鱼(P0.05)。工厂化养殖模式养殖大黄鱼可以生产出肉质营养结构和风味优于传统网箱养殖的大黄鱼。     

杂交黄颡鱼、雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼的形体指数及肌肉营养组成比较分析

为评估商品规格杂交黄颡鱼的食用营养价值,对杂交黄颡鱼[Pelteobagrus fuividraco(♀)×P.vachelli(♂)]、雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼商品鱼的形体指数、出肉率和肌肉的营养组成、氨基酸含量及脂肪酸组成进行了比较分析。结果表明,杂交黄颡鱼的肥满度与雄性黄颡鱼无显著差异;杂交黄颡鱼的胴体率、含肉率和脏体比均与雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼及雄性黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05)。杂交黄颡鱼肌肉水分含量最高,脂肪含量最低,而蛋白质和灰分含量与雌、雄黄颡鱼均无显著差异;雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中水分、蛋白质和灰分的含量较低,脂肪含量最高;杂交黄颡鱼肌肉的氨基酸总量和7种人体必需氨基酸与黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05),但均显著高于雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼(P0.05);杂交黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪中C22:6n3的比例和n3系列不饱和脂肪酸总量的比例与雌性黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05),但均高于雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼,均低于雄性黄颡鱼。试验表明,杂交黄颡鱼的体形和出肉率与雄性黄颡鱼一致,其肌肉为低脂蛋白食品,营养价值与黄颡鱼接近。     

中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”与成蟹肝胰腺营养成分比较

对同一年度、同一饲养环境下的中华绒螯蟹"六月黄"和后期成蟹雌、雄个体肝胰腺组织的营养成分进行了测定和比较分析。结果显示,"六月黄"的肥满度与雌性成蟹间没有显著性差异(P0.05),但肝胰腺指数极显著高于成蟹(P0.01)。"六月黄"肝胰腺中水分和灰分的含量极显著高于成蟹(P0.01),而粗脂肪含量极显著低于成蟹(P0.01),两种蟹的粗蛋白质含量没有显著差异(P0.05)。在检测到的17种氨基酸中,除"六月黄"雄蟹肝胰腺中丙氨酸的含量显著低于其雌蟹及雌、雄成蟹外(P0.05),其他16种氨基酸在"六月黄"与成蟹间均不存在显著差异(P0.05)。"六月黄"和成蟹的肝胰腺中含量最高的4种脂肪酸均为C18:1n9c、C18:2n6c、C16:0和C16:1,其总和分别占"六月黄"和成蟹肝胰腺中总脂肪酸的72.13%和69.02%(雌、雄蟹平均值)。"六月黄"的饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于成蟹(P0.05),但其单不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣMUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣPUFA)均显著高于成蟹(P0.05)。"六月黄"肝胰腺中Σn-6 PUFA的含量也极显著高于成蟹(P0.01),而Σn-3 PUFA含量二者不存在显著差异,因此"六月黄"的Σn-6/Σn-3 PUFA比率(1.42～1.44)低于成蟹(0.85～0.92)。结果表明,从总体上看,"六月黄"的营养价值较高,其肝胰腺的营养品质好于成蟹,"六月黄"养殖具有一定的产业发展前景。     

野生与养殖光唇鱼肌肉营养组成与评价

对采自浙江省新昌县的野生(平均质量15.3g)和养殖(平均质量14.9g)光唇鱼肌肉营养组成分别进行了测定和评价。野生光唇鱼肌肉蛋白质含量为16.62%,脂肪2.66%,水分80.73%,灰分0.92%;养殖光唇鱼肌肉蛋白质含量为16.51%,脂肪2.51%,水分80.65%,灰分0.94%;野生光唇鱼的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量均较养殖光唇鱼略高。共检测到17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸8种,风味氨基酸4种。野生组的氨基酸总量显著高于养殖组;必需氨基酸的总量也高于养殖组。与养殖光唇鱼相比,野生光唇鱼肌肉中苏氨酸、亮氨酸及含硫氨基酸含量较高。以氨基酸评分为标准,光唇鱼肌肉的第一限制氨基酸是赖氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸;以化学评分为标准,说明光唇鱼肌肉必需氨基酸组成相对平衡且含量丰富,是一种较为平衡的优质蛋白质。共检出22种脂肪酸,光唇鱼肌肉中所含饱和脂肪酸有9种;不饱和脂肪酸共有14种,其中单不饱和脂肪酸6种,多不饱和脂肪酸8种;饱和脂肪酸中C 16:0含量最大;而不饱和脂肪酸中C 16:1和C 18:2含量最高。多不饱和脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(C 20:5)含量为10.20%;二十碳六烯酸(C 22:6)含量为9.18%,在淡水鱼中是较高的,是一种优质的淡水食用鱼类。     

网箱与微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼肌肉营养成分的比较与分析

本研究比较和分析网箱与微流水两种养殖模式下体质量(76.5±17.8)g和(67.2±8.1)g的齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti肌肉常规营养成分。结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中一般营养成分含量不存在显著性差异,均含有18种氨基酸;除色氨酸(Trp)和组氨酸(His)外,网箱组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中其余氨基酸、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量均显著低于微流水组。氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中必需氨基酸构成合理,色氨酸均为第一限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸在必需氨基酸中评分最高。两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中均含有21种脂肪酸,网箱组饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于微流水组,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于微流水组,且n-3/n-6比值要高于网箱组。综上所述,微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼营养价值更高。     

雌雄养殖温州光唇鱼肌肉营养成分的比较分析

比较分析了养殖温州光唇鱼不同性别的肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。结果显示:雌鱼肌肉的粗蛋白(18.05%)和粗脂肪含量(0.25%)显著高于雄鱼(17.64%,0.20%)(P0.05);雌雄鱼肌肉的水分(77.1%、77.8%)、灰分(1.3%、1.2%)和碳水化合物含量(3.3%、3.2%)无显著差异。雌雄鱼18种氨基酸中有6种氨基酸含量差异显著,雌鱼氨基酸总量(14.76%)显著高于雄鱼14.03%,但在必需氨基酸含量(EAA)、鲜味氨基酸含量(DAA)、支链氨基酸含量(BCAA)及芳香族氨基酸含量上(AAA)差异均不显著(P0.05)。雌雄鱼的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为69.07和67.66。根据氨基酸评分(AAS),雌鱼的第一、第二限制性氨基酸为色氨酸、缬氨酸,雄鱼的第一、第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸、色氨酸。根据化学评分(CS),色氨酸、缬氨酸均为两者第一、第二限制性氨基酸。雌雄鱼分别测出25和27种脂肪酸,其中6种脂肪酸含量具有显著差异,8种具有极显著差异;雌鱼饱和脂肪酸含量(23.84%)显著高于雄鱼(20.17%),而单不饱和脂肪酸含量(40.48%)、多不饱和脂肪酸含量(35.68%)和EPA+DHA含量(4.08%)均显著低于雄鱼(42.72%、37.11%、3.20%)。     

滨海型盐碱水域杂交青虾“太湖1号”肌肉营养成分分析

为研究杂交青虾"太湖1号"在滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的营养特点,采用常规生化成分测定法测定了该杂交青虾肌肉中的营养成分,并与野生青虾的肌肉营养成分进行比较。结果显示:杂交青虾肌肉(鲜重)中蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、水分的含量分别为16.774%、0.927%、1.173%、81.367%;肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸(总量为85.680%,干重),其中8种必需氨基酸占31.024%;肌肉中含12种脂肪酸,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量较高,两者含量之和为1.247%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为1.753%;矿物元素种类丰富,常量元素中,钾含量最高(12.420 mg/g),微量元素中,锌含量最高(59.673μg/g)。研究发现,杂交青虾"太湖1号"蛋白含量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),脂肪、EPA+DHA含量极显著高于野生青虾(P0.01),氨基酸总量、非必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量与野生青虾无显著差异(P0.05),必需氨基酸总量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),但两者氨基酸结构均符合FAO/WHO的标准要求。研究表明:滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的杂交青虾"太湖1号"氨基酸组成平衡,微量元素丰富,具有较高的营养价值。     

南非斑节对虾和中国明对虾肌肉营养成分分析比较

对同池饲养的南非斑节对虾和中国明对虾肌肉的营养成分进行了分析比较,结果显示,南非斑节对虾肌肉中的粗脂肪含量显著低于中国明对虾(P0.05);水分、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、氨基酸含量二者没有显著差异。南非斑节对虾与中国明对虾肌肉的脂肪酸组成有较大差异,南非斑节对虾肌肉中的饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于中国明对虾(P0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于中国明对虾(P0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸含量二者无显著差异。南非斑节对虾的n-3族多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于中国明对虾的(P0.05),而n-6族多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于中国明对虾(P0.01),表明南非斑节对虾合成n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的能力较差。     

三角鲂与团头鲂鱼体营养成分比较分析

对三角鲂与团头鲂鱼体常规养分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和微量元素的组成和含量进行了比较分析。结果表明:三角鲂肥满度极显著低于团头鲂(P<0.01),去内脏比显著高于团头鲂(P<0.05),比肝与肠脂比两指标极显著低于团头鲂(P<0.01);三角鲂肌肉水分和粗蛋白含量显著高于团头鲂(P<0.05),肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于团头鲂(P<0.05);三角鲂肌肉中必需氨基酸含量、半必需氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量均高于团头鲂肌肉中含量,但两者之间三指标差异均不显著;三角鲂肌肉含高不饱和脂肪酸量较多,其不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的比值明显高于团头鲂;三角鲂肌肉中微量营养元素含量与团头鲂肌肉无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

Egg quality determinants in cod (Gadus morhua L.): egg performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild broodstock

Lipids and essential fatty acids, particularly the highly unsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) and 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid, AA) have been shown to be crucial determinants of marine fish reproduction directly affecting fecundity, egg quality, hatching success, larval malformation and pigmentation. In Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) culture, eggs from farmed broodstock can have much lower fertilization and hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that potential quality and performance differences between eggs from different cod broodstock would be reflected in differences in lipid and fatty acid composition. Thus eggs were obtained from three broodstock, farmed, wild/fed and wild/unfed, and lipid content, lipid class composition, fatty acid composition and pigment content were determined and related to performance parameters including fertilization rate, symmetry of cell division and survival to hatching. Eggs from farmed broodstock showed significantly lower fertilization rates, cell symmetry and survival to hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. There were no differences in total lipid content or the proportions of the major lipid classes between eggs from the different broodstock. However, eggs from farmed broodstock were characterized by having significantly lower levels of some quantitatively minor phospholipid classes, particularly phosphatidylinositol. There were no differences between eggs from farmed and wild broodstock in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The DHA content was also similar. However, eggs from farmed broodstock had significantly lower levels of AA, and consequently significantly higher EPA/AA ratios than eggs from wild broodstock. Total pigment and astaxanthin levels were significantly higher in eggs from wild broodstock. Therefore, the levels of AA and phosphatidylinositol, the predominant AA‐containing lipid class, and egg pigment content were positively related to egg quality or performance parameters such as fertilization and hatching success rates, and cell symmetry.     

深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸质量分数进行了比较分析。结果显示:1)网箱养殖对虾肌肉粗蛋白质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分质量分数无显著差异(P0.05);2)肌肉中检测到18种常见氨基酸,网箱养殖对虾肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和虾味氨基酸(PFAA)两者无显著差异(P0.05);3)肌肉中检测到30种常见脂肪酸,两者的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数差异显著(P0.05),以网箱养殖对虾较高;两者的棕榈酸(C16∶0)质量分数最高,且网箱养殖对虾EPA+DHA质量分数是池塘养殖的1.90倍。结果表明,网箱养殖对虾营养成分要优于池塘养殖,具有较高的营养价值。     

Biochemical composition of wild and cultured seahorses (Hippocampus kuda Bleeker)

The seahorse has been used for thousands of years as an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China. Many species of wild seahorse have become endangered, but demand for them continues to grow rapidly. Therefore, it is urgent to cultivate seahorses to relieve the strain on natural populations and meet the market demand for this TCM. In this study, medicinal components of wild and cultured yellow seahorses (Hippocampus kuda Bleeker) were analysed and compared. Different parts of the body (cortex and bone), male and female specimens, and seahorses of different ages were analysed. Crude protein, crude fat, trace elements, calcium, amino acid, fatty acid, steroid and cholesterol content were measured. The results showed that moisture content accounted for 70% of wet weight and ash content increased with growth. Crude protein and fat contents were higher in cultured seahorses than in wild specimens, and the content of Zn in cultured seahorses (93.26 ± 10.44%) was significantly higher than that of same‐aged wild seahorses (74.20 ± 3.83%). Amino acid and fatty acid contents of cultured seahorses also were higher than those of wild seahorses. These findings show that cultured seahorses can also be used in TCMs and that 1‐year‐old cultured seahorses have the best properties.     

Growth performance and whole‐body composition of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) under feeding restriction

Fish growth is an important index in aquaculture practice. However, the effect of growth under restricted feeding on quality of fish grown to the same size remains poorly unknown. In this study, yellow catfish were reared by feeding them at three different feeding rates such as low (FR‐L group), medium (FR‐M group) and high (apparent satiation) ration levels for 82, 58 and 34 days to reach the same size, respectively. After this period, the growth performance, whole‐body amino acid composition and fatty acid profile of the fish were evaluated. Feeding restriction led to significant decreases in specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Significant increases in dry matter, protein and energy contents were observed in fish under both restricted feeding treatments. FR‐L‐treated fish had significantly lower whole‐body essential amino acid contents, and significantly higher Ala and non‐essential amino acid contents compared to fish fed to satiation. Fish in restricted feeding treatments had significantly higher n‐3 PUFA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio compared to the fish fed to satiation. The present results indicate that from a quality perspective, there are certain advantages in improvement of whole‐body composition and enrichment of n‐3 PUFA associated with the restricted feeding of yellow catfish at slow growth rate.     

投喂蝇蛆对中国明对虾生长及生化组成的影响

在试验生态水槽系统内,研究蝇蛆在日粮中不同配比对中国明对虾幼虾生长及生化组成的影响。以蝇蛆在日粮中的所占比例设计了5个梯度组合,经过35d投喂,对虾体长、体质量、特定生长率和成活率升高,对虾肌肉水解氨基酸的总量及其中的必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量增加;在配合饲料中混合投喂3/8以上的蝇蛆可显著提高中国明对虾幼虾的生长速率(P0.05)。对虾肌肉中∑n-3HU-FA、∑n-6HUFA的相对含量随着蝇蛆投喂量的增加而增加,蝇蛆投喂组的必需脂肪酸相对含量均显著低于对照组,多不饱和脂肪酸显著高于对照组。C22∶6n-3/C18∶2n-6比值显著高于对照组,且随着蝇蛆投喂量的增加比值增加。     

阳江乐清两地泥蚶肌肉组织营养成分研究

研究结果表明，泥蚶肌肉中含有氨基酸和脂肪酸各18种，氨基酸总含量平均为42．76mg／g，其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的36．17％，呈鲜味和甘味游离氨基酸占氨基酸总量的50．42％；脂肪酸总含量平均为25．86mg／g，其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的48．88％。统计分析表明，两个地区相比较，阳江泥蚶肌肉中的氨基酸和脂肪酸总含量更为丰富，但乐清泥蚶肌肉的营养结构更佳，营养价值更为突出。     

兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生和养殖群体脂肪酸及相关血液指标的比较

对3龄、4龄和5龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)野生和养殖群体肌肉脂肪含量、脂肪酸含量以及部分血液生化指标进行了分析比较.结果表明:在兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生与养殖群体肌肉中均检测到18种脂肪酸,以油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸为主.野生群体肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二...     

星斑川鲽的营养分析与评价

测定了养殖星斑川鲽肌肉中的蛋白质、脂类和灰分等生化组分，并计算了其比能值，分析了肌肉中构成蛋白质的16种常见氨基酸和主要脂肪酸含量。结果表明，星斑川鲽属高蛋白、低脂肪鱼类；肌肉氨基酸含量同其他鲆鲽鱼类相比，属中上等水平；必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量较高。肌肉蛋白中氨基酸的支／芳值为2．33。各类脂肪酸中，油酸（18：In）含量最高，其次为亚油酸（18：2n6）和棕榈酸（16：0）。星斑川鲽富含EPA和DHA，营养丰富且平衡良好，是值得推荐的优良养殖品种和优质食用鱼类。