水产养殖容量研究进展及应用

近30年来,全球水产养殖产量以接近9%的年增长率持续增长。快速发展的水产养殖业在保障世界粮食供应的同时,也带来环境污染和生物多样性下降等一系列生态环境问题,引起国际社会的广泛关注。水产养殖的资源和环境承载力,即养殖容量与生态容量问题,已成为水产养殖业可持续发展中迫切需要解决的问题。本文概述了水产养殖容量和环境容量概念的起源及其发展,例举了养殖容量研究的代表性成果,分析了养殖容量的估算方法及养殖容量模型的发展历程,并探讨了其存在问题以及在水产养殖管理中的应用前景,以期推动以养殖容量评估为基础的水产养殖区规划。水产养殖容量的科学评估与综合应用,可在一定程度上解决制约水产养殖业可持续发展的生态环境问题,并为建立基于生态系统的水产养殖管理与空间规划提供科学依据。     

第四届全球水产养殖大会将于9月在上海举行

正9月22—25日,第四届全球水产养殖大会将在上海举行。全球水产养殖大会是由联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)发起的全球性高级别政府间会议,每十年举办一次,此次为第四届。中国是世界渔业大国、水产养殖第一大国,本次大会将向世界全面介绍中国水产养殖业的发展成就和经验,展示中国负责任渔业大国形象,深化中国水产养殖业国际交流与合作,为世界水产养殖业可持续发展贡献中国智慧、中国方案。     

加强水产饲料质量安全管理工作的思考

<正>水产养殖业的高速发展导致对水产饲料的依赖性日益增强,"水产饲料安全亦即水产品安全"这一理念已经在世界范围内得到共识,可以说水产饲料是水产养殖业健康可持续发展的关键物质保障。本文归纳总结了我国水产饲料产业发展现状与取得成效,存在问题,并提出加强水产饲料质量安全监管工作的对策建议。水产养殖业是我国农业的重要支柱产业之一,是富裕渔民、改善农村生活的重要基础。我国的水产养殖量占水产品总量的70%左右,占全球水     

稀土饲料对养殖池塘水质的影响

随着养殖业的发展,部分养殖户片面地追求最大经济效益,导致养殖环境日趋恶化。为了减少水产养殖对水质及水体生态环境的破坏,保证水产养殖业健康可持续发展,一些无毒副作用、无残留和无二次污染的添加剂在水产养殖中得到了广泛的应用。近年来,稀土的应用已渗透到各个领域,并呈现出广阔的应用前景。在水     

我国水产养殖业的现状及发展对策

近年来,通过产业结构调整,我国水产养殖业得到长足的发展,水产养殖品进出口贸易额占了农业出口的20％,出口创汇额在农业内部各产业中排第一位。如何使我国的水产养殖业可持续发展,本文作者就我国水产养殖业的现状及发展对策作了以下阐述。     

鱼类应激应对策略及其在抗逆育种中的应用

发展现代水产种业，引领水产养殖绿色发展，成为未来水产养殖业可持续发展的保障。应鼓励产业选育推广优质、高效、多抗、安全的水产养殖新品种，由单纯高产品种转向适宜生态化、集约化养殖模式的优质高效、节料节药、抗逆性强、适应性广的品种。本文分析了当前水产种业存在的一些问题，剖析了优质、高效、多抗水产养殖品种的耐应激本质，围绕应激反应、应激恢复、应激应对方式在畜禽种业中的应用案例等，提出了环境限制育种理念和未来综合性抗逆育种技术发展方向，助推水产养殖业的可持续发展。     

关于水产生态养殖与新养殖模式发展战略研究

近年来,随着我国社会经济的快速发展,生态环境问题日益突出,这给我国的水产养殖业带来了十分不利的影响。再加之传统水产养殖业的基础设施比较落后,并且养殖病害也在不断增加,严重制约了水产养殖也的发展。因此,我们应积极探索水产生态养殖模式,推动水产养殖业的可持续发展。本文分析了目前我国水产养殖业存在的问题,并就水产生态养殖与新养殖模式的发展战略进行探究,仅供大家参考。     

福建工业化水产养殖全国领先

正2013年以来,福建现代渔业快速发展并取得显著成效,尤其是工业化水产养殖秉承"高效、优质、生态、健康、安全"发展理念,进一步推动水产养殖业的绿色、低碳、可持续发展,形成现代渔业新的经济增长点,其特有的生态服务功能,为积极应对全球气候变化发挥了独特作用,为保障国家食物安全     

3种常见水产养殖尾水处理技术的研究进展

随着我国水产养殖业的迅速发展,养殖尾水排放问题日益凸显。大量的养殖尾水若未能得到科学处理,会严重污染周围水环境,造成生态环境恶化,最终也会影响水产养殖业的健康发展。文章介绍了物理、化学和生物处理等3种常见水产养殖尾水处理技术,并分类叙述了水产养殖尾水处理技术的进展情况,可为水产养殖尾水处理提供参考。     

水产养殖处结合水产养殖业增长方式转变行动认真谋划我省水产养殖工作

为加快我国畜牧业、水产养殖业增长方式转变，实现可持续发展，农业部决定从2006年起组织实施畜牧水产业增长方式转变行动。为配合这次行动，以水产养殖业增长方式转变行动为契机整体提升我省水产健康养殖水平，促进高产、优质、高效、生态、安全水产养殖业的发展，水产养殖处对“十一五”期间的工作重点进行了认真的谋划：一是按照资源节约、环境友好和循环经济的理念，     

Sustainable aquaculture: developing the promise of aquaculture

As experience with aquaculture grows worldwide, the concept of sustainable aquaculture is increasingly recognized to incorporate both spatial and temporal dimensions of environmental, economic, and social parameters. Practitioners have discovered that sustainable aquaculture must not only maximize benefits, but also minimize accumulation of detriments, as well as other types of negative impacts on natural and social environment. Therefore, sustainable aquaculture development must be advanced in a manner that is environmentally sustainable and that protects the quality of the environment for other users, while it is equally important for society to protect the quality of the environment for aquaculture. This paper provides a brief review of the worldwide aquaculture development in the last decade, and gives a few examples of sustainable aquaculture activities in the coastal areas that are using natural coastal habitats and ecosystems. Based on already existing national and international efforts to promote sustainable aquaculture, key recommendations are provided, including what should be the next proactive steps. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Tilapia polyculture: a global review

Tilapia are the second most farmed fish worldwide and their production has quadrupled over the past decade due to ease of aquaculture, marketability and stable market prices. Tilapia aquaculture must adopt sustainable practices (such as polyculture) for continuing increased production and improved sustainability. This article reviews tilapia polyculture around the world and discusses its benefits, strategies and practices. Tilapia polyculture improves feed utilization, enhances water quality, increases total yield and profit. Further investment will increase these gains. Research on tilapia polyculture in China was also summarized and addressed that polyculture in semi‐intensive systems was a way of improving sustainability for tilapia aquaculture.     

The Potential and Sustainability of Aquaculture in India

ABSTRACT

India is a very populous country with more than one billion people. In order to provide food for this growing population, serious environmental problems may result. Despite many benefits from the green, blue, and silver revolutions adopted in India, there has been much concern resulting from intensive agricultural practices that led to environmental problems in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Increasing demand for aquatic resources also caused inland fisheries to decrease over the past few decades. The location of aquaculture projects, landscape destruction, soil and water pollution by pond effluents, over-exploitation of important fish stocks, depletion in biodiversity, conflicts over agriculture and aquaculture among various stakeholder groups over resource and space allocation, and international fish trade controversies have threatened the long-term sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture industries. The subject of sustainable aquaculture has not been adequately projected in terms of current aquaculture practices aimed to boost a rural economy. This review briefly describes the key issues of aquaculture unsustainability in terms of intensive aquaculture, nutrient enrichment syndrome, soil and groundwater salinization, destruction of mangroves, loss of biodiversity, marine pollution and loss of fish stock, use of aquachemicals and therapeutics, hormone residues, etc. The strategies for sustainability have been highlighted with respect to rice-cum-fish culture, carp polyculture, integrated farming with livestock, rural aquaculture, intensification of small farms, wastewater-fed aquaculture, crop rotation, probiotics, feed quality, socioeconomic considerations, environmental regulations and fisheries acts, transboundary aquatic ecosystems, impact of alien species, ethical aspects of intensive aquaculture, responsible fisheries, and environmental impact assessment. A suggested model outlines the feedback mechanisms for achieving long-term sustainability through improved farm management practices, integrated farming, use of selective aquachemicals and probiotics, conservation of natural resources, regulatory mechanism, and policy instruments.     

中国水产健康养殖的关键技术研究

健康养殖包括养殖设施、苗种培育、放养密度、水质处理、饵料质量、药物使用、养殖管理等诸多方面，采用合理的、科学的、先进的养殖手段，从而获得质量好、产量高的产品及环境均无污染，使经济、社会、生态产生综合效益，并能保持稳定、可持续发展。今后工作重点应是：(1)优化养殖条件，保护生态环境。(2)加强病害综合防治措施，规范渔用药物使用。(3)开展抗病、抗逆养殖新品种的选育。(4)开发优质高效饲料与合理使用饲料并举。(5)加快研究和推广健康养殖技术，提高经济和生态效益。(6)加快制定健康养殖标准，加强质量监督检测体系建设(不属健康养殖技术的范畴)。     

The solution to pollution? The value and limitations of environmental economics in guiding aquaculture development

Abstract

The notable increase of aquaculture production in recent decades has in many instances been matched by growing concern for its impacts. Environmentalists, consumers and members of the general public are increasingly demanding to account for its resource use and to balance its proposed benefits with its environmental sustainability. Although conventional financial and economic analyses have demonstrated a broadly positive impact for many forms of aquaculture, including the more intensive resource‐demanding systems, the use of economic tools embracing wider measurements of social and environmental costs and benefits might provide different and possibly more critical perspectives. However, although these techniques hold promise for such analyses, their development and application in sectors such as aquaculture are as yet limited. This paper reviews the relevant issues, considers the tools and applications of environmental economics and proposes ways in which these may be more effectively be applied in strategic and local decision‐making for aquaculture development.     

The role of aquafeeds in abalone nutrition and health: A comprehensive review

Overpopulation and the pressure on land-based resources have driven the aquaculture sector to increase its production since the 1980s. To address such demands, new aquafeed technologies have been developed relying on natural and artificial ingredients that are commercially viable. In addition, current global sustainable initiatives require feed technologies to reduce the pressure on limited wild fisheries and minimize negative environmental effects. Although there are numerous studies on abalone nutrition, most tend to focus on animal growth and nutrient utilization. A more holistic research approach to ensure a sustainable future for this industry will require the development of feeds that provide integrated nutrition and health benefits. In this review, we aim to synthesize the most recent scientific literature on the nutritional and health benefits and shortcomings of two main abalone feeding approaches (seaweed and formulated feeds) within aquaculture production practices. We also identify major research gaps and future directions for the development of sustainable abalone feeds.     

Biological life-history and farming scenarios of marine aquaculture to help reduce wild marine fishing pressure

Aquaculture (freshwater and marine) has largely supplemented fisheries, but in theory could help reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks. Although not the sole factors, some potential benefits depend on aquaculture pressures on fished species, including collection of wild ‘seed’ material—earlier to later life stages—for rearing in captivity and the capacity of aquaculture to increase. Here we first classify 203 marine (saltwater and brackish) animal species as being produced by either open-cycle capture-based aquaculture (CBA) or closed-cycle domesticated aquaculture (DA)—based on their likely reliance on wild seed—and assess the extent to which these forms of aquaculture could support seafood production and greater wild biomass. Using a data-limited modelling approach, we find evidence that current aquaculture practices are not necessarily helping reduce fishing to sustainable levels for their wild counterparts—consistent with emerging scientific research. However, if some wild capture species (87 equivalent spp.) were instead produced through CBA, almost a million extra tonnes could theoretically be left in the wild, without reducing seafood production. Alternatively, if reliance on wild seed inputs is further reduced by shifting to DA production, then a little less than doubling of aquaculture of the overexploited species in our study could help fill the ‘production gap’ to support fishing at maximum sustainable levels. While other ecological (e.g. escapes), social and economic considerations (e.g. market substitution) are important, we focused on a critical biological linkage between wild fisheries and aquaculture that provides another aspect on how to improve management alignment of the sectors.     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用研究

传统的水产养殖模式所带来的环境污染、资源浪费和病害频发等问题已成为制约我国水产养殖业可持续发展的主要因素。生物絮团技术(BFT)具有净化水质、提高饵料利用率及病害防控等优点,被认为是有望解决上述问题的新型健康生态养殖技术,已在国内外得到一定规模的应用,并获得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。本文重点介绍了生物絮团的形成与培养、生物絮团的主要影响因素及其在水产养殖中的应用效果。研究认为,BFT能够改良水质、节约养殖用水、降低饲料成本、提高养殖对象存活率、增加养殖产量和效益;将BFT与生物膜技术相结合,能够更有效地维持养殖水体中适宜的生物絮团含量,避免生物絮团的过量沉积,并能提高水质改良及增产增收的应用效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

A comparison of traditional and modified inland artisanal aquaculture systems

Traditional artisanal aquaculture systems are commonly assumed to be mainly for subsistence, to use predominantly on-farm inputs, and to have been developed by farmers themselves. Such systems with a long history in South East Asia exist mainly in northern Lao PDR, northern Vietnam and in West Java. In most other areas the traditional fish supply, wild fish, has declined only relatively recently, providing a stimulus for growth of aquaculture over the past few decades. An overview of artisanal aquaculture so defined in the South East Asian region is presented from a systems context considering social and economic aspects (micro- and macro-level perspectives), production technology (rice fields, ponds, cages), and environmental aspects (fitting into the local resource base without adverse environmental impact). Most artisanal aquaculture systems are integrated with crops and livestock but generally resource-poor farms constrain production. Rising expectations mean that productivity must be enhanced by off-farm inputs for aquaculture to contribute significantly to the farm household livelihood system. It is proposed that the term ‘small-scale’ be used rather than ‘artisanal’ because of increasing farmer interest in income rather than subsistence, because of increasing use of off-farm inputs, and because of the increasingly important role of science in the promotion of such systems.