The potential for utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai

In order to assess the potential of utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai, the species, biomass and total stock of fouling macroalgae attached on the aquaculture facility‐lines were investigated and assessed at Sungo Bay, China, in August 2007. The nutritional value of four fouling macroalgae (Codium fragile, Sargassum muticum, Ulva pertusa and Laminaria japonica) and one cultured macroalgae (Gracilaria lemaneiformis) as the diet of abalone was assessed by analysis of the chemical composition of the macroalgae and by measuring bioavailability and digestibility to abalone H. discus hannai under laboratory conditions in August 2007. The results showed that the biomass of fouling macroalgae at the two sites was 243.61 ± 26.23 and 1078.15 ± 50.28 g m^?1 respectively. The contents of protein of G. lemaneiformis and C. fragile were 18.30% and 17.60%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the others. The five macroalgae were accepted by the abalone, and growth energies (P) and growth efficiency (%) were positive. However, significant differences were found among the different macroalgae. The growth efficiencies of abalone show a negative relationship with the levels of dietary lipid and a positive relationship with the protein contents. These results suggest that fouling macroalgae have a great potential to be used as diets of abalone.     

Evaluation of dried macrophytes as an alternative diet for the rearing of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)

The aim of this work was to assess the potential use of different dried macroalgae as food in the rearing of Paracentrotus lividus. Growth, consumption and food conversions were compared in adult sea urchins fed with fresh or dried thalli of four macroalgae species. Six experimental diets were tested: (a) fresh Palmaria palmata; (b) fresh Saccharina latissima; (c) dry P. palmata; (d) dry S. latissima; (e) dry Laminaria digitata and (f) dry Grateloupia turuturu. Linear growth rates were similar for all treatments. Specific growth rate was higher in sea urchins fed with fresh P. palmata, but no difference was found between animals fed with fresh S. latissima and those fed with dried diets. Regarding daily food consumption (DFC), sea urchins consumed the same amount of dried macroalgae as fresh but exhibited a higher food conversion efficiency (FCE) when fed with fresh P. palmata. However, this FCE was only significantly higher when compared to sea urchins fed with dry L. digitata. Dried G. turuturu is not a suitable diet due to its rapid degradation after rehydration. The results suggest that P. lividus adults can be reared on dried macroalgae thalli without detriment to their somatic growth, especially over short periods. The low cost of feeding sea urchins with this diet could help small shellfish farmers to diversify their production into echinoculture.     

Incidence,Growth, and Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in Cooked and Peeled Cold-Water Shrimp

ABSTRACT

Cooked and peeled cold-water shrimp (Pandalus jordani) naturally contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes were obtained from a processor for a series of studies to determine the level of contamination and growth characteristics of this bacterium in the naturally contaminated product. L. monocytogenes was isolated from every 25-g sample of individually quick frozen (IQF) shrimp that was tested. The level of contamination in each composite sample ranged from 5 to 16 colony forming units (CFU) per 25 g. When individual shrimp taken from the 25-g sample portions were tested separately, samples positive for L. monocytogenes ranged from 1 of 12 to 5 of 15 shrimp tested. The project also evaluated the effectiveness of three methods to inactivate the bacterium: ozone, chlorine dioxide, and steam as possible product reconditioning strategies. Ozone and chlorine dioxide were both found to be ineffective reconditioning treatments for shrimp naturally contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Experiments with steam conducted at the laboratory and later at the shrimp processing plant verified that shrimp contaminated with L. monocytogenes could be safely reconditioned by steam pasteurization. Steam was used successfully to pasteurize several thousand pounds of contaminated shrimp in the processing plant. When the naturally contaminated product was packaged in either oxygen-permeable or impermeable films and stored at 5°C and 10°C, the product was deemed spoiled by sensory evaluation after 9 days of storage, at which time the L. monocytogenes population were 3 × 10⁴ CFU per g. By comparison, when an isolate (strain 4311) from naturally contaminated shrimp was inoculated onto the pasteurized shrimp at a concentration of 12 cells /25g, the L. monocytogenes population reached 3.0 × 10⁸ per g after 9 days of storage. The pasteurization process used in this study would not be effective in inactivation of Clostridium botulinum. Ready-to-eat-shrimp must therefore be stored below 3°C or frozen.     

Free Amino Acid and Nucleotide Concentrations in New Zealand Abalone (Paua), Haliotis iris,Fed Casein-Based,Macroalgal, or Wild Diets

Abstract

Paua (Haliotis iris) were fed either a commercial casein-based diet, macroalgae, or were fasted. The meat quality of these animals was evaluated over a period of 6 months by measuring tissue nucleotides, including the high-energy phosphate compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and free amino acids which contribute to both protein composition and taste quality. Makara(tm) -fed paua had high ATP levels comparable with those in the wild, and their glycine component was 2-3 fold higher. The amino acid taurine, which occurs in high concentrations in red algae, is not incorporated into protein in paua, but plays a critical role in the metabolism of abalone. All paua maintained appreciable taurine content.     

Growth performance and color enhancement of goldfish,Carassius auratus,fed diets containing natural dyes extracted from annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to evaluate growth performance and color enhancement of goldfish, Carassius auratus, fed diets containing 0, 50, 100, 200, and 250 mg kg^?1 diet of annatto dye (AD) for 60 days. The survival rate was significantly higher in fish fed 100, 200, and 250 mg AD kg^?1 diet over than these fed control and 50 mg AD kg^?1 diet (p < 0.05). AD significantly (p <0 .05) increased the pigmentation in the skin and caudal fin of goldfish in a concentration dependent manner (R² = 0.995, 0.997). The highest amount of total carotenoid deposition in fish skin and fins were given by diets containing 200–250 mg AD kg^?1 diet. The highest redness (a*) of 43.21 and yellowness (b*) of 12.53 were obtained by 250 and 50 mg AD kg^?1, respectively. The present results show that AD can be successfully used as an alternative natural carotenoid source in goldfish diets at levels of 200–250 mg AD kg^?1 diet.     

Inclusion of macroalgae meal (Macrocystis pyrifera) as feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effect on flesh fatty acid composition

The use of macroalgae as an additional component in animal feeding has been studied. However, information on how it could influence muscle composition of fish body is scarce. This study evaluates four diets with different macroalgae inclusion levels (0%, 1.5%, 3% and 6%) to test the effect on body fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. Tanks with a volume of 600 L were stocked with 60.6 ± 7.9 g fish at a density of 45 individuals tank^?1 and fed for 124 days. At the end of the experiment there were not significant differences (P<0.05) in muscle proximate composition among fish fed the different treatments. However, it was determined that inclusion of 3% and 6% of macroalgae meal resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in muscle. In summary, macroalgae meal in rainbow trout diets do not enhance the quantity of protein and lipid contents at muscle level but an addition of 3–6% might contribute to increase the level of PUFAs, specially EPA, DHA and LIN. Thus, use of macroalgae meal might help to increase lipid quality content in the final product due the beneficial effects of PUFAs for human health.     

Effect of vitamin A on the skeletal morphogenesis of European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin A levels in the larval diet of Dicentrarchus labrax, (a) on the shape of juvenile skeleton and (b) on the development of pelvic fins. To exclude the side‐effects of skeletal abnormalities on skeleton shape, morphometric analysis was performed on normal individuals only. Geometric morphometric analysis revealed a significant effect of larval nutrition on the shape of juvenile skeleton (Wilk's λ=0.0188, P<0.001), 55 days after the application of the different nutritional regimes. Between‐groups shape differences mainly concerned the position of anterior dorsal pterygiophore, which was associated with a significant (P<0.05) increase of the number of dorsal lepidotrichia and hard spines at low levels of vitamin A (3–9 × 10³ IU kg^?1 dry food). At the lowest vitamin A levels (3 × 10³ IU kg^?1 dry food), the development of pelvic fins was abnormal, with severe bilateral (44±10%, mean±SD) or unilateral (22±9%) lack of the fin lepidotrichia, hard spines and their supporting elements. In the 82–94% of the unilaterally deformed individuals, deformation concerned the left pelvic fin. Concerning the shape of pelvic fins in the normally developed individuals, results demonstrated a significant effect of nutritional conditions on the size and position of all the elements of the pelvic fin area (basipterygium, lower metacleithrum, cleithrum, scapula) (Wilk's λ=0.3087, P<0.001). Our results demonstrate a significant nutritionally driven phenotypic plasticity in D. labrax, with dietary levels of vitamin A determining the skeleton shape and the left–right symmetry of pelvic fins.     

Nitrogen loading alters seagrass ecosystem structure and support of higher trophic levels

• 1. Anthropogenic‐derived nutrient inputs to coastal environments have increased dramatically worldwide in the latter half of the 20th century and are altering coastal ecosystems. We evaluated the effects of nitrogen loading on changes in macrophyte community structure and the associated fauna of a north temperate estuary. We found that a shift in primary producers from eelgrass to macroalgae in response to increased nutrient loading alters habitat physical and chemical structure and food webs. As nitrogen load increased we found increased macroalgal biomass, decreased eelgrass shoot density and biomass, decreased fish and decapod abundance and biomass, and decreased fish diversity.
• 2. The central importance of macroalgae in altering eelgrass ecosystem support of higher trophic levels is evident in the response of the ecosystem when this component was manipulated. Removal of macroalgae increased eelgrass abundance and water column and benthic boundary layer O₂ concentrations. These changes in the physical and chemical structure of the ecosystem with lower macroalgal biomass resulted in higher fish and decapod abundance and biomass.
• 3. Both a ¹⁵N tracer experiment and the growth of fishes indicated that little of the macroalgal production was immediately transferred to secondary consumers. δ¹⁵N values indicated that the most abundant fishes were not using a grazing food web based on macroalgae. Fish tended to grow better and have a greater survivorship in eelgrass compared to macroalgal habitats.
• 4. Watershed‐derived nutrient loading has caused increased macroalgal biomass and degradation and loss of eelgrass habitat, thus reducing the capacity of estuaries to support nekton.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Skin Gelatin

ABSTRACT

The viscoelastic properties of gelatin extracted from tilapia skin (protein yield: 21.2%) were evaluated using dynamic rheology tests. The flow curves of tilapia gelatin sols (1.0–6.6% w/w, 40°C; 0.5%, 2–40°C) complied with the Herschel-Bulkley model (R² = 0.92–0.99), indicating the presence of yield stress, while the gelling and melting temperature of gelatin dispersions (1.0–6.6%) fit well with the Eldridge-Ferry model (R² = 0.97). Tilapia skin gelatin displayed good thermo-stability and strong gel-forming properties, showing great potential as an alternative for mammal-based gelatin applied in various food products.     

Growth and feeding of white steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus (Cuvier) (Sparidae), under experimental culture conditions

Growth and feeding of white steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus (Cuvier). under culture conditions was determined to assess its suitability for mariculture. Ration size ranged from 4.50% to 11.52% and from 1.67% 4.00% dry body weight for small (28 ± 2 g) and large (250 ± 23 g) fish, respectively. Condition factor (K) ranged from 1.19 to 1.35 and from 2.00 to 2.19 for small and large fish, respectively. Specific growth rate (SGR) at 16°C was 0.60% day^?1 for 28-g fish, 0.29% day^?1 for a 74-g fish, and 0.19% day^?1 for a 250-g fish. Gross conversion efficiency (GCE) was inefficient at high feeding levels (21.3%) compared with low feeding levels (32.6%). Proximate body composition in terms of moisture, protein. lipid, ash and energy were not significantly affected by feeding regime or temperature (P > 0.05). The experiments indicate that feeding regimes should be maintained at relatively low levels to obtain optimum K, GCE and SGR, and to avoid over-feeding and food wastage. It was concluded that L. lithognathus could be a suitable candidate for mariculture.     

Effect of stocking density on growth performance,survival, production,and financial benefits of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) monoculture in earthen ponds

ABSTRACT

The present on-farm study assessed the effect of different stocking densities on growth, production, and financial benefits of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in earthen ponds for 180 days. Low stocking density (LSD), medium stocking density (MSD), and high stocking density (HSD) of 3, 6, and 9 fish m^?2, respectively, were tested. C. gariepinus stocked at LSD and MSD showed significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, and final mean weight than those cultured at HSD (P < .05). There was a significant linear relationship between the stocking density and the yields and financial variables (P < .05). Net fish yields were significantly higher for C. gariepinus reared at HSD and MSD than those stocked at LSD (P < .05). Similarly, C. gariepinus raised at MSD and HSD generated significantly more profit than those cultured at LSD (P < .05). Results demonstrated that farmers can achieve high net yield and financial benefits by stocking C. gariepinus at HSD of 9 fish m^?2.     

Hormone-induced ovulation, natural spawning and larviculture of Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839)

Mature Brazilian flounders Paralichthys orbignyanus were captured in coastal southern Brazil and their reproduction in captivity was studied. Brazilian flounder will spawn naturally in captivity when the water temperature is around 23 °C and 14 h of light is provided daily. Females were induced for ovulation and hand stripping using human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue or carp pituitary extract. There was no need to inject males, as running milt was observed during the spawning season. Fertilization and hatching rates were above 80% independent of the hormone used. Notochord length at hatching was 2.18±0.07 mm for larvae hatching from naturally spawned eggs. Larvae were reared in salt water (30–35 g L^?1) at 24 °C and under continuous illumination. Larviculture was with green water (Tetraselmis tetrathele 50 × 10⁴ cells mL^?1). Rotifers (10–20 ind mL^?1) were offered as first food 3 days after hatching and gradually replaced by Artemia nauplii (0.5–10 ind mL^?1). Larvae settled to the bottom 20 days after hatching and completed metamorphosis within a week after that. The total length for newly metamorphosed juveniles was 12.9±2.2 mm and the mean survival was 44.8%. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing Brazilian flounder fingerlings for stock enhancement or grow‐out purposes.     

Effect of lytic peptides on selected fish bacterial pathogens*

Abstract. Two synthetic lytic peptides, derivatives of the naturally occurring lytic peptide cecropin B, were tested for their effect on eight pathogenic fish bacteria. All bacteria were grown on tryptic soy agar at 30°C. Four levels (dilutions) of lytic peptides were incubated with viable cells in the log phase for 1 h. Standard plate counts were made after 24±2h with control plates (no toxin) representing 100% survival. Significant differences (P<0.05) in the toxicity of the two peptides were found for six out of eight bacterial pathogens. Peptide concentration or dilution level also caused significant difference (P<0.01) in bacterial counts. Peptide type by dilution level interactions were significant (P<0.01) for only two bacterial pathogens. The LD₅₀. in molar concentrations of the lytic peptides on the bacterial pathogens, ranged from approximately 10^?6 to 10^?9. The possible role of utilizing these peptides to enhance disease resistance in aquaculture is discussed.     

Effect of salinity on survival, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

In this study, we tested the lower salinity tolerance of juvenile shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). In the first of two laboratory experiments, we first abruptly transferred shrimps (6.91 ± 0.05 g wet weight, mean ± SE) from the rearing salinity (35 000 mg L^?1) to salinities of 5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 (control) and 40 000 mg L^?1 at 20 °C. The survival of L. vannamei juvenile was not affected by salinities from 15 000 to 40 000 mg L^?1 during the 96‐h exposure periods. Shrimps exposed to 5000 mg L^?1 were significantly affected by salinity, with a survival of 12.5% after 96 h. The 24‐, 48‐ and 96‐h lethal salinity for 50% (LS₅₀) were 7020, 8510 and 9540 mg L^?1 respectively. In the second experiment, shrimps (5.47 ± 0.09 g wet weight, mean ± SE) were acclimatized to the different salinity levels (5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1) and then maintained for 30 days at 20 °C. Results showed that the survival was significantly lower at 5000 mg L^?1 than at other salinity levels, but the final wet weight under 5000 mg L^?1 treatment was significantly higher than those under other treatments (P<0.05). Feed intake (FI) of shrimp under 5000 mg L^?1 was significantly lower than those of shrimp under 150 00–40 000 mg L^?1; food conversion efficiency (FCE), however, showed a contrasting change (P<0.05). Furthermore, salinity significantly influenced the oxygen consumption rates, ammonia‐N excretion rates and the O/N ratio of test shrimps (P<0.05). The results obtained in our work provide evidence that L. vannamei juveniles have limited capacity to tolerate salinities <10 000 mg L^?1 at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). Results also show that L. vannamei juvenile can recover from the abrupt salinity change between 15 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1 within 24 h.     

The effect of food type (formulated diet vs. natural) and fish size on feed utilization in common sole,Solea solea (L.)

This study compares the effect of food type (formulated diet vs. natural food) and fish size on protein and energy utilization efficiencies for growth in common sole, Solea solea (L.). Replicate groups of common sole (mean initial body weight ± SD was 45.7 g ± 2.1 and 111.2 g ± 4.2) received the diets at five (natural feed) or four (formulated diet) feeding levels. The protein utilization efficiency for growth (k_gCP) was higher (P > 0.001) in common sole fed ragworms than in common sole fed the formulated diet (respectively, 0.40 and 0.31). Likewise, the energy utilization efficiency for growth (k_gGE) was higher (P = 0.001) in common sole fed ragworms than in common sole fed the formulated diet (respectively, 0.57 and 0.33). The protein maintenance requirement was not different between food types (P = 0.64) or fish size (P = 0.41) being on average 0.82 g kg^?0.8 day^?1. The energy maintenance requirement was not different between food type (P = 0.390) but differed between fish size (P = 0.036). The gross energy maintenance requirement of small common sole was 35 kJ g^?0.8 day^?1. The gross energy maintenance requirement of large common sole was 25 kJ g^?0.8 day^?1. In conclusion, the low growth of common sole fed formulated diets was related to reduced feed utilization.     

Organic matter derived from kelp supports a large proportion of biomass in temperate rocky reef fish communities: Implications for ecosystem‐based management

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Effects of probiotic bacteria on growth parameters and immune defence in Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis L. larvae under intensive culture conditions

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether a mixture of bacteria composed of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus has a beneficial impact on survival, growth, lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulins (Ig) in perch larvae. In experiment 1, control fish were compared with fish receiving bacteria (4.93 × 10⁷ CFU L⁻¹ day⁻¹) through tank water or both through tank water and Artemia metanauplii enriched with two bacteria doses (2 × 10¹⁰ or 4 × 10¹⁰ CFU L⁻¹). Treatments were performed in 40 L triplicate tanks of 200 fish [initial body weight (IBW)=2.3 mg] each, placed in separated recirculating water systems. Experiment 2 evaluated the combining effects of bacteria feeding and densities (10 vs. 20 fish L⁻¹, IBW=9.5 mg). In both experiments, the bacteria added to live food or both live food and water induced higher growth rate at the highest dietary dose and this was associated with higher Ig levels on days 14 and 28. In experiment 2, higher survival was associated to lower type‐2 cannibalism (ingestion of whole prey) at the two dietary bacteria doses, and such positive effect was observed for fish fed bacteria at high density. Bacteria administration through water had no effect on growth and survival. In conclusion, the results show that high dietary concentrations of the mixture of bacteria used have potential stimulating impact on growth, survival, lysozyme activity and total Ig. But, further investigations are needed to demonstrate the optimal doses for emphasizing immune defence status.     

The effect of lactic acid bacteria administration on growth,digestive enzyme activity and gut microbiota in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and beluga (Huso huso) fry

The aims of this study was to assess the effect of two lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus curvatus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, originally isolated from gastrointestinal (GI) tract of beluga (Huso huso) and Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), respectively, on growth, survival and digestive enzyme (amylase, lipase and protease) activities and the population level of LAB in the GI tract. The treatments included 10 different groups; control, separate supplements of L. curvatus and Leu. mesenteroides at three different counts [2 × 10⁹, 5 × 10⁹ and 9 × 10⁹ colony forming units (CFU) per gram food] and three combinations of the two LAB (2 × 10⁹ + 2 × 10⁹, 5 × 10⁹ + 5 × 10⁹ and 9 × 10⁹ + 9 × 10⁹ CFU per gram food). The bacteria used in this study were added in lyophilized form to chopped Chironomidae. In the beluga study, highest specific growth rate, survival and improved intestinal enzyme activities were noted in the rearing group fed 9 × 10⁹ L. curvatus per gram food. In Persian sturgeon, the inclusion level of 2 × 10⁹ Leu. mesenteroides had similar positive effect. The ability of LAB to colonize the digestive tract seems to involve host specificity, and our bacteriological results are relevant to initiate future probiotic studies in sturgeons and future directions will be discussed.     

Replacement of fish meal in juvenile channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,diets using a yeast‐derived protein source: the effects on weight gain,food conversion ratio,body composition and survival of catfish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri

We examined the effects of a yeast‐derived protein source (NuPro^®) as a replacement for menhaden fish meal on weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), whole‐body composition and disease resistance in juvenile channel catfish (9.9 ± 0.2 g fish^?1). NuPro^® replaced fish meal at six levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 g kg^?1 diet). Catfish were sampled for whole‐body composition and then challenged with the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. Growth performance was negatively affected (P < 0.01) when NuPro^® was added at 125 g kg^?1 diet. The amount of whole‐body fat decreased (P < 0.05) when NuPro^® was added at 75 g kg^?1 or more of the diet. Regardless of the amount of NuPro^® added, survival after challenge with E. ictaluri was similar among treatments. Results indicate that up to 100 g kg^?1 of NuPro^® can be added without negatively affecting growth performance. The yeast‐derived protein source used in this study is a sustainable protein alternative that could be used as a partial replacement for fish meal in juvenile channel catfish diets.     

Influence of Different Hydrolysis Processes by Trypsin on the Physicochemical,Antioxidant, and Functional Properties of Collagen Hydrolysates from Sphyrna lewini,Dasyatis akjei,and Raja porosa

ABSTRACT

Acid soluble collagen hydrolysates from the cartilages of Sphyrna lewini, Dasyatis akjei, and Raja porosa on different hydrolysis conditions by trypsin were prepared and named as S, D, and R, respectively. The hydrolysates (S1, D1, and R1) obtained from hydrolysis in pH 2.5, 3 h, 37°C presented wonderful foaming and emulsifying capacities, caused by their high average molecular weights (AMWs), high degree of Pro and Lys hydroxylation, and imino acid contents (17.1, 15.3, and 14.1%). At the concentration of 0.1% (w/v), the foaming capacities of S1, D1, and R1 were 104.75 ± 2.57, 63.87 ± 2.73, and 76.87 ± 2.02%; and the emulsifying activity indexes of them were 116.07 ± 1.89, 91.04 ± 1.79, and 123.85 ± 2.14 m²/g, respectively. Conversely, hydrolysates (S2, D2, and R2) obtained from hydrolysis in pH 7.8, 3 min, 37°C exhibited strong scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (EC₅₀ 0.568, 0.680, and 1.634 mg/mL), hydroxyl radical (EC₅₀ 0.253, 0.376, and 0.438 mg/mL), and moderate reducing power (0.0465–0.4702 at the concentration of 5 mg/mL), due to their low AMWs. The results indicated that S1, D1, and R1 could be used as emulsifiers and foaming agents, and S2, D2, and R2 could be used as natural antioxidants in food systems.