锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾北移养殖试验

本文对锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾北移养殖的可行性进行研究.在水温20～32℃,比重1.006～1.022和pH8.2～8.7的条件下,锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾的放苗密度及其规格分别为7500只/ha,甲宽1～3cm和9.89×104尾/ha,体长0.8～1.2 cm,在河北省唐海县经历90d的养殖,锯缘青蟹养成存活率为31.7%,规格为175～850g/只,斑节对虾养成存活率为7.8%,规格为20～25g/尾.结果表明,锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾在我国北方地区养殖是可行的.     

凡纳滨对虾与点带石斑鱼混养的试验研究

在2.5m×4.0m×2.0m的水泥池中,按3.0×106尾/hm2的密度放养体长2~3cm、4~5cm和8~9cm的凡纳滨对虾。每种规格的对虾3口池塘,其中两口池塘在对虾养殖10d后,分别放入5尾体长为12.3~13.6cm和17.6~18.8cm的点带石斑鱼,另一池单独饲养凡纳滨对虾作为对照组。60d的养殖结果显示,单养池中2~3cm、4~5cm的凡纳滨对虾的质量增加显著低于混养(P0.05),但存活率显著高于混养(P0.05);混养时对虾规格越大增长越快,存活率越低,其中凡纳滨对虾2~3cm,点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm及凡纳滨对虾4~5cm,点带石班鱼17.6~18.8cm混养组合的质量增加最大(分别为7.88g与7.67g)。单养和混养时,8~9cm的凡纳滨对虾存活率差异不显著(P0.05)。方差分析显示,对虾规格与养殖模式间的交互作用对对虾质量增加和存活率影响极显著(P0.01);混养时对虾规格对鱼的质量增加影响不显著(P0.05),17.6~18.8cm的点带石斑鱼平均质量增加显著大于12.3~13.6cm(P0.05),对虾规格越大,混养鱼的捕食量越小,凡纳滨对虾8~9cm,点带石班鱼17.6~18.8cm的混养组合对虾存活率高,鱼虾的交互作用对鱼的质量增加和捕食量均有极显著影响(P0.01)。凡纳滨对虾混养的利润显著大于单养(P0.05),其中凡纳滨对虾4~5cm、点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm,凡纳滨对虾4~5cm、点带石斑鱼12.3~13.6cm,凡纳滨对虾2~3cm、点带石斑鱼17.6~18.8cm混养组合的利润显著高于其他混养组合(P0.05),凡纳滨对虾8~9cm的养殖利益显著低于其他规格对虾。建议凡纳滨对虾体长达到4~5cm开始混养点带石斑鱼。     

饵料和养殖密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率的影响

在实验用虾遗传背景一致的情况下,分析了3种饵料(配合饲料、冰冻鲜鱼肉和活卤虫)和4个不同的养殖密度对小水体中国对虾幼虾生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,饵料和饲养密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率有显著影响。在饵料、养殖密度单因子实验及饵料和养殖密度相结合的双因子实验中,幼虾的生长均表现出极其显著的差异(P<0.01),活卤虫对幼虾生长的效应尤为突出。而养殖密度对中国对虾的行为生物学、个体间体重增量均有影响。随着养殖密度的提高,中国对虾增重变慢;同时,个体间体重增量差异变大。随着养殖密度的增加,中国对虾幼虾的存活率呈下降趋势,但不同饵料对存活率影响变化幅度较大,波动在58.1%～85.2%之间,其中投喂活卤虫养殖密度为50尾/桶的存活率最高(85.2%);投喂配合饵料4个养殖密度梯度的存活率变化不明显;而投喂冰冻鱼肉4个养殖密度梯度的存活率变化较大。因此,采用合适的饵料和养殖密度,能够提高中国对虾的生长速度,提高对虾养成存活率,改善生长过程中对虾群体体长、体重的整齐度。     

对虾养殖技术之一:北方池塘养殖南美蓝对虾技术

南美蓝对虾(P.stylirostris)与南美白对虾形态相似、生活习性相近,比南美白对虾的成熟体形更大,生长速度更快,我国现有的养殖中国对虾和日本对虾的虾池都适合养殖它,尤其适合于北方沿海地区进行精养、半精养方式的养殖.笔者在南美蓝对虾养殖过程中,发现该品种具有6个明显优点:①抗病能力强,对病毒不甚敏感,因而养殖成活率高;②生长快,规格均匀,正常条件下,养殖80天～110天可生长到体长12cm～14cm,平均每10天体长增长1.2cm,如果比中国对虾晚放苗15天,而收获却可以提前15天左右,且增长率比中国对虾提高20%～30%;③对环境变化的适应能力强,换水量较小,为中国对虾的2/3,水环境稳定;④可以摄食普通饲料,蛋白质含量与中国对虾基本相同;⑤加工出肉率65%～68%,比中国对虾高出4%～5%,且肉质细嫩;⑥适宜于高密度养殖,放苗密度低则5000尾/亩,高则可达15万尾/亩.     

密度和投饵频率对凡纳滨对虾存活和生长的影响

研究了密度(361、722和1 084尾/m2)和投饵频率(1、2和4次/d)对凡纳滨对虾存活和生长的影响,实验时间6周。结果表明:在3个密度水平,随投饵频率的升高,对虾摄食量、存活率、特定生长率、饲料系数和吸收效率均呈上升趋势;在3个投饵频率水平,随密度的升高,对虾摄食量、存活率、特定生长率和饲料系数均呈下降趋势,而吸收效率呈上升趋势。     

养殖密度对日本囊对虾生长与存活的影响

在模拟工厂化养殖环境下开展日本囊对虾不同密度的生长与存活试验,实验设置5个密度水平,50、100、150、200、250尾/m~2,每个试验组设2个重复。结果表明,不同密度条件下,日本囊对虾生长性状、存活率与饵料系数存在显著差异(P0.05)。20日龄,不同密度间的生长性状无统计学意义差异(P0.05);40日龄,密度组间的生长性状存在统计学意义差异(P0.05),密度50、100、150尾/m~2显著大于密度250尾/m~2(P0.05);60日龄时,密度100尾/m~2的平均体长、腹长与体质量分别为(7.28±0.74)cm,(4.72±0.43)cm,(3.59±0.98)g,显著大于密度150、200、250(P0.05),为生长最快的密度组。密度对存活率有极显著影响,存活率变化范围为(23.98%±2.25%)~(69.95%±2.38%),密度50和250存活率分别最高和最低,密度50、100的存活率极显著大于密度150、200、250尾/m~2(P0.01)。饵料系数的变化范围为(1.63±0.08)~(3.99±0.31),最低为密度50尾/m~2,饵料系数1.63±0.08。最高为密度250尾/m~2,饵料系数为3.99±0.31。当密度低于100尾/m~2时,日本对虾生长表现最好,该密度下对虾生长速率快、存活率高、饵料系数低。本研究为日本囊对虾的工厂化养殖生产提供理论参考。     

北方池塘养殖南美蓝对虾技术

南美蓝对虾(P.stylirostris)与南美白对虾形态相似、生活 习性相近,比南美白对虾的成熟体形更大,生长速度更快,我国现有 的养殖中国对虾和日本对虾的虾池都适合养殖它,尤其适合于北方沿 海地区进行精养、半精养方式的养殖。笔者在南美蓝对虾养殖过程 中,发现该品种具有6个明显优点:①抗病能力强,对病毒不甚敏 感,因而养殖成活率高;②生长快,规格均匀,正常条件下,养殖 80天-110天可生长到体长12cm-14cm,平均每10天体长增长1. 2cm,如果比中国对虾晚放苗15天,而收获却可以提前15天左右, 且增长率比中国对虾提高20％-30％;③对环境变化的适应能力强, 换水量较小,为中国对虾的2／3,水环境稳定;④可以摄食普通 饲料,蛋白质含量与中国对虾基本相同;⑤加工出肉率65％-68％, 比中国对虾高出4％-5％,且肉质细嫩;⑥适宜于高密度养殖,放 苗密度低则5000尾／亩,高则可达15万尾／亩。     

虾池养殖牙鲆的试验与探讨

牙鲆( Paralichthys olivaceus )是鲆鲽类中的大型种,经济价值高,活鱼价格100～180元/kg.近几年辽宁工厂化养殖牙鲆已经成功,并获得很好的经济效益,但是室外土池养殖尚未开展,2000年4～11月,我们和青堆子运成水产有限公司合作,进行了虾池养殖牙鲆试验.7月1日在6.7 hm2虾池中放养平均体长11.2(8.1～12.5)cm牙鲆幼鱼8 532尾,之前45d曾投放中国对虾仔虾100万尾.至10月27日出池,获牙鲆2 584尾,平均体长(23.5±2.7)cm,平均体重(161.4±56.7)g,成活率30.3%.同时获对虾1000kg,虎鱼1 750kg.对虾池养殖牙鲆的前景作了初步探讨.     

光照周期对中国对虾稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响

实验中国对虾 (FenneropenaeuschinensisOsbeck)的初始体重为 (0 .94 5± 0 .0 0 5 )g ( X±SE) ,投喂的饲料为人工配合饲料 ,实验的光照周期为 0L∶2 4D、2 4L∶0D、14D∶10L和 14L∶10D ,实验持续 35d。在 4种光照周期条件下 ,实验结果如下 :(1)中国对虾的特定生长率 (SGR)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )中国对虾的摄食量 (FI)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(3)中国对虾的食物转化率 (FCE)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(4 )中国对虾的蜕皮频率 (MF)不同 ,其中 ,2 4L∶0D和 0L∶2 4D下较低 ,14L∶10D和 14D∶10L下较高 ,且差异达到显著水平 (P <0 .0 5 )。实验结果表明 :光照周期影响中国对虾用在蜕皮上的能量分配 ,中国对虾的蜕皮频率存在一定的差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但由于对中国对虾的摄食量和食物转化率没有影响 ,中国对虾用在生长的能量比例相近 ,故对中国对虾的生长未产生显著的影响。与光照强度和光谱组成对中国对虾生长的影响的研究结果相比 ,在中国对虾的集约化养殖生产中 ,光照周期的选择是次要的     

VIE标记小规格中国对虾试验

为研究荧光标记对小规格中国对虾的生长、存活率的影响以及荧光染料的保持情况,探讨VIE标记1 cm中国对虾的可行性,采用红色荧光染料标记体长为(1.14±0.06) cm的中国对虾2 856尾,暂养1 d后,将其中的2 321尾标记虾与6万尾同批非标记中国对虾混养于同一池塘进行了养殖试验。经112 d的饲养,结果发现,VIE标记对虾与非标记对虾在生长发育方面没有显著差异,但存活率低2.7 %；VIE标记保持情况良好,虽然标记点不如制作时集中,且位置有所变化,但无论是肉眼直接观测还是用紫外光源观测都能清晰可见。通过斑尾复虾虎鱼对标记虾的捕食试验,发现标记虾不会因身体上的VIE标记而增加被斑尾复虾虎鱼捕食的机率。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).