恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内代谢消除规律

以80 mg/kg鱼体重对牙鲆单次口灌给药恩诺沙星,给药后在不同的时间点取样,用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测,研究恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内的代谢消除规律。研究表明,停药后0.25 h,肌肉中恩诺沙星残留量最低。各组织的消除半衰期依次为腮肝脏血液肾脏肌肉,其中肌肉中恩诺沙星消除半衰期最低为67.759 h,消除最快,停药后12 d检测不到恩诺沙星。停药后0.25 h,在牙鲆血液、肝脏、肾脏中均有环丙沙星残留,残留量依次为肝脏肾脏血液,肌肉和鳃中未检出环丙沙星。停药后22 d在血液、肝脏和肾脏3个组织中仍然能够检测出恩诺沙星,但是停药7 d后这3个组织中均检测不出环丙沙星。结果显示,恩诺沙星在牙鲆体内代谢速度较慢,而且只是在一段时间内有脱乙基代谢为环丙沙星的反应发生,但并不是在恩诺沙星消除的全过程都发生,而且代谢物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内的消除速度要比恩诺沙星快。     

恩诺沙星在养殖大菱鲆体内的残留及消除规律

在11～12 ℃水温条件下,对大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus连续口服恩诺沙星7 d后肌肉、血清和肝脏组织中该药物及其代谢产物环丙沙星的残留及消除规律进行了研究.大菱鲆肌肉、血清和肝脏中残留的恩诺沙星药物用二氯甲烷提取,在不同的时间点利用反相高效液相色谱荧光检测法检测药物浓度,最低检测限为0.01 μg/ml,平均回收率为75%～87%.研究结果表明,恩诺沙星按一级动力学过程从体内消除,在3种组织中消除速率不同,在肌肉、血清和肝脏中的消除曲线方程分别为C=1.560e-0.0310 t、C=1.147e-0.018 9 t和C=0.920e-0.027 1 t;恩诺沙星在3种组织中的消除半衰期较长,分别为22.53、36.67和25.57 d.在给药后的第94天,肌肉组织中的恩诺沙星浓度持续保持0.168 μg/g,尽管NY5070-2002无公害水产食品中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留限量MRL(Maximum residue limit)要求为0.05 μg/g,但本试验数据提示,大菱鲆肌肉组织中残留的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星超过了标准,建议合理的休药期应不少于120 d.     

模拟养殖系统药饵给药后恩诺沙星在异育银鲫体内、水体和底泥中代谢与分布

为探究水产养殖中恩诺沙星用药后在水环境中的归趋，本实验在模拟池塘水产养殖系统中，恩诺沙星以18 mg/kg剂量药饵投喂异育银鲫，每天2次、给药周期6 d，研究恩诺沙星在异育银鲫体内吸收、分布、代谢和消除规律，以及在水体和底泥中的分布规律。结果显示，异育银鲫组织中恩诺沙星峰浓度(C_max)依次为肠道>肾脏>肌肉>鳃>肝脏>血浆，分别为14.15、13.31、14.15、7.48、7.94 mg/kg和2.94 mg/L；各组织中均可检测到代谢产物环丙沙星，其峰浓度与恩诺沙星峰浓度的百分比分别为5.10%、1.70%、6.28%、2.97%、2.90%和6.53%；组织中恩诺沙星清除率(CL_z)顺序为血浆>肝脏>肠道>鳃>肌肉>肾脏。随着给药次数增多，水体中恩诺沙星残留浓度快速升高，在最后一次给药后6 h时达到峰值(5.23μg/L)，随后开始下降，但水体中一直未检测到代谢产物环丙沙星；底泥中恩诺沙星首先呈现上升趋势，在240 h达到峰值(796μg/kg)，之后略有下降，480 h时降...     

诺氟沙星在草鱼体内的残留规律研究

研究了多剂量混饲口灌给药方式下,诺氟沙星在草鱼体内的残留消除情况。结果显示：以每千克鱼体重10 mg连续5d混饲给药后,停药后第12天在草鱼肌肉中未检测到药物,此时血清、肝脏和肾脏中的药物浓度分别降为（0.0287±0.0015）μg/mL、（0.0181±0.0042）μg/g和（0.0369±0.0037）μg/g,均低于0.05μg/mL或0.05μg/g。因此初步建议在（19±1）℃水温条件下,以每千克鱼体重10 mg连续5 d混饲给草鱼诺氟沙星,休药期至少为最后一次给药后的12 d。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内的代谢动力学

采用高效液相色谱法,研究药饵口灌给药途径下,恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)体内的药代动力学。欧洲鳗鲡口灌给药恩诺沙星10 mg/kg后,其血浆、肌肉和肝脏中药物时量曲线关系符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。恩诺沙星在欧洲鳗鲡不同组织中分布较广,血浆、肌肉和肝脏的Vd分别为6.362 L/kg、8.081 L/kg和15.870 L/kg;恩诺沙星在鳗鲡体内消除较慢,在血浆、肌肉和肝脏中的消除半衰期(tβ1/2)分别为161.10 h、333.21 h和611.26 h,总体清除率(CLs)分别为27.4 mL/(kg.h)、16.8 g/(kg.h)和18.0 g/(kg.h)。代谢物环丙沙星在鳗鲡血浆、肌肉和肝脏中药物水平的变化趋势与恩诺沙星基本相似,呈现出多峰现象,但3种组织中环丙沙星出现第一个药峰时间分别为给药后第24小时、24小时和12小时,3种组织中环丙沙星峰值水平肝脏中最高、肌肉中次之、血浆中最低,环丙沙星在肌肉和肝脏中的消除速率比较缓慢。鉴于恩诺沙星和其代谢物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内消除较慢,建议养成阶段使用其他药物。     

诺氟沙星在牙鲆体内的残留及消除规律研究

首次报道了诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin，NFLX)在牙鲆体内的残留及消除规律并建立了组织中NFLX的分离提取及检测方法。以30mg／kg剂量连续5d口服灌胃给药，取血液、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、鳃5种组织，组织中药物先加入pH7．4磷酸盐缓冲液匀浆，再用乙腈振荡提取，反相高效液相色谱法测定其中诺氟沙星的残留浓度，此方法平均回收率71．37％～82．13％，最低检测限达0．005μg/ml。残留研究结果表明，诺氟沙星在5种组织中消除速率快慢不一，肾脏及鳃等非食用组织为诺氟沙星残留的靶组织。若规定可食用组织中的诺氟沙星最大残留限量为50μg／kg，在本实验条件下，建议临床休药期为10d。     

土霉素在红鳍东方鲀体内的残留及休药期研究

在14±2℃水温条件下，连续5d对红鳍东方鲍口灌剂量为100mg／kg的土霉素，采用高效液相色谱法测定了停药后血清、肌肉、肝脏组织中的药物含量、消除速率常数和消除半衰期，提出了该温度下的休药期。研究表明，在停药2d后红鳍东方鲍血清和肌肉中的药物浓度达到峰值，分别为1．092μg／ml和0．806μg／g；停药3d后肝脏内土霉素浓度达到峰值1．229μg／g，土霉素在血清、肌肉和肝脏中的消除半衰期分别为23．8、22．4和26．8d；土霉素在红鳍东方纯肌肉组织中降到0．1μg／g残留限量的时间为58d，降到0．05μg／g残留限量的时间为81d。     

3种药物在甲鱼体内的残留研究

将呋喃唑酮、磺胺嘧啶和诺氟沙星各以3种水平分别混入饲料中投喂甲鱼（中华鳖Trionyx sinensis)，投药饵时间分别为7d和14d。停药后24、72、120和240h分别取血液、肝、肾和肌肉测定药物残留量。结果表明，呋喃唑酮的吸收量甚微，4种样品中均未检出残留，说明该药只适用于肠道疾病的防治；磺胺嘧啶在4种样品中均可检出，在停药后24h，血液中含量最高，然后迅速降低，72h降至最低，240h则不能检出；诺氟沙星的药物残留变化状况与磺胺嘧啶相似。残留排除速度以肌肉中最慢，以停药24h残留量为标准，停药120h磺胺嘧啶残留率为76．8％（1．65－2．37μg/kg），诺氟沙星为46％（0．81－0．93μg/kg）；停药240h则分别为25％（0．63－1．11μg/kg）和24．2％（0．35－0．44μg/kg）。血液、肝、肾和肌肉中的药物残留水平随给药量的增加而增加，给药时间的长短对血液中的药物浓度影响不大，但在肝、肾和肌肉中的药物残留则随给药时间的加长而显著增加（P＜0．05）。建议饲喂磺胺嘧啶或诺氟沙星的甲鱼应在停药10d后上市。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在吉富罗非鱼、中国对虾体内的残留规律研究

模拟水产养殖实际,每天以剂量为50μg/g(鱼体重)的恩诺沙星分别给吉富罗非鱼、中国对虾投喂药饵,周期为7d,研究恩诺沙星在罗非鱼和对虾体内的残留与代谢规律,制定停药期。实验结果发现,恩诺沙星在鱼、虾体内均代谢为环丙沙星。在停药的"零"时,鱼肌肉、肝脏和血液中恩诺沙星的含量分别为(3 61±1 02)μg/g、(5 96±2 12)μg/g、(1 25±0 23)μg/mL,消除半衰期分别为15 61,16 83,17 19h。鱼肌肉中代谢物环丙沙星的最高含量为(0 22±0 06)μg/g,消除半衰期67 3h;中国对虾体内恩诺沙星与环丙沙星的最高含量分别为(1 68±0 41)μg/g、(0 066±0 03)μg/g,消除半衰期分别为27 9,33 6h。在本实验条件下,建议罗非鱼的停药期为22d,中国对虾为12d。     

盐酸氯苯胍在眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律研究

在水温(28±2)℃、盐度28条件下,采用30mg/kg的剂量口灌法,用HPLC-MS/MS检测研究了盐酸氯苯胍在体质量为(350.15±5.18)g的眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示,单剂量口灌给药后,眼斑拟石首鱼血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,药物在血浆中的达峰时间、血药质量浓度峰值、药时曲线下面积和消除半衰期分别为2.39h、958.78μg/L、33 247.57μg/(L·h)和19.24h;盐酸氯苯胍在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的血药含量峰值分别为156.72、227.68μg/kg和553.44μg/kg,达峰时间分别为2.0、1.5、2.0h;药时曲线下面积分别4664.04、4897.74、17 228.19μg/(kg·h);消除半衰期分别为19.68、24.33、22.81h。按30mg/kg剂量连续5d口灌给药后,鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的药物消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为24.46、35.39、39.60、33.94h。若以10μg/kg为最高残留限量,肌肉作为食用靶组织,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不少于7d。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).